Europe s Last Frontier?

Transcription

1 Europe s Last Frontier?

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3 Europe s Last Frontier? Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine between Russia and the European Union Edited by Oliver Schmidtke and Serhy Yekelchyk

4 Europe s Last Frontier? Copyright Oliver Schmidtke and Serhy Yekelchyk, eds., Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2008 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS. Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Europe s last frontier? : Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine between Russia and the European Union / edited by Oliver Schmidtke and Serhy Yekelchyk. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Belarus Foreign relations Moldova Foreign relations Ukraine Foreign relations European Union Europe, Eastern. 5. Russia (Federation) Foreign relations. I. Schmidtke, Oliver. II. Yekelchyk, Serhy. DK E dc A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Scribe Inc. First edition: January Permissions Yurii Andrukhovych s poem Atlas. Medytatsii courtesy Krytyka, nos. 1 2 (2006). The English translation is by Hiroaki Kuromiya. Transferred to Digital Printing 2009

5 Contents Acknowledgments Contributors Introduction 1 Oliver Schmidtke and Serhy Yekelchyk 1 Out of Russia s Long Shadow: The Making of Modern Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova 9 Serhy Yekelchyk 2 From Soviet Ukraine to the Orange Revolution: European Security Relations and the Ukrainian Identity 31 Natalie Mychajlyszyn 3 Belarus in the Lukashenka Era: National Identity and Relations with Russia 55 Per Anders Rudling 4 Post-Soviet Moldova s National Identity and Foreign Policy 79 Steven D. Roper 5 The Donbas The Last Frontier of Europe? 97 Hiroaki Kuromiya 6 In the Minority in Moldova: (Dis)Empowerment through Territorial Conflict 115 Hülya Demirdirek 7 The Promise of Europe: Moldova and the Process of Europeanization 133 Oliver Schmidtke and Constantin Chira-Pascanut vii ix

6 vi CONTENTS 8 Taking Ukraine Seriously: Western and Russian Responses to the Orange Revolution 157 Derek Fraser 9 The Failed Revolution: Reflections on the 2006 Elections in Belarus 175 David R. Marples 10 EU-Russia Relations and the Repercussions on the In-Betweens 195 Stefan Gänzle Selected Bibliography 231 Index 245

7 Acknowledgments T his book is the result of an eponymous conference, held at the University of Victoria on March 3 4, Most chapters in their present form differ substantially from the original papers presented there, yet the conference and the volume share both the conception and the list of participants. With this in view, we would like to begin by thanking the entities that made the conference possible in the first place. The University of Victoria EU Initiative, funded by the European Commission through the Centers of Excellence program, was the single largest contributor. We have also received generous financial support from the Office of the Vice-President Academic, the Office of the Vice-President Research, the Faculty of Humanities, the Department of Germanic and Slavic Studies, the Department of History, and the World History Caucus all at the University of Victoria. As editors, it has been our great pleasure to work with an unusually conscientious and well-organized group of contributors, whose ability to submit great texts on time and revise them speedily was beyond the norm for today s academia. But neither the volume nor the conference would have been possible without the dedicated support staff at the European Studies Program. Dr. Gabriela Chira, assistant to the director, handled the most difficult logistical problems efficiently and cheerfully. Beate Schmidtke dispensed invaluable advice during the preparation of the budget and also counseled us on financial and reporting issues. Constantin and Monaliza Chira- Pascanut helped greatly with the conference; Constantin also assisted with bibliographic research during the preparation of this collection. Ole J. Heggen, a cartographer with the Department of Geography, expertly designed the map of Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine. Katherine Gilks was extremely helpful in the preparation of the bibliography and in finding answers to the many puzzles that surfaced when we started bringing the articles together. But it was our good fortune in securing the assistance of Jillian G. Shoichet that made possible the publication of this volume only one and a half years after the

8 viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS conference. A doctoral student at UVic and a freelance copy-editor working on contracts for many academic publishers, Jillian did an outstanding job joining the chapters together logically, stylistically, and grammatically. She has set for others at UVic working on this project, the editors included, a formidable example of efficiency and professionalism. We particularly appreciate Jillian s help during the last month before the text s submission to the publisher, when both of us were out of the country and relied heavily on her organizational skills. At Palgrave Macmillan USA, we would like to thank Toby Wahl for taking an early interest in this manuscript and offering us a contract, and Kate Ankofski for answering a multitude of minute questions and shepherding the manuscript through copy-editing and production stages. We appreciate the time and effort of the anonymous reviewer, who looked at our material twice and made valuable suggestions. We also appreciate the time and effort of all our colleagues at the University of Victoria who attended the sessions and commented on the presentations, but especially of Greg Blue, who read all the papers in advance, attended all sessions, and made numerous helpful suggestions for improvements. Last but not least, we are grateful to our families for tolerating our hectic lifestyles and long workdays, which make conferences and collections happen. Oliver is grateful to Beate, Sophie, and Alissa for their patience with his irregular working hours, and Serhy thanks Olga and Yulia for putting up with him for far too long.

9 Contributors Constantin Chira-Pascanut is a PhD candidate at the University of Victoria. He holds an MA in history from the University of Victoria, as well as a BA in history and a degree in law. He completed an internship at the European Commission in Brussels in His research interests include historical perspectives of European integration, the EU Neighbourhood Policy, the enlargement of the European Union, EU immigration policy, and European law. Hülya Demirdirek is an assistant professor of anthropology at the University of Victoria. Recently she has researched the flow of sexual and domestic labor between Moldova and Turkey; she coedited a special issue of Focaal European Journal of Anthropology, Sexual Encounters, Migration and Desire in Post-socialist Context(s). Her main research interests include aspects of postsocialist transformation, in particular ethnicity and nationalism, history-memory, and transnationalism. Derek Fraser is a former ambassador of Canada to Kiev, Athens, and Budapest. He is now a senior research associate at the Centre for Global Studies at the University of Victoria, where he has specialized in Ukraine and failed states. He has supported democratization in Ukraine, contributed to and organized academic and foreign policy conferences, and commented in the media. Stefan Gänzle is a visiting assistant professor (DAAD) at the Institute for European Studies and the Department of Political Science at the University of British Columbia. His research interests include European integration, EU foreign policy, and the EU s impact on third countries. He is the editor (with Allen Sens) of The Changing Politics of European Security: Europe Alone? (2007). Hiroaki Kuromiya is a professor of history at Indiana University (Bloomington) and the author of Stalin: Profiles in Power (2005), Freedom and Terror in the Donbas: A Ukrainian-Russian Borderland, 1870s 1990s (1998), and other works.

10 x CONTRIBUTORS David R. Marples is a professor in the Department of History and Classics at the University of Alberta. He is the author of books on Belarus, contemporary Ukraine, and the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster. His latest book, Heroes and Villains: Constructing National History in Contemporary Ukraine, will be published by Central European University Press (2007). Natalie Mychajlyszyn is director of professional training and development at the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs. Her research interests and areas of publication include international relations in the post-soviet region and Ukrainian foreign policy, European security institutions, civil-military relations, conflict prevention and resolution, and nationalism and ethnic politics. Steven D. Roper is a visiting associate professor at the School of Foreign Service in Qatar at Georgetown University and an associate professor of political science at Eastern Illinois University. He is the author of Romania: The Unfinished Revolution and co-author of Designing Criminal Tribunals: Sovereignty and International Concerns in the Protection of Human Rights. He is currently completing a coedited volume entitled The Effect of Party and Campaign Finance on Post-Communist Party Development. Per Anders Rudling is a doctoral candidate in history at the University of Alberta. His dissertation focuses on the construction of a Belarusian national identity. Research interests include nationalism, diaspora, and identity politics. Educated in Uppsala and San Diego, he teaches history and is the editor of Past Imperfect (University of Alberta). Oliver Schmidtke is an associate professor in the Department of Political Science and the Department of History at the University of Victoria, where he also holds a Jean Monnet Chair in European History and Politics. Serhy Yekelchyk is an associate professor of Slavic studies and history and chair of the Department of Germanic and Slavic Studies at the University of Victoria. His recent books include Stalin s Empire of Memory: Russian-Ukrainian Relations in the Soviet Historical Imagination (2004) and Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation (2007).

11 Map of Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine