LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS

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3 LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank BFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources CIP Conservation International - Philippines CPS Contraceptive Prevalence Survey CRMP Coastal Resource Management Project DA Department of Agriculture DepEd Department of Education DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources DILG Department of Interior and Local Government DOH Department of Health FIES Family Income and Expenditure Survey FNRI Food and Nutrition Research Institute GAA General Appropriations Act (national budget) ICPD International Conference on Population and Development LAM Lactational Amenorrhea Method MCM million cubic meters MDG Millenium Development Goals MTPDP Medium Term Philippine Development Plan NAMRIA National Mapping and Resource Information Authority NDHS National Demographic and Health Survey NDS National Demographic Survey NEDA National Economic and Development Authority NSCB National Statistical Coordination Board NSO National Statistics Office PAWB Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau PIDS Philipine Institute for Development Studies RPFS Republic of the Philippines Fertility Survey UNDP United Nations Development Program UNFPA United Ntaions Population Fund WB World Bank

4 Philippine Regional Map Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) Ilocos Region (Region I) Cagayan Valley (Region 2) Central Luzon (Region 3) National Capital Region (NCR) MIMAROPA (Region 4B) Western Mindanao (Region 9) Western Visayas (Region 6) Central Visayas (Region 7) CALABARZON (Region 4A) Bicol Region (Region 5) Eastern Visayas (Region 8) Northern Mindanao (Region 10) CARAGA Region Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) Central Mindanao (Region 12) Southern Mindanao (Region 11)

5 Introduction. Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information on it. Samuel Johnson English author and critic This booklet gives an overview of population and development in figures. It contains the most relevant and recent data available at the time of compilation from official government censuses, surveys, evaluations, papers, and development plans; from international development agencies; and from expert studies on specific development subjects. No in-depth interpretations or analyses of the data were done. Figures were gathered and presented here as they appear at source. Texts cited hew as closely as possible to the official source. This publication is intended to be a quick reference material for business people, media practitioners, students, civil society advocates and the general public interested in knowing the state of the Philippine population. It covers statistics on related fields: education, environment, health, employment, and poverty situation. Thus, it facilitates cross-referencing of data, a useful tool when one has to trace the relationships between population and the various development factors. Finally, this booklet hopes to contribute to a meaningful discussion on the population issue.

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7 Demography 1. The country s population based on the 2000 Census of Population and Housing was 76,504,077, 10 times the population in 1903 when the first census was undertaken. Enumerated Population, Philippines, Year Population Average intercensal rate of increase (%) Source of data ,635, Census ,314, Census ,000, Census ,234, Census ,087, Census ,684, Census ,070, Census ,098, Census ,703, Census ,616, Census ,504, Census Source: NSCB

8 2 The Census of 2000 also placed the population growth rate in the period 1995 to 2000 at 2.36%. At this rate, the population is projected to double in 29 years from the census year and expected to reach the 100 million mark in 14 years*. Source of data: 2000 Census of Population and Housing, NSO *Source: PHILIPPINES: POPULATION EXPECTED TO REACH 100 MILLION FILIPINOS IN 14 YEARS (Results from the 2000 Census of Population and Housing, NSO). NSO Press Release Number: Date Released: October 16, 2002

9 3 Southern Tagalog Region registered the highest population with 11,793,655. The NCR is the most densely populated region with 15,617 persons per sq. km. of land. This ratio is 61 times the national figure of 255 persons per sq. km. CAR recorded the lowest population density with 95 persons per sq. km. Population and Population Density per Square Kilometer, by Region, 2000 Area Population Density Philippines 76,498, NCR 9,932,560 15,617 CAR 1,365, Ilocos Region (Region I) 4,200, Cagayan Valley (Region 2) 2,813, Central Luzon (Region 3) 8,030, Southern Tagalog (Region 4) 11,793, Bicol Region (Region 5) 4,674, Western Visayas (Region 6) 6,208, Central Visayas (Region 7) 5,701, Eastern Visayas (Region 8) 3,610, Western Mindanao (Region 9) 3,091, Northern Mindanao (Region 10) 2,747, Southern Mindanao (Region 11) 5,189, Central Mindanao (Region 12) 2,598, ARMM 2,412, Caraga 2,095, Source: 2000 Census of Population and Housing, - National Statistics Office

10 4 ARRM topped the list of fast growing regions with a growth rate of 3.86%, 1.5% higher than the national average of 2.36%. Southern Tagalog (Reg IV) is next with 3.72% and Central Luzon (Reg. III) 3.20% Population Intercensal Growth Rate by Region, 2000 Source of data: 2000 Census of Population and Housing, National Statistics Office

11 Age- Sex Structure and Dependency Ratio 5 The Philippines has a young population. Median age is 21 years which means that half of the population is below 21 years old. Population by Age Group: Philippines, 2000 Age Group Both Sexes Male Female Total 76,504,077 38,524,267 37,979, ,669,502 4,951,932 4,717, ,694,781 4,962,013 4,732, ,949,614 4,541,197 4,408, ,017,298 4,017,830 3,999, ,069,403 3,522,518 3,546, ,071,089 3,053,616 3,017, ,546,294 2,804,522 2,741, ,901,023 2,496,821 2,404, ,163,494 2,120,314 2,043, ,330,054 1,696,712 1,633, ,622,316 1,318,632 1,303, ,903, , , ,633, , , ,138, , , , , , , , , & over 490, , ,056 Source: 2000 Census of Population and Housing, National Statistics Office

12 6 Half of the females in the Philippines belong to the reproductive age group. The total population of women in childbearing ages (15-49 years) was recorded at 19.4 million or percent. As of 2000, young dependents belonging to age group 0 to 14 years comprised percent of the total population. The old dependents (65 years & over) accounted for 3.83 percent, while percent comprised the economically active population (15-64 years). Philippine Population Pyramid, 2000 Source of data: 2000 Census of Population and Housing, National Statistics Office

13 The year 2000 dependency ratio was This means that every 100 persons in the working age group (15-64 years), had to support about 63 young dependents and about six old dependents. 7 Population by Major Age-Group and Dependency Ratio: Philippines, percent * * Note: Age-group is percent of total population *Projections, medium variant - World Population Prospects The 2004 Revisions, UN Department of Economics and Social Affairs Source: Census of Population and Housing, household populations for 1980,1990, 1995, and NSO

14 8 Population Projections Projected Population, by Five-Year Interval, Philippines: (Medium Assumption) Mid-year Both Sexes Male Female ,945,963 38,747,986 38,197, ,257,991 42,885,757 42,372, ,011,791 47,262,801 46,748, ,964,366 51,732,665 51,231, ,783,219 56,123,285 56,659, ,223,103 60,310,976 59,912, ,106,952 64,202,737 63,904, ,300,679 67,741,339 67,559, ,668,347 70,870,485 70,797,862 Source: National Statistics Office

15 Fertility and Family Planning 9. The 2003 National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) show that women are having 1 child more than they want. Wanted and Total Fertility Rates by Wealth Quintile Wealth Quintile Total Wanted Fertility Rate TFR Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Total The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is a summary measure of fertility and can be interpreted as the number of births a woman would have on average at the end of her reproductive life (15-49). Source: NDHS NSO

16 10 TFR from Various Surveys, Philippines, Source: ICPD at 10 Country Report - Philippines. Commission on Population, UNFPA Age-specific Fertility Rate Source: NDHS NSO

17 Method All women Married Women All Men Married Men Any Method Any Modern Method Female sterilization Male sterilization Pill IUD Injectables Male condom Diaphragm Foam/jelly Implants Female condom Mucus/Billings/ Ovulation Basal body temp Symptothermal Standard days LAM Emergency contraception Knowledge of Contraceptive Methods Any Traditional Calendar/Ryhthm/ Periodic abstinence Withdrawal Other traditional Source: NDHS NSO 11

18 12 Family Planning Method Use at Time of Survey by Wealth Quintile Lowest Second Middle Fourth Highest Any Method Any Modern Method Female sterilization Male sterilization Pill IUD Injectables Male condom Mucus/ Billings/ Ovulation LAM Any Traditional Calendar/ Ryhthm/ Periodic abstinence Withdrawal Other Not Currently Using Source: NDHS NSO

19 Health and Nutrition 13. The National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) reports that the country s total health expenditure is decreasing. The 2002 total health expenditure of billion pesos was one percent lower than In real terms (constant or 1985 prices) the 2002 health expenditure is only 32.2 billion pesos which is 4% lower than the 2001 expenditure. Per capita health spending also went down by 49 pesos, from P1,484 in 2001 to P1,435 in 2002 (current prices). In real terms per capita expenditure shrank from P424 in 2001 to P398 in (2002 Philippine National Health Accounts, NSCB) Total Health Expenditure, Philippines, Total Health Expenditure (in billion pesos, at current prices) Health Expenditure Growth Rate (%) at current prices Total Health Expenditure (in billion pesos, at 1985 prices) Health Expenditure Growth Rate (%) at 1985 prices (1.0) Source: 2002 Philippine National Health Accounts. NSCB 5.0 (4.3) (4.0)

20 14 The national governments total health expenditure in 2002 amounted to 16.7 billion pesos, 16.3 percent lower than Following this decrease, its per capita health expenditure also fell sharply from P538 in 2001 to P430 in (2002 Philippine National Health Accounts, NSCB) Per Capita Health Expenditure, Various Sources, Philipines, At Current Prices Amount (in peso) Growth rate (%) Government (20.0) Social Insurance Private Sources Others At 1985 Price Government (22.5) Social Insurance Private Sources Others Source: 2002 Philippine National Health Accounts. NSCB

21 15 Health Workers in Local Government Units, 2002 Health Worker Number Doctors 3,021 Dentist 1,871 Nurses 4,720 Midwives 16,534 Nutritionist 303 Sanitary Engineers/Inspectors 3,271 Medical Technologist 1,505 Dental Aides 977 Active Barangay Health Workers 195,928 Trained Birth Attendants 54,557 Non Tech 2,808 Barangay Health Stations 41,458 Source: Philippine Health Statistics, DOH The average doctor to population ratio from 1990 to 2003 was 115 per 100,000 (Human Development Reports, UNDP. 2005).

22 16 Mean Health Expenditure by Family Size, 2002 Family Size Mean Health Expenditure per Sick Member Health Expenditure per Capita 1 2,437 1, , , , , , or more Total 1, Source: Orbeta, Aniceto: Poverty, Vulnerability and Family Size: Evidence from the Philippines. PIDS, Makati City. September 2005

23 Nutrition 17 Nutritional Status of Filipino Children, NUTRITIONAL STATUS 0-5 Years Old 1998 a (%) 2001 b (%) 2003 c (%) Underweight Underheight Thinness Overweight Years Old Underweight Underheight Overweight negligible a 1998 National Nutrition Survey, FNRI b 2001 update on the nutritional status of Filipino children, FNRI c 6th National Nutrition Survey, FNRI

24 18 Education. The Philippine simple literacy rate declined from 97.3 percent (96.6% male, 98.1% female) in 1994 to 93.9 percent (93.2% male, 94.6% female) in 2003*. Functional literacy on the other hand stood at 84.1 percent, 81.9% for males and 86.3% for females in 2003 according to the 2003 Functional Literacy, Education and Mass Media Survey undertaken by NSO. Total enrollment in SY for elementary and high school reached 18,995,185 with public schools absorbing 88.65%. Basic Education Key Indicators, SY (in percent) Particulars Male Female Overall Participation Rate Elementary Secondary Cohort Survival Rate Elementary Secondary Drop-out Rate Elementary Secondary Completion Rate Elementary Secondary *Source: Phillipine MDG Indicators, NSCB Source: Basic Education Statistics. Factsheet2005 (Jan 18), Deped. 2005

25 19 Pupil to Teacher, Pupil to Room, Pupil to Seat Ratios, Elementary Education, by Region, SY Region Pupil/Teacher Ratio Pupil/Room Ratio Pupil/Seat Ratio Region I Region II Region III Region IV-A Region IV-B Region V Region VI Region VII Region VIII Region IX Region X Region XI Region XII CARAGA ARMM CAR NCR Total Source: Basic Education Information System, Quick Counts SY DepEd. 2005

26 20 Pupil to Teacher, Pupil to Room, Pupil to Seat Ratios, Secondary Education, by Region, SY Region Pupil /Teacher Ratio Pupil/Room Ratio Pupil/Seat Ratio Region I Region II Region III Region IV-A Region IV-B Region V Region VI Region VII Region VIII Region IX Region X Region XI Region XII CARAGA ARMM CAR NCR Total Source: Basic Education Information System, Quick Counts SY DepEd. 2005

27 21 National Ratios, SY Particulars Elementary High School Classroom - Pupil Ratio 1:38 1:60 Seat - Pupil Ratio 1:1.22 1:1.62 Textbook-Pupil Ratio 1:4 1:3 Teacher-Pupil Ratio 1:36 1:40 Source: MTPDP NEDA Resource Gap (Cost in Million Pesos) Resources Classrooms Desks/ Seats Gaps FY 2004 GAA Remaining Backlogs No. Cost No. Cost No. Cost 17,873 7,149 5,000 2,000 12,873 5, M 2, K M 1,890 Textbooks 34.7M 1, M M 1,180 Teacher 1:50 20,113 3,401 10,000 1,691 10,113 1,710 Total Cost 14,625 10,289 4,454 Note: A Classroom would cost PhP400K Source: MTPDP NEDA

28 22 Mean Education Expenditure by Family Size, 2002 Mean Education Family Size Expenditure per Student 1 5, , , , , , ,081 9 or more 682 Total 1,369 Source: Source: Orbeta, Aniceto: Poverty, Vulnerability and Family Size: Evidence from the Philippines. PIDS, Makati City. September 2005

29 Housing 23. The National Shelter Program, was able to provide 882,823 shelter security units (i.e., a house, house and lot, or lot only) in the period against a target of 1.2 million units of housing assistance or shelter security units, an accomplishment rate of 73.6 percent as of June The total housing need in was pegged at 3.6 million. Housing Targets and Accomplishments Target Households Socialized* Low Cost** Total 880, ,000 1,200,000 Actual Accomplishments ,940 54, , ,987 74, , , , , , , , , , ,823 *below PhP 225,000 **PhP225,000-PhP2 M Source: MTPDP NEDA

30 24 Housing Need, No. of Units Annual Backlog 195,133 Cumulative Backlog + New Households , , , , , ,821 Total 3,756,07 Note: Estimated Total New Households for is 2,585,272 Source: MTPDP NEDA Government Housing Targets, Type Socialized (below PhP225,000) Low Cost (PhP225,000-2 M) Medium (PhP2 M-4 M) No. of Units % Share Amount (million pesos) 780, , , , ,532 Total 1,145, ,044 Source: MTPDP NEDA

31 Poverty, Employment, & Economy 25. Annual Per Capita Poverty Thresholds, Poverty Incidence of Families and Population by Region: 2000 and 2003 Region Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold (in Pesos) Poverty Incidence of Families (%) Poverty Incidence of Population (%) Phils 11,451 12, NCR 15,693 16, Reg 1 12,685 13, Reg 2 11,128 11, Reg 3 13,760 14, Reg 4A 13,657 14, Reg 4B 11,995 12, Reg 5 11,372 12, Reg 6 11,313 12, Reg 7 9,656 9, Reg 8 9,518 10, Reg 9 9,116 10, Reg 10 10,503 11, Reg 11 10,264 11, Reg 12 10,466 11, CAR 13,066 13, ARMM 12,192 12, Caraga 10,896 12, Source:FIES 2000, NSO

32 26 Annual Per Capita Food Thresholds, Subsistence Incidence of Families and Population by Region: 2000 and 2003 Region Annual Per Capita Food Threshold (in Pesos) Subsistence Incidence of Families (%) Subsistence Incidence of Population (%) Phils 7,707 8, NCR 9,570 9, Reg 1 8,552 8, Reg 2 7,560 8, Reg 3 8,764 9, Reg 4A 8,783 9, Reg 4B 8,078 8, Reg 5 8,047 8, Reg 6 7,983 8, Reg 7 7,080 7, Reg 8 7,080 7, Reg 9 6,574 7, Reg 10 7,296 7, Reg 11 7,087 7, Reg 12 7,235 7, CAR 8,744 9, ARMM 8,313 8, Caraga 7,667 8, Source: FIES 2000, NSO

33 27 Family Size Poverty Incidence or more Poverty Incidence by Family Size, National Source: Orbeta, Aniceto: Poverty, Vulnerability and Family Size: Evidence from the Philippines. PIDS, Makati City. September 2005

34 28 Mean per Capita Income, Expenditure and Savings by Family Size, 2002 Family Size Mean per Capita Income Mean per Capita Expenditure Mean per Capita Savings 1 39,658 33,885 5, ,712 20,858 4, ,342 18,307 3, ,429 15,480 2, ,227 13,159 2, ,787 11,412 1, ,147 9,341 1, ,259 8,168 1,091 9 or more 8,935 7,699 1,236 Total 14,280 12,252 2,028 Source: Orbeta, Aniceto: Poverty, Vulnerability and Family Size: Evidence from the Philippines. PIDS, Makati City. September 2005

35 Year Poverty in the Philippines Using International Poverty Lines, Proportion of Population Living Below $1/Day Proportion of Population Living Below $2/Day Source: Poverty in the Philippines: Income, Assets and Access. Asian Development Bank, January Labor & Employment Summary of Philippine Labor Force Survey Preliminary Result April 2005 Total 15 years old and over (in 000) 54,194 Labor Force (in 000) Labor Force Participation Rate (%) Employment (in 000) Employment Rate (%) Unemployment (in 000) Unemployment Rate (%) Underemployment (in 000) Underemployment Rate (%) Source: Philipine Labor Force Survey, NSO , , , ,

36 30 Environment. In 1900, forest cover in the Philippines was estimated at 21million hectares, or 70% of the total land area. Less than a century later, by 1988, our natural forests have been whittled down to 6 million hectares, with Luzon having 49.49%, Visayas 10.08%, and Mindanao 40.43% (NAMRIA 1988). Philippine Forest Cover, Year Forest Cover (hectares) % of Total Land Area ,686, ,160, ,460, ,180, ,759, ,080, ,700, ,000, ,400, ,000, Source: Forest Management Bureau - DENR. December 1994 From 1989 to 1995, the annual rate of deforestation has been estimated at 130,000 hectares. Source: Philippines Environment Monitor World Bank

37 31 NSCB reports that from 1988 to 1994 the country lost resources worth P48.6 billion to havesting and other logging activities, while the conversion of forestland to non-forest use accounted for P20.4 billion in losses a. This loss is expected to continue as the need for agricultural lands continue to grow. Of the 16.3 million hectares of uplands, about 2 million are used for intensive agriculture. About 20 million people currently reside in upland areas b. Year Agricultural Land Requirements, Agricultural land ( 000 has.) Annual change in agricultural land areas Population per capita agricultural land (has/yr) % ( 000) (ha.) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Source: Mapping Population-Biodiversity Connections in the Philippines, DENR-PAWB, CIP, NEDA a Philippine Economic-Environmental and Natural Resources Accounting (PEENRA), NSCB, 2005 b Philippines Environment Monitor World Bank. P18 & 21

38 32 Fishery Resources Philippine fisheries systems are facing collapse or are generally overfished. Total Philippine fish production has leveled off at around 2.7 million t/year in the 1990s. The increase in total production is accounted for by the growth in aquaculture* Estimated Resource Depletion of the Philippine Marine Fishery Resource, Year Actual Catch Sustainable Yield metric tons ,624,206 1,621,204 3,002 Depletion growth rate - % ,688,927 1,619,789 69,138 2, ,726,033 1,640,493 85, ,823,408 1,655, , ,914,725 1,656, , ,008,007 1,639, , ,991,464 1,575, , ,953,060 1,596, ,311 (14.3) Source: Philippine Economic-Environmental and Natural Resources Accounting (PEENRA), NSCB *Annabelle Cruz-Trinidad, Alan T. White, Mary Gleason, and Leo Pura, The Philippine Guidebook Series No.6: Managing Municipal Fisheries. DENR, DA-BFAR, DILG, CRMP

39 Philippine Fisheries Decline 33 Source: Dalzell P., P. Corpuz, R. Ganaden and D. Pauly, Estimation of Maximum Sustainable Yield and Maximum Economic Rent from the Philippine Small Pelagic Fisheries: BFAR Tech Pap. Ser. 10(3): 23 p. National Statistics Office Total Mangrove Area, Source: DENR, 1996

40 34 Status of Philippine Coral Reefs, Nanola, C.L., H. Arceo, A. Uychaioco and P. Alino Monitoring the Effects of Marine Protected Areas in CRMP Learning Areas ( ), cited in Philippines Environment Monitor World Bank Waste million tons of waste was generated nationwide in Metro Manila accounts for a quarter of the waste generation producing 2.45 million tons of waste in Source: Philippines Environment Monitor World Bank

41 With only 1,907 m 3 per capita water availability per year, the Philippines ranks second from the lowest among SE Asian countries, lower than Asian and world averages. Areas where the per capita supply drops below 1,700 m3/year experience water stress while areas with below 1,000 m3/year are already experiencing scarcity. Freshwater Resources 35 Annual Renewable Water Resources Country m 3 /person World 7,045 Asia 3,668 Laos 35,049 Malaysia 26,074 Myanmar 19,306 Indonesia 13,380 Cambodia 10,795 Vietnam 4,591 Philippines 1,907 Thailand 1,854 Source: Philippines Environment Monitor World Bank

42 36 only 36 percent of the country s river systems are classified as sources of public water supply about 60 percent of the country s population live along coastal areas and contribute to discharge of untreated domestic and industrial wastewater from inland nearly 2.2 million metric tons of organic pollution are produced annually by domestic (48 percent), agricultural (37 percent), and industrial (15 percent) sectors preliminary data indicate that up to 58 percent of groundwater intended for drinking water supplies are contaminated with total coliform and would need treatment groundwater table in Metro Manila has been receeding at an accelerating rate estimated to be 5-12 meters per year resulting to salt water intrusion in a 2-kilometer coastal strip extending from Cavite City to Navotas-Malabon 31 percent of illnesses for a five-year period ( ) was from water-related diseases Source: Philippines Environment Monitor 2000/2003. World Bank

43 Water Demand in the Philippines (in MCM/year) Water Demand 1996 Low 2025 High Municipalities 2,178 7,430 8,573 Industrial 2,233 3,310 4,997 Agriculture 25,533 51,920 72,973 Total Demand 29,944 62,660 86,543 Groundwater (GW) 20,200 20,200 20,200 Recharge* % GW Potential/ Total Demand Source: Philippines Environment Monitor World Bank 37 Groundwater Demand, Source: Philippine Economic-Environmental and Natural Resources Accounting (PEENRA), NSCB, 2005

44 38 When will population decline?. Even when fertility reaches replacement level, i.e., when the number of children born is around two and the net reproduction rate (NRR) equals 1, the population will not immediateley decrease owing to population momentum. According to the UN, Japan reached replacement level fertility around the mid-1950 s. The population of Japan is still growing and UN projections show that the total population will begin to decline only after 2010, some 55 years after attaining replacement fertility. Singapore s population as projected will decline after 2030, again around 55 years after reaching NRR=1. By comparison, the Philippine s most optimistic goal of reaching replacement fertility by the year 2015, will have the population growing well beyond 2050, the present scope of the latest UN projections. Mercedes Concepcion, Ph.D. Demographer

45 References 39. Annabelle Cruz-Trinidad, Alan T. White, Mary Gleason, and Leo Pura, The Philippine Guidebook Series No.6: Managing Municipal Fisheries. DENR, DA-BFAR, DILG, CRMP Asian Development Bank, Poverty in the Philippines: Income, Assets and Access. January 2005 Commission on Population, United Nations Population Fund, ICPD at 10 Country Report - Philippines. Dalzell P., P. Corpuz, R. Ganaden and D. Pauly, Estimation of Maximum Sustainable Yield and Maximum Economic Rent from the Philippine Small Pelagic Fisheries: BFAR Tech Pap. Ser. 10(3): 23 p. National Statistics Office DENR-PAWB, CIP, NEDA, Mapping Population-Biodiversity Connections in the Philippines Department of Education, Basic Education Statistics. Factsheet2005 (Jan 18) Department of Environment and Natural Resources, 1996 Department of Health, Philippine Health Statistics Food and Nutrition Research Institute, 1998 National Nutrition Survey. Food and Nutrition Research Institute, 2001 Update on the Nutritional Status of Filipino children Food and Nutrition Research Institute, 6th National Nutrition Survey Forest Management Bureau - DENR. December 1994 Nanola, C.L., H. Arceo, A. Uychaioco and P. Alino Monitoring the Effects of Marine Protected Areas in CRMP Learning Areas ( ), cited in Philippines Environment Monitor World Bank

46 National Economic and Development Agency MTPDP National Statistical Coordination Board, 2002 Philippine National Health Accounts. National Statistical Coordination Board, Philippine Economic- Environmental and Natural Resources Accounting (PEENRA) National Statistical Coordination Board, Phillipine MDG Indicators NSCB, Population of the Philippines, Census Years 1799 to National Statistics Office Census of Population and Housing National Statistics Office, Family Income and Expenditure Survey 2000, National Statistics Office, NDHS 2003 National Statistics Office, Philipine Labor Force Survey National Statistics Office, PHILIPPINES: POPULATION EXPECTED TO REACH 100 MILLION FILIPINOS IN 14 YEARS (Results from the 2000 Census of Population and Housing, NSO). NSO Press Release Number: Date Released: October 16, 2002 Orbeta, Aniceto: Poverty, Vulnerability and Family Size: Evidence from the Philippines. PIDS, Makati City. September 2005 United Nations. World Population Prospects The 2004 Revisions, UN Department of Economics and Social Affairs United Nations Development Program, Human Development Reports World Bank, Philippines Environment Monitor 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004.