Employment and working conditions of migrant workers; the example of the Netherlands WCS

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1 Employment and working conditions of migrant workers; the example of the Netherlands WCS Expert seminar on Working conditions and Health and Safety surveys in Europe

2 Employment and working conditions of migrant workers: an example of the Netherlands Working Condition Survey Definition(s): Migrant (EWCO CAR; Eurofound) = a person who migrates from one country to another for any reason and works as employee or self-employed in the country of destination Migrant (NL, CBS) = a person classified as having a foreign if at least one of his/her parents is born abroad (categories: Dutch, western, non-western/native; first generation migrant, second generation migrant-one/two parents)

3 International availability of data on working conditions of migrant workers (EWCO-CAR) This info (Eurostat + OECD) is almost entirely lacking in international comparative data, particularly in the new member states The latter is problematic, since it appears to be mainly the new EU-border countries that experience considerable growth, particularly in migration from outside EU ( Old -EU/EU-Centre experiences more migration from within EU/western countries; + second generation migrants). When data are available, they are much more often available on employment/labour market than on quality of work/working conditions

4 Migrants in economic active population NL UK SE PT PL NO NL MT LU HU FR FI ES EL DK DE CZ CY BE AT EU % van non-nationals in labour force % van non-nationals in labour force Source: Eurostat, 1 st quarter 2006

5 Migrants of EU-25 and non-eu in total population NL Source: Eurostat, 1st quarter 2006

6 Unemployed (first quarter 2006) (%) UK SK SI SE PT PL NO NL MT LV LU LT HU FR FI Non-EU-25 non-nationals from EU-25 nationals ES EL EE DK DE CZ CY BG BE AT Source: Eurostat, 1st quarter 2006 EU

7 Netherlands Working Conditions Survey (NWCS) Survey by TNO Pilot in 2003, yearly since 2005 In cooperation with CBS/Statistics NL and the Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment Samples are drawn by CBS: employees Response: employees per year PAPI/CAWI questionnaire (around 200 questions) Since 2007: separate cohort-study (gross sample: ) with follow-up in 2008 & 2009

8 NWCS-enrichment Informed consent: brochure Sampling framework: jobs-register/social security register Unique number assigned to each person, based on National Insurance Number/Civil Personal Identification Number Standard enrichment of NWCS micro-data by CBS, using this number: weight-variables (ethnicity, economic sector, etc) Further enrichment of NWCS for answering specific research questions, through linkage with Dutch National registers (in Social Statistical Database)

9 Nationals versus non-western migrants and western migrants by sector % Nationals Western Non-western Total work force Manufacturing Construction Trade Transport Private services Public Administration Education Health care Source: NEA 2007

10 Who are those non-western migrants in NL? Non-western migrants in NL come from: Suriname 31,7% Turkey 14,6% Marocco 12,7% Antilles, Aruba 10,1% Rest 30,8% Source: NEA, 2007

11 Highest educational level Nationals Western Non-western no finished education primary education Lower genral secondary education Middle/high general education lower tertiary (professional) education higher professional education + university ,2 22.7

12 Employment contract % Nationals Western Non-western permanent contract fixed term 11,3 14,7 18,3 contract with temp. empl. Agency 1, Source: NEA 2007

13 Working time Nationals Western Non-western Working hours by contract (hours/week) Overtime (hours per week) Long working hours (%> 10 uur on average) 33,3 33,8 35,9 Working nights (% frequently) 23, Working weekends (% frequently) ,2 Shift work (% frequently) 11,7 13, Source: NEA 2007

14 Psychosocial factors at work % Nationals Western Work pressure (high) Autonomy (high) Emotional load (high) Non-western external undesirable behaviour (several times/often) Bullying by supervisor or colleagues (several times/often) Discrimination at work because of skin colour (yes, often)

15 Physical factors at work + computer work (and private) % Nationals Western Non-western Heavy work (often) 17,3 14,9 18,1 Lifting & unfavourable postures (often) long time in unfavourable, twisted posture (often) repetitive movements arms, hands, wrist (often) Hours/day behind computer screen (work) Hours/day behind computer screen (private) 13,5 12,4 16, , Source: NEA 2007

16 Workplace adaptation & training opportunities last year % Nationals Western Non-western Resources or furniture changed (yes) adaptation in working time (yes) Training or education (yes) no adaptation/change Source: NEA 2007

17 Issues for discussion General conclusion: Mainly non-western migrants at risk Western migrants (and 2 nd generation) much less but Weaknesses of surveys/nea Illegal/undeclared work is not taken into account NEA is only employed Only employees who read + speak Dutch Sampling/monitor suggestions (recent workshop): Face to face Through internet panels (younger than 35) Specific panels (Surinam, Hindi etc) Specific in-depth study (every four years)

18 More information: Contact: Website:

19 Similarities and differences regarding (im)migrants in the EU (EWCO-CAR) Not from all countries info available, but. Migrants are often male; exceptions: Bulgaria: 57% female AU, FI, FR, IT, PO: man-women balance Elderly are overrepresented; most migrants are year of age Relatively high educated; e.g. in new member states, but also in EU-15 Diploma s not accepted (overqualification occurs 2 x in migrants) Not in all countries..(very much dependent on native country: Turkey low; Joegoslavia high) Second generation often higher educated Employability in wide variety of sectors, in NL often Industry, Hotels and restaurants, rest group More often atypical contracts (e.g. because of government policy, seasonal work, employment agencies)