Tuesday, October 27, Chapter 4: Europe

Transcription

1 Tuesday, October 27, 2015 Chapter 4: Europe Upcoming assignments and deadlines: Edward Scissorhands paper Late Map 1: Thematic US/SA Late Central Station paper Friday (10/30) Quiz 1 Take Home Quiz Distributed: Friday, October 30 Due: Tuesday, November 3 (in class not ) Covers: Chapters 1, 2, 3 & 4 Films: Edward Scissorhands, Central Station & Good Bye Lenin All class presentations and short films 1

2 Europe Figure 4.1 Europe 2

3 The Geographic Setting Example of indeterminacy of region boundaries Europe: peninsulas branching off of more peninsulas Scandinavia Iberian (Spain & Portugal) Italian Balkans Physical Patterns Landforms Northern European Plain Polders in Netherlands Central Uplands Mineral resources Alpine Mt System Pyrenees, Apennines, Carpathians, Alps Western Highlands Portugal, UK, Scandinavia; fjords Other mountains: Southern peninsulas Scotland Norway 3

4 North European Lowlands Polders (Netherlands) 4

5 Polders (Netherlands) The Alps 5

6 The Alps The Alps 6

7 Greenland (from above) Central Uplands (Poland) 7

8 Fjords, Norway Alpine Village Near Innsbruck, Austria 8

9 Paris Physical Patterns: Landforms and Climate Landforms: Uplands to the north of the Alps Navigable rivers Mineral wealth Industry Major rivers link interior to the seas (Rhine & Danube) Vegetation Crops and pasture grasses replace former forest cover Except Scandinavia and some reforested areas Climate Temperate midlatitude: North Atlantic Drift brings moderate temperatures and rain Mediterranean: Hot, dry summers/mild, rainy winters Humid continental: Temperatures not moderated by the sea 9

10 Gulf Stream North Atlantic Current Northern Europe Climate Zones 10

11 Strategic Waterways Encircling seas Baltic, North, English Channel, Mediterranean, Black, Atlantic Ocean Straits Gibraltar; Bosporus and Dardanelles Rivers: Northern: Loire, Seine, Rhine, Elbe, Oder, Vistula Southern: Rhone, Po Eastern: Danube, Dnieper Potential research sites: Video: Volga The Soul of Russia (5:15) Canals Man-made waterways Used to: Move goods Provide power Deliver water (agriculture) These were important in developing the Northern portion of Europe into the trading and industrial center it has become. Pollution: Industrial waste Agricultural runoff Urban (human) wastewater Strategic Waterways 11

12 Strategic Waterways Pollution: Industrial waste Agricultural runoff Urban (human) wastewater Your next map assignment will be to Locate, draw and label the major waterways of Europe Research one river and write about its historic and current use, and explain any current issues it might be experiencing now (pollution, etc.) Influence of this region on the world Culture and ideas (aka Western civilization) Greeks, Romans, German philosophy, Italian art and architecture, English poetry, French wines and cuisine But Many European ideas and technologies came from elsewhere Cultural borrowing Mesopotamia Greeks Romans Empire Moors (Islamic) Spain Ottomans southeastern Europe Reintroduced ideas after Dark Ages Colonization: Africa, Asia, Americas Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution 12

13 Development of Urban Europe Feudalism: Social, Economic, & Political System Objective: to organize rural areas for defense Knights become aristocracy collecting revenues from serfs Serf: de facto slaves, bound by law to land Monarch: Chief aristocrat who emerges dominant over others The Rise of Towns: Aristocracy ($$) create trade centers Towns now defend themselves: walls, no need for Lords Starting point for capitalism Town charters: established rights for citizens Increased innovation Renaissance: intellectual & cultural movement Dignity and worth of the individual Protestant Reformation Led to increased literacy Urbanized European City Medieval Renaissance (Baroque) Industrial Socialist Modern City Social strata changes Monty Python and the Holy Grail This actually shows the transition between people as chattel or semi owned workers who owe (figuratively and literally) everything to an over lord who provides protection but little else in exchange for unending toil There is no way to extricate oneself from this system, once born you are locked into your place The transition to towns and villages leads to an autonomous society that has some ability to control personal destiny But The transition is slow and still favors some over others. There has been and probably always will be a social and economic stratification of society and especially the opportunities for each stratum that society will permit. If you have NOT seen this film I recommend it! (2:52) 13

14 Remnants of Feudalism in Slovenia Medieval streets, Amsterdam 14

15 Tearing down medieval walls, Krakow Medieval streets Krakow (with Renaissance architecture) 15

16 Baroque architecture, London Medieval alley & modern Paris 16

17 Haussmann s modernizations of Paris The Socialist city 17

18 The post-industrial city: Docklands, London London today: A blend of Old and New 18

19 Friday, October 30, 2015 Chapter 4: Europe The Age of Exploration and Exploitation Age of Exploration Technology: navigation, shipbuilding, commerce Establishment of colonies around the world Mercantilism: Trade system for colonization Production, transport & trade (for the colonizer s benefit) Evolution of European Cities Medieval centers (Venice, Genoa) give way to mercantile (N Europe) Goods from colonies create wealth for manufacturers England, Holland, Belgium, France, Germany Paris, London: imperial status world cities 19

20 Transfers of Wealth from Colonialism The Age of Revolutions: Colonialism fuels two revolutions: The Industrial Revolution: Mechanization of industry (textiles, coal, steel) United Kingdom is the global power World s greatest navy as protection The Democratic Revolution: Merchants & Industrialists: power independence over nobility French Revolution: 1790s revolt against nobility, commoners involved in democracy Nationalism: political loyalty to the main cultural group However, numerous minority groups Marxism: lead to post-wwii welfare states 20

21 20 th Century Europe World War I, World War II, Cold War, and Decolonization World Wars ended European hegemony (cultural dominance) WWI (20 Million Dead) WWII (72 Million Dead) Holocaust (5.7 Million Dead) Europe (Germany) split by Iron Curtain Ideological divide Europe loses importance to USA and USSR End of colonialism (1950s-1960s) 1950s Present: The New Europe Europe s Rebirth and Integration 1950s, some Western countries begin economic integration Free movement of people, goods, money, and ideas Policy coordination in government matters (civil, judicial, economic, military, environmental, foreign affairs) Collapse of Soviet Union Changes the playing field Expansion of European Union most countries in the region Recent expansion into former enemies in Eastern Europe Problems still persist Ethnic Cleansing in Southeastern Europe Breakup of Yugoslavia Led to ethnic cleansing in Bosnia (to create ethnic majority) Later, action by U.S. & EU peacekeepers 5% of Bosnian population killed 21

22 525 million people One of the most densely occupied regions NW Europe, Northern Italy Population Density and Access to Resources Europe has exceeded its own resource base and must depend on global resources Modern Urbanization Population Patterns High urbanization rates: 62-72% Medieval central cities, apartment blocks outside High density: excellent public transportation, few detached houses High quality of life in large cities; relatively few slums Population Issues: Aging Population Death rates higher than birth rates One-child family increasingly common Women making pro-career choices Increasing pro-natalist policies at EU and other levels Without more population: Markets will contract Lack of workers Lack of tax income Reluctance for large-scale immigration 22

23 Economic/Political Issues: European Union Formation European Economic Community (EEC): 1958 Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Italy, W.Germany Eliminated tariffs and promoted trade European Union (EU): created from EEC in 1992 New role: competitor and counterweight for the United States The European Union Members The historical evolution of membership is: 1958: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands 1973: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom 1981: Greece 1986: Portugal, Spain 1995: Austria, Finland, Sweden 2004: Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia 2007: Bulgaria, Romania 2013: Croatia Non members who use the Euro: Andorra The Holy See (Vatican) Monaco San Marino 23

24 Economic/Political Issues: European Union Formation Governing institutions Parliament: Directly elected representatives of the European people Council: Represents the member-states Commission: Represents the EU as a whole, 27 members appointed by the Parliament Economic and Social Integrative Role Allows smaller countries to lower costs 490 million people in the EU; exports 19% of the world Promotes the equitable distribution of economic activity, opportunity, human well-being, and environmental quality Common European Currency: Euro ( ) Official currency for 13 Countries UK, Denmark, Sweden do not use it Eliminates currency exchange fees Eliminates currency fluctuations The EU Economy 24

25 Economic/Political Issues: European Union Formation The European Union in the Global Economy European Regional Redevelopment Fund: Updates technology and infrastructure in poorer regions Industry shifted to low-wage areas to gain efficiency Negotiates privileged access to markets European Union as a Geopolitical Counterforce to the USA Combined EU economy bigger than USA s economy Seen as more peace-loving than USA after Iraq War Role of NATO in future? International peacekeeping as in Afghanistan? With or without U.S. leadership? Economic/Political Issues: European Union Formation Central Europe and the EU Membership is attractive: For social programs and funds For attracting foreign investment Requirements: Political stability and democracy Rule of law, minority rights, and human rights Functioning market economy Ability to take on financial/administrative duties Fears of cultural homogenization Future of EU Organizational Development EU Council requires unanimity Move to majority rule following enlargement? Vote proportionate to population size? Smaller EU members worry about representation diminishing 25

26 Economic Change in Europe Economic Change in Europe Deindustrialization: Increased productivity with fewer workers Also, jobs shifting to cheaper parts of Europe (South and Central Europe) and beyond Trade restrictions eased Switch from coal to oil, gas, and nuclear power Expansion of transport systems Europe s Growing Service Economies 70% of labor force in service sector Producer services, communication, finance Significant numbers of government workers Tourism: one in eight jobs in the European Union 13.5% of EU s GDP; 15% of EU taxes Most Europeans get four paid weeks of vacation Other Economic Issues Energy Resources Shift from coal to oil and natural gas: Imports and domestic Growth of nuclear power and renewables The Transportation Infrastructure Traditional focus on high-speed rail Growth of multi-modal transport: rail, road, air, water Agriculture in Europe 2% of Europeans involved in agriculture European Common Agricultural Policy Tariffs, subsidies: Largest part of EU budget Unpopular in developing world (Overproduction; dumping) Opposition to genetically modified food Small farms in west, larger farms in east 26

27 Sociocultural Issues: Immigration Schengen Accord: People free to cross EU borders Increases trade, employment, tourism, common identity Guest workers: temporary residents for labor Largely from Turkey and North Africa Refugees/asylum seekers: fleeing war and oppression Afghanistan, Albania, Congo, Haiti, Iraq, Kosovo, Rwanda, Serbia, Sudan Questions of national identity Loss of identity? Change of identity? Video: Turkish Germany (3:23) Refugees Crisis 2015 Hundreds of thousands+ fleeing war zones Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, more Many seeking economic relief Europe, specifically Germany, is Best Place European response is mixed Germany wants/needs more workers Most less economically stable countries claim they can not afford to accommodate the large quantity of refugees Anti-Muslim sentiment is also a major factor US response has been criticized as non-action Only small number of refugees being welcomed Process takes 4+ years, refugees stay in host country US says it is supplying money to help other (closer) host countries to care for the refugees until they can return home after the conflicts. 27

28 Migration into Europe Sociocultural Issues: Immigration Citizenship Rules regarding gaining citizenship are relaxing Rules for Assimilation Race and skin color less important than culture Drifting from assimilation to acculturation as standard for acceptance EU laws implemented protecting cultural diversity 28

29 Sociocultural Issues: Gender and Family European Ideas About Gender Leading region in gender equality Generally more traditional in central and south Women s Work : Double Day Work outside PLUS household duties Only Iceland and Sweden report equal housework Women s workdays usually 3-5 hours longer European Women in Politics Figure

30 Sociocultural Issues: Social Welfare Social Welfare Systems Tax-supported systems that serve all citizens Health care, education, subsidized housing, unemployment, and pension payments Differences in systems cause concern (migrant exploitation) Conversely, brain drain Types of Social Welfare Systems Social Democracy: class and gender equality (Scandinavia) Conservative: minimum standard of living (West Europe) Modest welfare: encourage individual responsibility (UK) Rudimentary: burden on local gov t (S.Europe and Ireland) Post-Communist: social democracy; collapse in funding (Eastern Europe) Social Welfare Systems Figure

31 Environmental Issues Some of most intense landscape modification in the world For example: The Netherlands Influential Green parties Per capita, half the energy consumption of US Still, 1/4th of the world s CO2 emissions Air pollution over North European Plain Land Reclamation in the Netherlands 31

32 Environmental Issues Pollution of the Seas Baltic, Black, and Mediterranean Seas almost landlocked Pollution accumulates Difficulty in cooperation due to differing stages of development 320 million people living around Mediterranean 80 years for Mediterranean to flush itself completely Human Well-being Rankings 32

33 Mapping Project Two: European Rivers For this assignment you will be looking at the major rivers of Europe. You will locate the following rivers on a map of Europe, draw and label them by name, adding an arrow (or two) to indicate direction of flow. This will be your locus map for a short research project on a European River. You need to research one of these rivers on-line and write about its historic and current use, and explain any current issues that it might be experiencing now (pollution, reclamation, restoration, overuse, etc.) Your research portion of this assignment should be approximately words (3/4 page, single spaced) and have a simple list of sources at the bottom of the page. Please staple your paper to your map and hand it in during class. DUE: Friday, October 16th in class! Danube Rhine Dnieper Rhone Dniester Shannon Elbe Seine Glama (Glomma) Tagus (Tajo, Tejo) Loire Thames Oder Vistula Po Volga 33