Gender effects of the crisis on labor market in six European countries

Transcription

1 Gender effects of the crisis on labor market in six European countries Hélène Périvier Marion Cochard et Gérard Cornilleau OECD meeting,

2 I. Introduction II. Trends on labor markets III. Analysis of the crisis by industry and occupational sex segregation IV. Concluding Remarks

3 I. Introduction Starting point : Men were particularly affected by unemployment during the crisis in most developed economies an opportunity for gender equality and for strengthen women economic empowerment? 1. Gender effects of the crisis on employment? 2. Explanation of this gender effect Researches on gender analysis of crisis are scarce Data : Data are available until 2009 for the main indicators, until 2010Q3 for some indicators (sources : OECD, Eurostat, Insee EE, ILO) No gendered statistics concerning wages and income by now.

4 I. Introduction II. Trends on labor markets III. Analysis of the crisis by industry and occupational sex segregation IV. Concluding Remarks

5 Trends on labor market (1/4) 16 Unemployment rate : difference between women and men France Germany 12 Italy Sweden Spain United Kingdom Source : OCDE 5

6 Trends on labor market (2/4) Gender gap in the labor force participation rate Germany Spain France Italy Sweden United Kingdom

7 Trends on labor market (3/4) 10 Employment growth between 2008 Q1 and 2010 Q1 : contributions of the different levels of education 5 0 Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Germany Spain France Italy Sweden United Kingdom Tertiary education -20 Upper secondary and post-secondary non tertiary education Pre-primary, primary and lower secondary education Source : Eurostat

8 II. Trends on labor market (4/4) male employment has been much more affected by the recession than female employment decrease of the gender gap unemployment rate increase in female graduate employment stability of the gender gaps in part time work increase in older workers labor force participation young workers were the most affected by the crisis (Employment outlook, 2010, OECD). 8

9 I. Introduction II. Trends on labor markets III. Analysis of the crisis by industry and occupational sex segregation IV. Concluding Remarks

10 III. Crisis and occupational sex segregation (1/2) Why a gendered impact of the crisis? Women as flexible reserve of labor force Substitution hypothesis : during crisis «cheap labor force» is searched Occupational sex segregation hypothesis The secondary worker effect : during crisis if one partners lost his job, it is an incentive for the second one to increase her participation to the labor market (extensive or intensive labor supply) 10

11 III. Crisis and occupational sex segregation (1/10) All labor markets in developed economies are characterized by a occupational sex segregation : Women are over represented in social, education, care industries Men are over represented in manufacturing and construction industries 11

12 III. Crisis and occupational sex segregation (2/10) Percentage of women in employment in different sectors, in Industry Private services Public services 80 France 60 Germany Italy Spain 40 Sweden United Kingdom 20 0 Source : ILO 12

13 III. Crisis and occupational sex segregation (3/10) All labor market in developed economies are characterized by a occupational sex segregation : Women are over represented in social, education, care industries Men are over represented in manufacturing and construction industries The labor force participation of women is positively linked to the occupational sex segregation of labor market 13

14 Sex segregation 21 III. Crisis and occupational sex segregation (4/10) Sex segregation indicator and female labour force participation rate in 2007 Ireland R 2 = 0, Finland Sweden Iceland Slovakia Spain Latvia Estonia Norway 17 Israel Lithuania Russian Federation Luxembourg United Kingdom Denmark 15 Italy Hungary Poland Cyprus Belgium Austria Portugal Czech Republic France Bulgaria Australia Croatia Japan Slovenia Germany New Zealand United States Netherlands Canada Switzerland 13 Greece Serbia Georgia Malta 11 Romania Source : ILO; calculation by authors Labour 85 force participatio

15 III. Crisis and occupational sex segregation (5/10) the current crisis has affected manufacturing and construction industries where : Men are overrepresented Temporary employment is widespread (flexible labor force) Within services industries, the crisis has affected the sub-industries where men are over-represented 15

16 III. Crisis and occupational sex segregation (6/10) Variation of employment between Q and Q (in thousand) 00,0 Variation of employment during the crisis by industry et according to the share of women in each industry in France 50,0 0,0 50,0 00,0 Water, gas, energy, waste collection Manufacture of motos vehicules, trailers, and semi trailers Construction coke and refined petroleom product Transporting and storage Manufacture of machinery and equipement, electrical equipement, computer Accomodation and food service activities Information and communication Manufacture of food and tabacco products and beverages Administrative and support service activities, education, human health social work activities (except civil services) Others service activities (except extraterritotial activities) Financial and insurance activities Real estate activities Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles Professional, scientific and technical activities 50,0 Manufacture of others products source : Insee 00,0 0,0% 10,0% 20,0% 30,0% 40,0% 50,0% 60,0% 70,0% 80,0% Share of women in the private employment for each industry

17 III. Crisis and occupational sex segregation (7/10) Variation of employment between Q and Q (in thousand) 60,0 Variation of employment during the crisis in the services industry according to the share of women in each industry in France Residential nursing care activities 40,0 20,0 0,0-20,0-40,0 Information service activities Legal and accounting activities ; architectural and engineering activities Publishing,, video, radio programming Transports et entreposage Public administration Financial and insurance activities Scientific research adn development Telecommunications Accomodation and food service activities Arts, entertainement and recreation Other professional, scientific and technical activities human health social work activities Education Activities of households as em -60,0 Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles -80,0-100,0-120,0 Administrative and support service activities Source: Insee -140,0 20,0% 30,0% 40,0% 50,0% 60,0% 70,0% 80,0% 90,0% 100 Share of women in the private employment for each in

18 III. Crisis and occupational sex segregation (8/10) shift and share analysis of the variation of employment in order to distinguish inside the evolution of women's employment : 1. what is due to the change in employment inside each industries, 2. of what is due to the evolution of the share of women in each industries 18

19 2.00% 0.00% -2.00% III. Crisis and occupational sex segregation (9/10) Shift and share analysis of the evolution of employment during the crisis in six European countries ( ) 0.73% 0.53% 0.23% 0.12% 0.25% -0.13% -0.23% -0.58% -1.03% -0.14% -0.05% -0.98% -1.09% -1.37% -1.32% -2.00% -2.43% -4.00% -3.44% -3.60% Men Women -6.00% Effect of employment variation Effect of the variation of the share of women -8.00% -9.05% source : Eurostat % Germany Spain France Italy Sweden

20 III. Crisis and occupational sex segregation (10/10) Conclusions of the shift and share analysis: the effect of the change in the distribution of women by industries is low the variation of employment by industries explains much of the variation in female employment the occupational sex segregation of the labor market explains most of the gender impact of the current crisis on employment 20

21 I. Introduction II. Trends on labor markets III. Analysis of the crisis by industry and occupational sex segregation IV. Concluding Remarks

22 IV. Concluding remarks Male employment is more sensitive to economic shocks than women s one Women are stuck in a second labor market 2 nd round of the crisis with the austerity plan 22