Social Conditions in Sweden

Transcription

1 Conditions in Sweden Villa Vigoni Conference on Reporting in Europe Measuring and Monitoring Progress in European Societies Is Life Still Getting Better? March 9-11, 2010 Danuta Biterman The National Board of Health and Welfare Stockholm, Sweden

2 rapport 2010 is the fifth in a series of Swedish national reports on social conditions. Previous reports were issued 1994, 1997, 2001 and 2006 Report is to give a current overview of how social conditions develop in Sweden with special focus on those groups who are socially and financially disadvantaged

3 - Contents Chapter 1: Transnational migration Chapter 2: Attachment to the labour market and establishment of young adults Chapter 3: Dynamics and extent of poverty: Sweden Chapter 4: Multiple social problems: Sweden in the comparative perspective Chapter 5: consequences of illness Chapter 6: Residential segregation Chapter 7: School grades, education and risks of adverse development in children Chapter 8: Undocumented immigrants

4 Trends during the 2000s More people are able to earn their own living, but the proportion of people outside both the labour market and the social insurance systems has remained unchanged (3 4%).

5 Labour market status Women and men aged Per cent Women Per cent Men Economically Inactive Alternative Means of Support New arrivals Long-term sick leave/ Disability pension Students Data source: LISA, Statistics Sweden 30 Insecure Workforce Core Workforce

6 Labour market categories: Core workforce Income from work SUFFICIENT at least during 2 of 3 consecutive years Unemployment and/or Sick leave benefits Disability pension At most during 1 of 3 consecutive years None of 3 consecutive years Resident in Sweden All of 3 consecutive years SUFFICIENT INCOME the lowest annual income from work which is sufficient for supporting oneself 3.5 Price Base Amount 1992: 1 Price Base Amount : 1 Price Base Amount 4469 (3.5 PBA /year) (exchange rate as in January 2011)

7 Unemployment rate in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland and EU Proportion unemployed of the labour force aged Per cent Data source: EU Labour Force Survey, Eurostat. Sweden Denmark Norway Finland EU15

8 Young adults

9 Labour market status Young adults aged and Per cent years Per cent years Economically Inactive Alternative Means of Support New arrivals Long-term sick leave/ Disability pension Students Insecure Workforce Core Workforce Data source: LISA, Statistics Sweden

10 Unemployment rate among young adults in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland and EU Proportion unemployed of the labour force aged Per cent Data source: EU Labour Force Survey, Eurostat. Sweden Denmark Norway Finland EU15

11 Unemployment rate in three age groups Per cent New def. of unemployment: Data source: AKU, Statistics Sweden years years years years years years

12 Share of young adults in the core workforce after given number of years following lack of economical activity Aged in year 1 Per cent Data Source: Statistics Sweden Lack of economical activity 1990/ / / Number of years

13 Share of young adults in the core workforce after given number of years following full-time studies Aged in year 1 Per cent Data Source: Statistics Sweden 1992 Full-time studies Number of years

14 Poverty and social problems

15 Income inequality in Sweden Percentile ratio Gini coefficient 5,00 0,50 4,50 0,45 4,00 0,40 3,50 0,35 3,00 0,30 2,50 0,25 2,00 0,20 1,50 0,15 1,00 0,10 0,50 0,05 0,00 0, P95/P05, incl. capital income Gini coefficient, incl. capital income Data source: HEK, Statistics Sweden P95/P05, excl. capital income Gini coefficient, excl. capital income

16 EU25 Slovenia Sweden Slovakia Norway Denmark Czech Republic Belgium Finland France Malta Hungary Austria Luxemburg Island Netherlands Cyprus Germany Irland Spain Italy Poland Estonia United Kingdom Greece Lithuania Latvia Portugal 0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 Data Source: Eurostat Gini coefficient Income inequality in EU25, 2007 Equivalized disposable income

17 Income trends Equivalized disposable income, excl. income from capital, in 2007 price level SEK P95 P90 Mean Median P10 P Data source: HEK, Statistics Sweden 1 SEK

18 EU15 EU27 Island Czech Republic Netherlands Slovakia Sweden Slovenia Austria Denmark Norway Hungary France Finland Malta Luxemburg Germany Belgium Cyprus Poland Portugal Croatia Irland Estonia Lithuania United Kingdom Italy Spain Greece Latvia Bulgaria Romania Per cent After transfers Before transfers Data Source: Eurostat At-risk-ofpoverty rate in Europe before and after transfers Total population, 2007 Equivalized disposable income

19 Measuring Poverty Proportion of poor , according to 4 different measures Per cent Without cash margin Below the absolute poverty line Below 60% of median income (relative poverty line) Data sorce: HEK and ULF (cash margin), Statistics Sweden In household with social assistance Equivalized disposable income

20 Absolute poverty line A poverty line which is based on the inflationadjusted norm for social assistance in This norm takes its departure in a calculation of necessary expenses for an acceptable (or decent) level of living. This absolute poverty line defines the same purchasing power over the time period.

21 Outflow from absolute poverty Proportion of inflow cohorts remaining in uninterrupted poverty Persons aged 16 and older living in their own households Proportion remaining poor Inflow cohorts Data source: LISA, Statistics Sweden Years since entry into poverty

22 Poverty is most common among Young adults Immigrants especially new arrivals People living in single households Single mothers with young children (up to 18 yrs old) run a distinctly higher risk of both long-term (at least 5 years) and repeated poverty the proportion of long-term recipients of social assistance is approximately twice as high as for the population as a whole

23 Long-term poverty Risk for long-term poverty (five years or longer) has continued to decrease in all population groups during the 2000s. Between 3 and 4 per cent of the population live in long-term poverty during any given year.

24 How to define long-term poverty Poverty eposodes at least 5 yrs or longer Poverty episodes shorter than 5 yrs

25 Prevalence of long-term poverty in different family types Episodes of at least five years poverty Long-term poor Per cent Single mothers, children aged <18 Living alone Data source: LISA, Statistics Sweden Single fathers, children aged <18 Married/cohabitants, children aged <18 Married/cohabitants, childless Single mothers, children aged 18+ Single fathers, children aged 18+ Married/cohabitants, children aged 18+ Year Persons aged 16 and older living in their own households

26 problems problem Unemployment Financial problems Ill-health Overcrowding Insecurity Indicator Respondent or his/hers spouse are not working but are seeking or waiting for work, are unemployed or are laid off during measurement week Respondent states that his/hers household is able to make ends meet with great difficulty or with difficulty Respondent considers his/hers health status to be fair, bad or very bad The accommodation is overcrowd if NOT every member of household (married or cohabiting couple is regarded here as one household member) has his/hers own room, not counting kitchen and one room Respondent states that he/she has problems with crime, violence or vandalism in the residential area

27 Prevalence of social problems in Europe, 2006 Populations aged Per cent Sweden Nordic countries Data source: EU-SILC, Eurostat. Continental Europe United Kingdom and Irland Southern Europe Eastern Europe EU25* Unemployment Overcrowding Insecurity Financial problems Ill-health *excl. Malta, incl. Island and Norway

28 Denmark Norway Sweden Netherlands Island Finland Austria Luxemburg Belgium United Kingdom Irland France Spain Cyprus Italy Greece Portugal Germany Czech Republic Estonia Slovenia Hungary Slovakia Poland Lithuania Latvia Data source: EU-SILC, Eurostat Per cent Prevalence of two or more social problems in 26 European countries, 2006 Populations aged 18 75

29 Immigrants in Sweden

30 In- and out-migration in Sweden Migration persons/year Population Data source: Statistics Sweden Immigration Emigration Population

31 Immigrants in Sweden Out of more than 9 millions inhabitants in Sweden are 1,3 millions persons (14%) born abroad (2009). They originate from almost 200 countries. 8 large immigrant groups constituted slightly more than half of the foreign born population: those born in Finland, the former Yugoslavia, Iraq, Poland, Iran, Germany, Denmark and Norway. The groups that increased the most in Sweden during the 2000s came from Afghanistan, Thailand, Iraq, China and Russia.

32 In Sweden, like in many other European countries, immigration has become an important complement to balancing the aging population

33 There are big differences between Sweden-born population and various immigrant groups considering their attachment to the labour market. However, those differences have been decreasing during the 2000s.

34 Proportion of persons in Core Workforce aged 20 64, by birth region, Per cent Born in Sweden Other Western countries* North East Europe *incl. USA, Canada, Australia and New Zeeland Data source: LISA, Statistics Sweden South East Europe Middle East & North Africa

35 Share of young adults in the core workforce after given number of years following arrival to Sweden Aged in year 1 Per cent Data Source: Statistics Sweden Arrival / / / Number of years

36 Proportion of long-term poor among those born abroad and born in Sweden Poverty episodes at least 5 years or longer Per cent Born abroad Year Data source: LISA, Statistics Sweden. Born in Sweden Persons aged 16 and older living in their own households

37 Proportion of persons born abroad and born in Sweden among the long-term poor 1994 and 2003 Poverty episodes at least 5 years or longer 1994 Born abroad 2003 Born abroad Born in Sweden Data source: LISA, Statistics Sweden. Born in Sweden Persons aged 16 and older living in their own households

38 Residential segregation When various population groups differ in their residential patterns i.e. when they are unevenly distributed across subunits of a given metropolitan area

39 Concentration of immigrants to Swedish Urban Areas, 2007 Per cent Greater Stockholm Greater Gothenburg Total population Greater Malmö Foreign-born Other big cities Source: Total Population Register and Geography Data Base/Statistics Sweden Total population in Sweden: persons Total foreign-born population: persons (14%)

40 The ethnic residential segregation in the three Swedish Metropolitan Areas has stabilised during the 2000s, after having previously increased Segregation index Greater Malmö Greater Gothenburg Greater Stockholm Source: LISA, Total Population Register and Geography Data Base/Statistics Sweden

41 The economic residential segregation tends to increase during the time period Segregation index Greater Malmö Greater Gothenburg Greater Stockholm Source: LISA, Total Population Register and Geography Data Base/Statistics Sweden

42 Visible immigrants Persons born in Southeast Europe and out-of-europe countries, excluding USA, Canada, Australia and New Zeeland

43 Distribution of visible immigrants by various types of neighbourhoods in Swedish metropolitan areas, 2006 Poor 27% 26% Born in Sweden Very poor 27% 13% 4% Economically integrated/ slightly impoverished 22% 57% Well-off 24% Neighbourhood types by economic development Totally in all urban neighbourhoods in the three metropolitan areas: Population born in Sweden: Visible immigrants: Source: LISA, Total Population Register and Geography Data Base/Statistics Sweden

44 Share of persons who earn their own living* in different types of urban neighbourhoods 1990, 1997 and 2006 Population aged in all three Metropolitan Areas Per cent Predominantly Swedish-born population Ethnically integrated, elements of visible minorities Predominantly visible minorities Almost exclusively visible minorities Ethnic type of neighbourhood develop- *with annual income from work of 3,5 Price Base Amount or more Source: LISA, Total Population Register and Geography Data Base/Statistics Sweden

45 There is a clear connection between the ethnic and economic segregation in the Metropolitan Areas In the most disadvantaged neighbourhoods live mainly poor visible immigrants