EUROPEANS ATTITUDES TOWARDS SECURITY

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1 Special Eurobarometer 432 EUROPEANS ATTITUDES TOWARDS SECURITY REPORT Fieldwork: March 2015 Publication: April 2015 This survey has been requested by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs and co-ordinated by the Directorate-General for Communication. This document does not represent the point of view of the European Commission. The interpretations and opinions contained in it are solely those of the authors. Special Eurobarometer 432 / Wave TNS Opinion & Social

2 Project title Linguistic Version Catalogue Number Special Eurobarometer 432 Europeans attitudes towards security EN DR EN-N ISBN DOI /41650 European Union, 2015

3 Special Eurobarometer 432 Europeans attitudes towards security Conducted by TNS Opinion & Social at the request of the European Commission, Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs Survey co-ordinated by the European Commission, Directorate- General for Communication (DG COMM Strategy, Corporate Communication Actions and Eurobarometer Unit)

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION... 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... 4 I. OVERALL PERCEPTION OF SECURITY Perception of security at various levels Factors impacting perception of security II. PERCEIVED THREATS AND CHALLENGES Main spontaneously perceived challenges to EU security Importance of specific challenges to EU security Perceived sources of threats to EU security Expected evolution of specific threats III. RESPONSES TO ADDRESS SECURITY CHALLENGES Expected role of various bodies in ensuring national security Perception of national law enforcement authorities action in fighting specific threats Perceived impact of the fight against terrorism and organised crime on fundamental rights and freedoms Perceived impact of technology on rights and security CONCLUSIONS ANNEXES Technical specifications Questionnaire Tables 1

5 INTRODUCTION Security is arguably a greater issue for Europeans in 2015 than at any time since a generation ago. The global financial crisis left many people feeling insecure about their own personal situation. War and conflicts on the EU s doorstep raise security challenges for bordering Member States, while the phenomenon of foreign terrorist fighters travelling between the EU and conflict zones has become a key security challenge for the EU. Most recently, in January 2015, the terrorist attacks on Charlie Hebdo in Paris, followed by similar violent episodes in other European countries, were strong reminders that both terrorism and extremist ideologies are persistent threats to European citizens. Important efforts have been made in the past few years at EU level towards ensuring that Europe is an open, prosperous and safe place to live and work for all its citizens. This report supports these efforts by building on two earlier studies conducted in 2011: Special Eurobarometer 371 on Internal Security and Special Eurobarometer 380 on Awareness of Home Affairs. The study first establishes how secure European citizens feel and the impact of several factors on this feeling. Secondly, it aims to identify what they regard as the main security threats to the EU, and the way in which these threats may be evolving. Finally, the report goes on to consider which organisations or institutions are best placed to address these challenges, and whether these groups are doing a good job in tackling security threats. Additionally, respondents consider whether there has been a price to pay in terms of personal freedom so that governments can effectively fight terrorists and criminals, and whether new technologies might improve or undermine the security of European citizens. 2

6 This survey was carried out by TNS Opinion & Social network in the 28 Member States of the European Union between 21 and 30 March Some 28,082 respondents from different social and demographic groups were interviewed face-to-face at home in their mother tongue on behalf of the Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs. The methodology used is that of Eurobarometer surveys as carried out by the Directorate- General for Communication ( Strategy, Corporate Communication Actions and Eurobarometer Unit) 1. A technical note on the manner in which interviews were conducted by the Institutes within the TNS Opinion & Social network is appended as an annex to this report. Also included are the interview methods and confidence intervals 2. Note: In this report, countries are referred to by their official abbreviation. The abbreviations used in this report correspond to: ABBREVIATIONS BE Belgium LT Lithuania BG Bulgaria LU Luxembourg CZ Czech Republic HU Hungary Denmark MT Malta DE Germany NL The Netherlands EE Estonia AT Austria EL Greece PL Poland ES Spain PT Portugal FR France RO Romania HR Croatia SI Slovenia IE Ireland SK Slovakia IT Italy FI Finland CY Republic of Cyprus* SE Sweden LV Latvia UK The United Kingdom EU28 European Union 28 Member States * Cyprus as a whole is one of the 28 European Union Member States. However, the acquis communautaire has been suspended in the part of the country which is not controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus. For practical reasons, only the interviews carried out in the part of the country controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus are included in the CY category and in the EU28 average. * * * * * We wish to thank the people throughout Europe who have given their time to take part in this survey. Without their active participation, this study would not have been possible The results tables are included in the annex. It should be noted that the total of the percentages in the tables of this report may exceed 100% when the respondent has the possibility of giving several answers to the question. 3

7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Overall perception of security Around 90% of people say that their immediate neighbourhood and their city, town or village are safe places to live. Around 80% say that their own country and the EU are secure places to live. Respect for fundamental rights and freedoms is thought to have the most positive impact on one s personal sense of security 42% of respondents say this. Perceived threats and challenges Terrorism is seen as the EU s most important security challenge, with half of all respondents describing it as important. However, the level of concern varies considerably from country to country: 62% of people in Malta, but only 22% in Latvia, think terrorism is an important challenge. Since 2011, the proportion of people identifying terrorism and religious extremism as important challenges has increased substantially. Fewer people now think that economic and financial crises are the most important challenge to security. 65% of people think that terrorism is a very important internal security challenge for the EU, and 92% think it is important. Over two-thirds of people think that the threat of terrorism is likely to increase over the next three years, with over half also saying that cybercrime and organised crime will increase. Over eight out of ten respondents think that extremist ideologies, war and political instability, and poverty and social exclusion, are potential sources of threats to EU security. Only seven out of ten people see climate change and pollution as a potential source of security threats. Responses to address security challenges The police and the judicial system are seen as being chiefly responsible for ensuring the security of citizens: around nine out of ten respondents say this. The police are seen as the organisation with the biggest role in ensuring the security of citizens in all but five Member States, where the judicial system is listed first. Over half of the respondents think the police are doing enough to fight terrorism and drug trafficking, but less than half say enough is being done to fight other crimes. A majority of respondents think that citizens rights and freedoms have been restricted for reasons related to fighting terrorism and crime. People are generally positive about the impact of new technologies, but a quarter think they will have a negative impact on the security of citizens. 4

8 I. OVERALL PERCEPTION OF SECURITY The first section of the report sets out the context by asking respondents how secure they feel in their local communities, in their country and in the EU as a whole. They were then asked which of specific issues most affect their own sense of security. 1. PERCEPTION OF SECURITY AT VARIOUS LEVELS - A substantial majority of Europeans feel secure, whether in their immediate neighbourhood or in the EU as a whole - The respondents were given four statements relating to security, and were asked to say whether they agree with them 3. Overall, the results illustrate a strong perception of security at all levels, although it is interesting to note that the wider and more remote the level gets, the more this feeling of security decreases. These results are very much in line with those from the 2011 survey (Special Eurobarometer 380). Nine out of ten people (90%) agree that their immediate neighbourhood is a secure place to live, of which 53% totally agree and 37% tend to agree. Less than a tenth of respondents (9%) do not agree that their neighbourhood is a secure place to live. There has been no change in these results since Just under nine out of ten respondents (89%) agree that their city, town or village is a secure place to live, of which 47% (-2 percentage points compared with 2011) totally agree, and 42% (+2pp) tend to agree. A tenth of respondents (10%, no change) do not agree that their city, town or village is a secure place to live. Over eight out of ten people (82%) agree that their country is a secure place to live, with 35% (-1pp) totally agreeing, and 47% (-1pp) tending to agree. Around one person in six (17%, +2pp) does not agree with this statement. Finally, just below eight out of ten respondents (79%) agree that the EU is a secure place to live: of these, 27% (-1pp) totally agree, and 52% (-1pp) tend to agree. Roughly one person in six (17%, +1pp) do not agree that the EU is a secure place to live. The results show strong regional variations, with the respondents in Northern Europe, most notably in Denmark and Finland, more likely to totally agree that their neighbourhood, city/town or country is a secure place to live. Respondents in Southern and Eastern Europe, especially Slovakia, Bulgaria and Italy, are the least likely to totally agree with these three items. This regional trend is also present when considering security at the EU level; however, there are some differences, particularly Bulgaria having a relatively large proportion of respondents who totally agree that the EU is a secure place to live. 3 QA1: To what extent do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements about public security? 5

9 More specifically, at least three-quarters of respondents in all Member States agree that their immediate neighbourhood is a secure place to live in. Almost all people agree with this statement in Finland (99%), Sweden (98%) and Denmark (97%). Although still high, the proportion of respondents who agree is lowest in Bulgaria (75%), Italy (79%) and Hungary (83%). The proportion of respondents who totally agree with this statement ranges from 89% in Finland and 81% in Denmark, to 30% in Italy and 33% in Bulgaria. In Bulgaria (23%) and Italy (21%), over a fifth of respondents do not think their neighbourhood is a secure place to live. 6

10 The proportion of people who agree that their immediate neighbourhood is a secure place to live has increased since 2011 in Portugal (91%, +7pp), Romania (86%, +6pp) and Greece (85%, +5pp), while declining substantially in Italy (79%, -8pp), Bulgaria (75%, - 4pp), the Czech Republic (87%, -4pp), and Cyprus (88%, -4pp). * NA = not asked. The question was not asked in this country during the preceding survey. 7

11 Over seven out of ten people in all Member States agree that their city, town or village is a secure place to live in. The level of agreement with this statement ranges from 98% in both Denmark and Finland, to 71% in Bulgaria and 76% in Italy. People in Denmark (78%) and Finland (76%) are also the most likely to totally agree that their city, town or village is a secure place to live in, while those in Italy (25%) and Bulgaria (31%) are the least likely to do so. In Bulgaria (27%), Italy (23%) and Hungary (21%), more than a fifth of people do not feel that their city, town or village is a secure place to live. 8

12 As illustrated in the table below, the proportion of respondents who agree that their city, town or village is a secure place to live in has increased since 2011 in Portugal (95%, +7pp), Greece (84%, +6pp), Hungary (79%, +6pp) and Romania (84%, +5pp). During the same period, the level of agreement with this statement declined substantially in Italy (76%, -8pp), Bulgaria (71%, -7pp) and Cyprus (83%, -6pp). * NA = not asked. The question was not asked in this country during the preceding survey. 9

13 When looking at the national level, a majority of people in all 28 Member States also agree that their country is a secure place to live. This level of agreement is very high in some countries, such as in Finland (98%), Denmark (96%) and the Netherlands (95%). In contrast, people in Bulgaria (57%) and Italy (62%) are the least likely to think that their country is a secure place to live in. The proportion of people who totally agree with this statement ranges from 67% in both Finland and Denmark, to 15% in Italy and 23% in Bulgaria. In seven countries, at least a fifth of respondents do not agree that their country is a secure place to live, namely Bulgaria (41%), Italy (37%), Cyprus (31%), Romania (29%), Hungary (26%), Lithuania (23%) and Greece (20%). 10

14 In several countries, the proportion of respondents who agree that their country is a secure place to live has increased since 2011, notably Portugal (89%, +10 pp), Greece (80%, +9pp), Ireland (90%, +8pp), Hungary (73%, +8pp) and the UK (84%, +5pp). Meanwhile, the level of agreement decreased substantially in Italy (62%, -17pp), Cyprus (69%, -14pp), Bulgaria (83%, -10pp), and Poland (83%, -9pp). * NA = not asked. The question was not asked in this country during the preceding survey. 11

15 Finally, a majority of people in all Member States also agree that the EU is a secure place to live in, although to a lesser extent than on a neighbourhood level. At least nine out of ten people take this view in the Netherlands (92%), Denmark (90%) and Finland (90%). Conversely, Cyprus (58%) and Italy (63%) have the lowest proportions of people who agree with this view. The proportion of respondents who totally agree with the statement ranges from 43% in Denmark and 40% in Spain, to just 14% in Italy and 15% in the Czech Republic. At least a fifth of people do not agree that the EU is a secure place to live in the six following Member States: Cyprus (36%), Italy (33%), the Czech Republic (25%), Hungary (22%), Greece (22%) and Bulgaria (20%). 12

16 The proportion of respondents who agree that the EU is a secure place to live in has increased substantially since 2011 in the UK (78%, +11 percentage points) and Ireland (87%, +10pp). At the same time, it declined substantially in Cyprus (58%, -21pp), Italy (63%, -16pp), Bulgaria (71%, -10pp), Spain (80%, -9pp) and the Czech Republic (72%, -6pp). * NA = not asked. The question was not asked in this country during the preceding survey. 13

17 Socio-demographic analysis shows that men are somewhat more likely than women to agree that the EU is a secure place to live in (82% vs. 76%). Additionally, people aged are more likely than those aged 55 and over to agree that the EU is a secure place to live in (86% vs. 73%), and that their own country is a secure place to live in (85% vs. 80%). Individuals with a higher level of education are more likely to say that the various areas discussed are secure: for example, 85% of people who finished their education aged 20 or over think the EU is a secure place to live, compared with 69% of respondents who left school aged 15 or under. There are also some noticeable variations among the different occupational groups. For example, 89% of managers, but only 72% of retired people, agree that the EU is a secure place to live; and 90% of managers, but only 78% of house persons and unemployed people, think that their own country is a secure place to live. Unsurprisingly, respondents who agree that the police is doing enough against terrorism are more likely to agree that the EU is a secure place to live (85% vs. 69%), as are people who agree that the police is doing enough against corruption (85% vs. 74%). 14

18 2. FACTORS IMPACTING PERCEPTION OF SECURITY - More than half of respondents say that the economic and the employment situations in their country have a negative impact on their personal sense of security - Following on from the discussion about the respondents sense of security in certain locations, the respondents were then given four topics and asked to indicate the impact of each on their personal sense of security 4. Just over four out of ten respondents (42%) say that respect for fundamental rights and freedoms has a positive impact on their personal sense of security, of which 14% believe it has a very positive impact, and 28% a fairly positive impact. Less than a third of respondents (29%) say it has no impact, and fewer than one out of four (23%) say that it has a negative effect on their personal sense of security. Three in ten (30%) say that their household financial situation has a positive impact on their personal sense of security, with 9% saying it has a very positive impact and 21% a fairly positive impact. Close to four out of ten respondents (39%) say it has no impact and around one out of four (27%) think their household financial situation has a negative impact on their personal sense of security. Close to half (45%) of the respondents say the economic situation in their country has a negative effect on their personal sense of security. A lower proportion (28%) think it has a positive impact, of which 7% say it has a very positive impact and 21% a fairly positive impact. Around a quarter (24%) of the respondents think it has no impact. Finally, over four out of ten respondents (45%) say that the employment situation in their country has a negative impact on their personal sense of security. Over a quarter (28%) think it has no impact, while just under a quarter (24%) of respondents say that it has a positive impact (7% say the impact is very positive and 17% fairly positive). 4 QA8: In your view, what impact do the following have on your personal sense of security? 15

19 Respondents in all Member States agree that respect for fundamental rights and freedoms has the most positive impact on their personal sense of security, with the exception of Estonia, where a majority of people say that their household financial situation has the most positive impact on them. Around two-thirds of people mention respect for fundamental rights and freedoms as having a positive impact in Sweden (70%), Malta (68%) and Poland (62%). Moreover, at least 50% of respondents do so in eight additional countries. At the other end of the scale, fewer people agree that respect for fundamental rights and freedoms has a positive impact on their personal sense of security in Cyprus (24%), Spain (27%), and Portugal (32%). Overall, there is large variation among Member States on the impact of each item, particularly the economic items (financial situation, national economic and employment situation). Unsurprisingly, respondents in Member States that are most affected by the economic crisis, especially Greece, Spain and Portugal, are less likely to agree that their personal financial situations and the economic and employment situations in their country have a positive impact on their sense of security. Similarly, respondents in Member States that did not experience as deep an economic crisis, such as Sweden, Denmark and Luxembourg, are much more likely to say that these items have a positive impact on their personal sense of security. Household financial situation has the most positive perceived impact on personal sense of security in Estonia (43%) and has the second most positive impact on respondents from all other countries, with the exception of Denmark, Germany and the UK, where it ranks third. There are large differences between respondents from different Member States on this issue: close to two-thirds (65%) of people in Sweden think that household financial situation has a positive impact on their personal sense of security, compared with only 12% in Greece. 16

20 The positive impact of the economic situation on people s personal sense of security varies widely across the different Member States. The most positive impact can be observed in Malta (65%), Sweden (57%) and Denmark (50%). However, at the other end of the scale, in Spain and Cyprus (both 10%), just one in ten people think it has a positive impact on their sense of security. In all but three countries, the employment situation in their country is perceived as having the least positive impact on citizens' sense of security. Although more than four in ten respondents in Malta (61%), Sweden (47%) and Denmark (42%) think the employment situation in their country has a positive impact on their sense of personal security, only around a tenth of the respondents share this view in Spain (9%), Greece (11%) and Cyprus (11%). 17

21 Socio-demographic analysis shows that men are more likely than women to view these four elements as having a positive impact on their personal sense of security. For example, 31% of men say that the economic situation in their country has a positive impact on their personal sense of security, compared to 26% of women. People aged are also more likely than those aged 55 and over to respond positively in all four cases. For example, 34% of people aged think their household financial situation has a positive impact, compared to 26% of people aged 55 and over. Individuals with a higher level of education are more likely to see positive impacts of these elements on their sense of security: for example, 51% of people who finished their education aged 20 or over think respect for fundamental freedoms and rights has a positive impact on their personal sense of security, compared with 32% of respondents who left school aged 15 or under. There are also some unsurprising variations among the different occupational groups. For example, 43% of managers who are most often better off respond positively about the impact of household finances on their personal sense of security (compared to only 21% of unemployed people). 18

22 II. PERCEIVED THREATS AND CHALLENGES The second section of the report addresses the respondents perception of threats and challenges to EU security. Respondents were asked to identify what they see as the most important challenges to EU security, before looking specifically at which ones pose the greatest challenge to the EU s internal security. Respondents then considered potential sources of these threats and whether these threats are likely to increase or decrease over the next three years. 1. MAIN SPONTANEOUSLY PERCEIVED CHALLENGES TO EU SECURITY - The proportion of Europeans who see terrorism and religious extremism as the main challenges to EU security has increased considerably since Respondents were asked to identify the most important challenges to the security of EU citizens at the moment 5. They were invited to give a maximum of three answers, but they were not prompted the following responses were all spontaneous. Roughly half of the respondents (49%) identified terrorism as one of the EU s most important security challenges. This is a substantial increase from the 33% of respondents who mentioned terrorism in 2011 (Special Eurobarometer 371). Over a quarter of respondents (27%) think that economic and financial crises are among the most important challenge to security, down from 34% in Just under a quarter of people mention poverty (23%, +5 percentage points compared with 2011), organised crime (23%, +2pp), and corruption (23%, +8pp). Around a fifth of respondents regard religious extremism (20%, +14pp) as the most important security challenge. A slightly lower proportion (19%, +3pp) view irregular immigration as one of the most important security challenges. At least a tenth of respondents spontaneously say that cybercrime (12%, +3pp), and civil wars or other wars (11%, +4pp) are among the most important challenges to the security of EU citizens at the moment. Finally, less than a tenth of people mention petty crime (8%, +3pp), insecurity of the EU s external borders (8%, -2pp), environmental issues or climate change (7%, -5pp), natural disasters (6%, -5pp), nuclear disasters (4%, -6pp), or some other form of challenge (7%, +1pp). 5 QA2: What do you think are the most important challenges to the security of EU citizens at the moment? (MAX.3 ANSWERS) 19

23 In 15 countries, terrorism is the most mentioned security challenge, and at least 50% of respondents in nine Member States mention this. The proportion of respondents who see terrorism as the main challenge ranges from 62% in Malta and 60% in Denmark to 22% in Latvia and 25% in Slovenia. The Netherlands (38%), Denmark (32%) and Belgium (30%) have the highest proportions of people who think that religious extremism is the EU s most important security challenge. At least a fifth of respondents mention this in 11 countries. Estonia (36%) and Finland (31%) are the only two countries in which economic and financial crises is the most mentioned security challenge for the EU. However, respondents in Ireland (39%) and Slovenia (37%) are the most likely to identify economic and financial crises as the main security threat. Overall, at least three out of ten respondents mention this in 14 Member States. In six countries, the most mentioned security challenge for the EU is corruption, namely Spain (57%), Romania (57%), Portugal (50%), Slovenia (47%), Croatia (38%) and Lithuania (38%). However, in seven countries less than a tenth of respondents mention corruption, with the fewest people doing so in Finland (3%). Austria (39%) is the only Member State in which organised crime is the most likely of all the options to be considered a most important security challenge. However, people in Germany (42%) are the most likely to mention organised crime. At least three out of ten people think that this is one of the EU s most important security challenges in seven countries. At least one in five respondents think that cybercrime is a main security threat to the EU in Cyprus (25%), Germany (24%), Estonia (21%), Luxembourg (21%) and the Netherlands (20%), while at least a fifth mention civil wars or other wars in Lithuania (31%), Estonia (25%), Poland (27%), Latvia (21%), and Sweden (20%). 20

24 In eight Member States, at least a fifth of respondents consider irregular immigration to be one of the most important security challenges. Unsurprisingly, the highest proportions can be observed in Malta (46%), Italy (40%) and Greece (33%), three Member States located along the Mediterranean immigration route. Poverty is most mentioned as an important security challenge in five Member States: Greece (55%), Hungary (46%), Croatia (38%), Slovakia (37%) and Latvia (25%). In 10 countries, more than three out of ten people mention poverty as an important security challenge. Relatively few people mention the other potential challenges to EU security, with a couple of notable exceptions: 23% of people in Bulgaria think that natural disasters are a major challenge, and 20% of respondents in Sweden say that environmental issues or climate change are a major challenge. According to the socio-demographic data, year-olds are the most likely to identify terrorism as a main security challenge (51% vs. 45% of year-olds), as well as religious extremism (22% vs. 17% for the age group). Respondents who finished their education aged 20 or above are more likely than those who finished aged 15 and under to mention terrorism (52% vs. 47%) and religious extremism (24% vs. 16%), but they are the least likely to mention poverty (30% vs. 18%). Among the various occupational groups, managers are the most likely to see terrorism (54% vs. 46% of unemployed people) as one of the EU s main security challenges. Other white collar workers (27% vs. 15% of unemployed people) are the most likely to mention 21

25 religious extremism. House persons are the most likely to identify poverty as a main security challenge, while managers are the least likely to do so (29% vs. 14%). Individuals who have difficulty paying their bills most of the time are more likely than people who almost never have difficulty to regard economic and financial crises (31% vs. 25%) and poverty (35% vs. 20%) as among the EU s most important security challenges. Respondents who do not agree that the EU is a secure place to live in are more likely to regard irregular immigration (28% vs. 17%) as an important security challenge. While 51% of people who think that terrorism is likely to increase say that terrorism is the EU s most important security challenges, 41% of respondents who think terrorism is likely to decrease still mention it as one of the main security challenges. 22

26 2. IMPORTANCE OF SPECIFIC CHALLENGES TO EU SECURITY - There has been a noticeable increase in the proportion of respondents who think that terrorism is a very important challenge to the EU s internal security - Having identified the main challenges to EU security, respondents were then asked to rate how important certain challenges are to the internal security of the EU 6. This question was asked in 2011 (Special Eurobarometer 371) but has been changed slightly, with management of the EU s external borders replacing insecurity of EU borders as one of the five options. Over nine out of ten respondents (92%) think that terrorism is important, which is stable from the 91% who said this in However, the level of importance has increased, with 65% (+7 percentage points since 2011) considering terrorism to be very important. Only 6% (-1pp) do not regard terrorism as an important internal security challenge. Nine out of ten respondents (90%, -1pp) think that organised crime is an important internal security challenge for the EU and eight out of ten respondents (80%, -1pp) regard cybercrime as an important internal security challenge. Just over a tenth of people (13%, +2pp) do not consider cybercrime to be an important internal security challenge. Just over four in five respondents (81%) regard management of the EU s external borders to be important: 40% say it is very important, and 41% think it is only fairly important. 13% say it is not an important internal security challenge. Around eight out of ten respondents (79%) also say that natural or man-made disasters are an important challenge to the EU s internal security, a decrease from the 87% who said this in Of these, 37% (-11pp) say that natural or man-made disasters are very important, while 42% (+3pp) say they are fairly important. Nearly a fifth of respondents (18%, +8pp) think that these are not important. 6 QA3: In your opinion, how important are the following challenges to the internal security of the EU? 23

27 At least half of the respondents in all but four Member States say that terrorism is an important internal security challenge for the EU. People in the UK (79%), Malta (78%), and Cyprus (74%) are the most likely to say this. The four exceptions, where less than half of the respondents identify terrorism as an important challenge, are Estonia (17%), Sweden (33%), Latvia (44%) and Croatia (49%). Since 2011, there has been an increase in most Member States in the proportion of respondents who think that terrorism is an important internal security challenge for the EU, and there were substantial increases in Belgium (65%, +17pp), Denmark (62%, +14pp), Malta (78%, +14pp), Luxembourg (62%, +14pp) and Poland (57%, +14pp) However, there are two exceptions where the proportion of respondents saying that terrorism is an important internal security challenge declined substantially, namely Estonia (17%, -30pp) and Sweden (33%, -18pp). In 19 countries, at least 50% of respondents identify organised crime as an important internal security challenge for the EU. People in Bulgaria (75%), Cyprus (68%) and Ireland (68%) are the most likely to say this, while those in Estonia (9%), the Netherlands (28%) and Sweden (34%) are the least likely to do so. Once again there were big differences in the way opinion on this issue has evolved since 2011 according to the country concerned. In Romania (57%, +19pp), Denmark (53%, +13pp) and Portugal (53%, +10pp), the proportion of respondents who say that organised crime is an important internal security challenge for the EU has increased substantially. In contrast, it has declined substantially in Estonia (9%, -31pp), Sweden (34%, -25pp), the Netherlands (28%, -23pp), and the Czech Republic (52%, -17pp). In five countries, over 50% of respondents think that cybercrime is an important internal security challenge for the EU: Cyprus (66%), Ireland (60%), the UK (58%), Germany (54%), and Greece (53%). At the other end of the scale, less than a fifth of respondents in Estonia (16%) and Sweden (18%) identify this as an important challenge. The proportion of respondents identifying cybercrime as an important challenge has increased since 2011 in Romania (45%, +15pp), Denmark (44%, +14pp), and Greece (53%, +11pp), while declining in Estonia (16%, -31pp), Sweden (18%, -16pp), the Czech Republic (34%, -15pp), and the Netherlands (37%, -13pp). In six Member States, more than half of the respondents think that management of the EU s external borders is an important internal security challenge. There is considerable variation between Member States for this challenge, and the proportion of respondents who consider it important ranges from 59% in both Bulgaria and the UK to 12% in both Estonia and Sweden. Over half of respondents think that natural and man-made disasters are an important internal security challenge for the EU in Bulgaria (66%), Greece (50%) and Hungary (50%), while less than a fifth of respondents mention these as important challenges in Estonia (7%), Sweden (16%), and the Netherlands (18%). The proportion of respondents who say that natural and man-made disasters are an important internal security challenge has increased since 2011 in Denmark (29%, +6pp), but it declined in almost all other Member States. 24

28 The most substantial declines occurred in Estonia (7%, -35pp), Sweden (16%, -25pp), the Czech Republic (34%, -24pp) and Luxembourg (29%, -23pp). * NA = not asked. This challenge was not asked in this country during the preceding survey. 25

29 There are few socio-demographic variations on this question. The one noticeable finding is that respondents who consider one of the five items to be a very important challenge to the internal security of the EU are more likely to regard the others as important. For example, 45% of people who think that organised crime is important also think that cybercrime is very important, whereas only 19% of those who say that organised crime is not important think that cybercrime is very important. 26

30 3. PERCEIVED SOURCES OF THREATS TO EU SECURITY - Extremist ideologies, war and political instability outside the EU are seen as the most likely sources of threats to EU security - The focus of the discussion now turns to the potential sources of threats to EU security discussed above. Over eight out of ten people agree that extremist ideologies could result in a threat to the internal security of the EU, with 52% totally agreeing and 34% tending to agree. Just 8% do not agree that extremist ideologies could pose a threat. Similar results can be seen for war or political instability outside the EU (86% agreement) and social exclusion, poverty and discrimination (84% agreement). For both of these, respondents who agreed were split almost evenly between tending to agree and totally agreeing. Roughly seven out of ten respondents (69%) agree that climate change and pollution could result in a threat to the internal security of the EU, with 28% totally agreeing and 41% tending to agree. Over a quarter of people (26%) disagree that climate change and pollution could result in a threat. A majority of respondents in all Member States think that extremist ideologies could result in a threat to the internal security of the EU. In eight countries, more respondents see extremist ideologies as a potential source of security threats than the other three options under discussion. There is some variation between the countries, with the proportion of people who regard extremist ideologies as potentially resulting in a threat ranging from 92% in Cyprus to 70% in Lithuania. 27

31 In 13 countries, respondents are most likely to agree that war or political instability in regions outside the EU could result in a threat to the internal security of the EU. Agreement with this was fairly consistent across the Member States: at least eight out of ten respondents give this answer in all Member States, with the proportion who do so ranging from 93% in Sweden and 92% in Portugal to 80% in Croatia and 82% in both Hungary and Slovenia. In nine Member States, respondents identify social exclusion, poverty and discrimination as the most likely threat to the internal security of the EU. A very high proportion of respondents in Cyprus and Greece (96%) take this view, though fewer than eight out of ten people do so in the Czech Republic (73%), Estonia (76%), Denmark (77%) and Poland (79%). In all Member States climate change and pollution is seen as the least likely of the four options to result in a threat to the internal security of the EU. Respondents in Sweden (82%) and Greece (81%) are the most likely to agree that it is a potential threat, and at least 70% of people do so in 14 countries. People in the Czech Republic and Estonia (both 55%) are the least likely to think that climate change and pollution could result in a threat to EU security. 28

32 29

33 There are few socio-demographic variations on this question, with some exceptions. There is a relation between how respondents view the challenge of terrorism and how they respond regarding extremist ideologies: 89% of respondents who think that terrorism is an important challenge for EU security also agree that extremist ideologies could result in a threat to EU security, as opposed to 63% of those who do not think terrorism is an important challenge. Furthermore, 91% of people who think terrorism is likely to increase agree that extremist ideologies could result in a threat to EU security, versus 77% of respondents who think terrorism will decrease or stay the same. Similarly, individuals who regard natural and man-made disasters as an important challenge to EU security are more likely to consider climate change or pollution as a threat than those who do not see natural and man-made disasters as important (74% vs. 47%). 30

34 4. EXPECTED EVOLUTION OF SPECIFIC THREATS - Over two-thirds of respondents think that the threat of terrorism is likely to increase over the next three years - The respondents were then asked whether five potential security challenges are likely to increase, decrease or remain unchanged over the next three years 7. A similar question was asked in 2011 (Special Eurobarometer 371), but the wording has changed 8 enough to prevent any direct comparisons with the 2015 results. The earlier results are presented here as a reference point, however. Over two-thirds of respondents (68%) think that the challenge of terrorism is likely to increase over the next three years, while a tenth (10%) think it is likely to decrease, and 16% think it will remain unchanged. In 2011, just over half (51%) of respondents thought that terrorism was likely to increase. Over six out of ten respondents (63%) think cybercrime is likely to increase, and this is identical to the results in One in ten respondents (10%) say that cybercrime is likely to decrease, and 17% think it will remain unchanged. More than half of the respondents (55%) think that organised crime is likely to increase over the next three years (vs. 57% who felt this way in 2011). Just over a tenth (12%) think it is likely to decrease, and more than a quarter (27%) say it will probably remain unchanged. Less than half of the respondents think that natural and man-made disasters (47%) and challenges to the management of the EU s external borders (47%) are likely to increase over the next three years. In 2011, a majority of respondents (54%) thought that natural and man-made disasters would increase, and just over four in ten (43%) thought that challenges to the management of the EU s external borders would increase. Compared to the other challenges covered, the challenge of natural and man-made disasters also has the largest proportion of respondents saying that it is likely to remain the same (34%). 7 8 QA5: Would you say that the following challenges to the internal security of the EU are likely to increase, decrease or remain unchanged over the next three years? Previously, respondents were asked: Compared to the current situation, would you say that the following challenges to internal security of the EU will increase, decrease or remain unchanged over the next three years? 31

35 In all but four Member States over 50% of respondents think that the challenge of terrorism is likely to increase over the next three years, and in 14 countries people think that terrorism is the most likely to increase of the five potential threats under discussion. Respondents in the Netherlands (80%), Cyprus (79%) and Germany (79%) are the most likely to expect the challenge of terrorism to increase. The four exceptions, where less than 50% think it will increase, are Latvia (42%), Lithuania (44%), Romania (48%) and Spain (49%). More than half of the respondents in all but five countries think that cybercrime is likely to increase, and in 11 countries cybercrime is seen as the threat most likely to increase. Finland (84%) and the Netherlands (82%) have the highest proportions of people who think the challenge of cybercrime will increase over the next three years, while those in Latvia (44%), Bulgaria (45%) and Romania (45%) have the lowest. In Portugal (76%), Slovenia (70%) and Croatia (52%), organised crime is seen as the security challenge most likely to increase over the next three years. However, people in Austria (79%) are the most likely to think that this problem will increase, while those in Latvia (28%) and Estonia (29%) are the least likely to do so. At least 50% of respondents in 20 countries think organised crime will increase. More than half of the respondents in 11 Member States say that natural and manmade disasters are likely to increase over the next three years. The proportion of people who take this view ranges from 61% in Slovenia and 59% in Cyprus to 23% in Estonia and 25% in Latvia. In 11 countries, a majority of the respondents say that challenges to the management of the EU s external borders will increase over the next three years. Respondents in Malta (60%) and Finland (58%) are the most likely to take this view, while those in Bulgaria and Latvia (both 32%) are the least likely to do so. 32

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37 Socio-demographic analysis shows that men are somewhat more likely than women to think that cybercrime is likely to increase over the next three years (65% vs. 60%). With regards to age, respondents aged 40 and over are more likely than those aged to think that organised crime is likely to increase (58% vs. 45%) and also that terrorism is likely to increase (70% vs. 62%). Respondents who finished their education aged 20 or over are more inclined than those who left school aged 15 or below to say that terrorism (72% vs. 66%), cybercrime (69% vs. 53%) and the challenge of managing the EU s external borders (50% vs. 43%) are likely to increase. Respondents who do not think that the EU is a secure place to live are more likely to think that all of these challenges are likely to increase. For example, 54% of respondents who don t think the EU is a secure place say that natural and man-made disasters will increase versus 45% of respondents who say that the EU is a secure place to live. 34

38 III. RESPONSES TO ADDRESS SECURITY CHALLENGES Finally, the focus of the reports turns to possible ways to address the security challenges facing the EU. Respondents were asked to discuss which organisations or institutions should be chiefly responsible for ensuring the security of citizens, and also whether the police and other agencies are doing enough to tackle security challenges, such as terrorism and cybercrime. They then addressed whether fundamental rights and freedoms have been restricted in the EU for reasons related to the fight against terrorism and organised crime, and finally considered whether new technologies are likely to have a positive impact on citizens security. 1. EXPECTED ROLE OF VARIOUS BODIES IN ENSURING NATIONAL SECURITY - The police and the judicial system are seen as being chiefly responsible for ensuring the security of citizens - Respondents were presented with a list of six organisations or institutions and were asked how important a role each should play in ensuring the security of citizens in their country 9. More than nine out of ten people (93%) think that the police should play an important role, with 68% saying they should play a very important role and 25% a fairly important role. Just 5% think the police should play a limited role, with 1% saying they should have no role at all. Nearly nine tenths of respondents (89%) say that the judicial system should play an important role in ensuring security, with 61% saying it should play a very important role and 28% a fairly important role. Conversely, 9% say that the judicial system should play a limited role or no role at all. Over three-quarters of respondents (77%) think that the army should play an important role in ensuring the security of citizens: of these, 46% think the army should play a very important role and 31% a fairly important role. About a fifth of respondents think the army should play a limited role (17%) or no role at all (4%). Almost eight in ten respondents (79%) think that citizens themselves should play a very important (44%) or a fairly important role (35%) in ensuring security. About one in five believe that citizens should only play a limited role (16%) or no role at all (3%). Just under seven out of ten respondents say that the EU s institutions and agencies should play a very important (32%) or a fairly important role (37%) in ensuring the security of citizens. Around a fifth (19%) think the EU s institutions and agencies should play a limited role, and 5% think they should have no role at all. 9 QA9: In your view, what role should each of the following play in ensuring the security of citizens in (OUR COUNTRY)? 35

39 Finally, around two-thirds of respondents (64%) think that citizens associations should play an important role in ensuring citizens' security in their country, with 26% saying these should play a very important role and 38% a fairly important role. Around a quarter of people (24%) say that citizens associations should just play a limited role, while 6% think they should have no role at all. In all but five countries, the police are seen as the organisation with the biggest role in ensuring the security of citizens. Moreover, at least 50% of people think the police should play a very important role in all Member States except Romania (48%). People in Bulgaria (88%) and Cyprus (83%) are the most likely to think the police have a very important role to play, while those in Romania (48%) and Slovenia (59%) are the least likely to do so. In the other five countries, a majority of respondents think that the judicial system has a very important role to play in ensuring the security of citizens, namely in Sweden (80%), the Netherlands (72%), Slovenia (66%), Spain (66%), and Croatia (64%). Additionally, people in Bulgaria (83%) are the most likely to think that the judicial system has a very important role to play, while those in Portugal (38%) and Finland (47%) are the least likely to take this view. In 10 Member States, at least 50% of people think that the army has a very important role to play in ensuring the security of citizens. The highest proportions of respondents who say this can be observed in Malta (77%) and Romania (72%), while the lowest can be seen in Luxembourg (14%) and Denmark (22%). At least half of the respondents in 12 countries believe that citizens themselves should play a very important role in ensuring their own security. At least six out of ten respondents take this view in Cyprus (66%), Sweden (61%) and Malta (60%), while fewest people do so in Portugal (19%) and Finland (30%). 36

40 In four countries, at least half of the respondents think that the EU and its institutions have a very important role to play in ensuring the security of citizens: Cyprus (67%), Malta (57%), Bulgaria (53%), and Romania (52%). Fewest people share this view in Finland (14%), Portugal (15%) and the Netherlands (20%). Finally, Cyprus (57%) is the only Member State in which at least half of people say that citizens associations have a very important role to play; Malta (44%) has the next highest proportion of people who say this. Only a tenth of people in Finland (10%), and 14% in Portugal, say that citizens associations should play a very important role. 37

41 There are relatively few socio-demographic variations here, though respondents who regard issues like terrorism and cybercrime as important challenges are more likely to say that it is very important for organisations and institutions like the police and the judicial system to play a role. For example, 70% of respondents who say that terrorism is an important challenge think it is very important for the police to play a role in ensuring the security of citizens, compared with 47% of people who do not think terrorism is an important challenge. Similarly, 63% of respondents who think that organised crime is an important challenge think it is very important for the judicial system to play a role in ensuring the security of citizens versus 50% who do not regard organised crime as an important challenge. Respondents who identify issues like extremist ideologies as a potential source of future threats, or who think that problems like terrorism are likely to increase, are also more inclined to say that organisations and institutions like the police and the judicial system ought to play a role. For example, 47% of people who see extremist ideologies as a threat think it is very important that the army should play a role, as opposed to 33% of people who do not see them as a threat. Moreover, 72% of people who think cybercrime is increasing think it is very important for the police to play a role, versus 60% who think cybercrime is likely to decrease or stay the same. 38

42 2. PERCEPTION OF NATIONAL LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTHORITIES ACTION IN FIGHTING SPECIFIC THREATS - A majority of respondents say that the police and other law enforcement agencies are doing enough to fight terrorism and drug trafficking Following on from the discussion about the expected role of several bodies in ensuring national security, the respondents were then asked to react to seven statements about the actions of police and other law enforcement agencies to fight specific threats in their country 10. More than six out of ten people (61%) agree that the police and other law enforcement agencies in their country are doing enough to fight terrorism, with 17% saying they totally agree and 44% saying they tend to agree. One-third of respondents (33%) disagree, with 22% saying they tend to disagree and 11% saying they totally disagree. Over half of the respondents (53%) say they agree that enough is being done by police and other law enforcement agencies to fight drug trafficking, of which 14% totally agree and 39% tend to agree. More than one out of four totally disagree (14%) or tend to disagree (27%) that the police are doing enough to fight drug trafficking. Just under half (46%) agree that the police are doing enough to fight cybercrime, with 10% totally agreeing and 36% tending to agree. Four out of ten respondents (40%) do not think that the police are doing enough. A significant 14% of people say they don t know. Around four out of ten people (44%) say they agree that the police and other law enforcement agencies are doing enough to fight arms trafficking, of which 11% say they totally agree and 33% say they tend to agree. Just over a quarter (26%) say they tend to disagree, while 13% say they totally disagree and 17% of people say they don t know. - A significant proportion of respondents consider that the police and other law enforcement agencies are not doing enough to fight human trafficking and sexual exploitation, money laundering and corruption Around half of the respondents (47%) tend to disagree (32%) or totally disagree (15%) that the police are doing enough to fight human trafficking and sexual exploitation. On the contrary, over four out of ten respondents (44%) agree that the police are doing enough. Of these, 12% say they totally agree and 32% say they tend to agree. Nearly half of the respondents (46%) disagree that the police and other law enforcement agencies are doing enough to fight money laundering. A lower proportion (42%) say they agree that the police and other law enforcement agencies are doing enough, with 10% totally agreeing and 32% tending to agree. 10 QA4: To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements: The police and other law enforcement authorities in (OUR COUNTRY) are doing enough to fight... 39

43 Finally, over half of people (52%) disagree that the police are doing enough to fight corruption, of which 32% tend to disagree and 20% totally disagree. Conversely, just over four out of ten respondents (42%) agree that the police are doing enough, of which 11% totally agree, and 31% tend to agree. Strong disparities can be observed when analysing these results at country levels, as citizens perceptions of these challenges vary substantially from country to country. It can be noted, for example, that respondents in Slovenia and Bulgaria have relatively low levels of agreement across all seven issues under discussion. Over 50% of people in all but three Member States agree that the police and other law enforcement agencies are doing enough to fight terrorism, and in 21 countries more people agree that the police are doing enough to fight terrorism than the other six items under discussion. People in Denmark (85%), Finland (82%) and Belgium (70%) are most likely to agree. Conversely, the three exceptions where less than 50% of respondents agree are Slovenia (43%), Bulgaria (44%) and Slovakia (45%). More than half of the people in 20 countries agree that the police are doing enough to fight drug trafficking. And in seven countries, more people agree that the police are doing enough to fight drug trafficking than the other six items under discussion. Around seven out of ten people in Estonia (71%), Denmark (70%) and Finland (68%) agree that the police are doing enough, but at the other end of the scale, fewer than four out of ten agree in Slovenia (38%) and Bulgaria (37%). In 11 countries, more than half of the people agree that the police are doing enough to fight cybercrime, and in Greece (63%) and Cyprus (58%) more people agree that the police are doing enough to fight cybercrime than the other six items under discussion. Around two-thirds of respondents in Estonia (66%) and Finland (65%) agree, while only around three out of ten do so in Bulgaria (28%) and Slovenia (31%). 40

44 Over 50% of people in nine countries agree that the police are doing enough to fight arms trafficking. Finland (71%) and Denmark (62%) have the highest proportion of people who agree, while only 29% of people in Bulgaria agree. On human trafficking and sexual exploitation, in only seven countries do more than 50% of people agree that the police are doing enough, with people more likely to agree in Finland (64%), Estonia (57%) and Denmark (56%), while people in Slovenia (34%) and Bulgaria (34%) are least likely to agree. In seven Member States, more than half of the respondents agree that the police are doing enough to fight money laundering, with around six out of ten people agreeing in Finland (65%) and Italy (56%). At the other end of the scale, less than one-quarter of people in Spain (22%), Bulgaria (24%) and Slovakia (24%) agree. On fighting corruption, more than half of the people in seven of the 28 Member States agree that police are doing enough. Close to seven out of ten in Denmark (68%) and Finland (66%) agree, while fewer than one out of four agree in Spain (22%), Slovenia (23%) and Bulgaria (24%). 41

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46 Socio-demographic analysis shows people aged are somewhat more likely than those aged 55 and over to agree that the police are doing enough to fight all seven challenges. For example, 48% of people aged agree that the police are doing enough to fight arms trafficking, compared to 40% of people aged 55 and over. On the topic of cybercrime, people aged 55 and over are noticeably less likely than younger respondents to think that the police are doing enough (39% vs %). Individuals with a higher level of education are also more likely to agree with all seven statements: for example, 67% of people who finished their education aged 20 or over agree that the police are doing enough to fight terrorism, compared with 56% of respondents who left school aged 15 or under. Among the different occupational groups, 70% of managers, but only 56% of unemployed people, agree that the police are doing enough to fight terrorism. Retired people (39% vs. 52% of managers) are least likely to agree that the police are doing enough to fight cybercrime. Unsurprisingly, over two-thirds of people (67%) who agree that the EU is a secure place to live also agree the police are doing enough to fight terrorism, while only 43% of people who do not agree that the EU is secure agree with this. People who agree with one of the seven statements about police actions are more likely to respond positively to the other six statements. For example, 85% of people who agree that the police are doing enough to fight terrorism also agree that the police are doing enough to fight corruption, whereas only 18% of people who do not agree that the police are doing enough to fight money laundering also say that the police are doing enough to fight corruption. 43

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48 3. PERCEIVED IMPACT OF THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM AND ORGANISED CRIME ON FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS - A majority of respondents think that citizens rights and freedoms have been restricted for reasons related to fighting terrorism and crime, a strong increase since After looking at the actions of police and other law enforcement agencies, the respondents were then asked to what extent they think that fundamental rights and freedoms have been restricted in the EU for reasons related to the fight against terrorism and organised crime 11. Over half (55%) of respondents say that fundamental rights and freedoms have been restricted in the EU for reasons related to the fight against terrorism and organised crime an increase on the 48% who said this in 2011 (Special Eurobarometer 380). Of the 55%, 15% (+5 percentage points since 2011) say that rights have definitely been restricted, and 40% (+2pp) say they have been restricted to some extent. Conversely, almost four out of ten (38%) do not think that rights have been restricted, with 28% (-3pp) saying that rights have not really been restricted, and 10% (-3pp) that rights have not been restricted at all. 11 QA7: Do you consider that fundamental rights and freedoms have been restricted in the EU for reasons related to the fight against terrorism and organised crime? 45

49 A majority of people in most Member States say that fundamental rights and freedoms have been restricted in the EU for reasons related to the fight against terrorism and organised crime. Close to three-quarters of people in Croatia (73%) and Cyprus (72%) share this view, while less than half of people agree in seven countries; the lowest proportion of people who say that rights have been restricted can be observed in Finland (42%) and Estonia (40%). People in Malta (27%), Spain (24%), Croatia (24%) and Cyprus (24%) are most likely to agree that rights have definitely been restricted, whereas only 5% of people in Finland say this. At the other end of the scale, almost one out of five people in Latvia (19%), Denmark (15%) and Bulgaria (15%) say that rights have not been restricted at all, while people in Portugal (5%) and Croatia (5%) are least likely to say this. 46

50 The proportion of people who think that fundamental rights and freedoms have been restricted has increased across the majority of Member States since 2011, with substantial increases in Malta (71%, +22 percentage points), Portugal (71%, +18pp) Spain (63%, +18pp), Slovakia (65%, +16pp) and Hungary (61%, +16pp). However, it declined slightly in Bulgaria (45%, -4pp) and Estonia (40%, -2pp) over the same period. * NA = not asked. The question was not asked in this country during the preceding survey. 47

51 There are very few socio-demographic variations for this question. However, it can be observed that people aged 25 to 39 are more likely to agree that fundamental rights and freedoms have been restricted than those aged 55 and over (58% vs. 52%). Looking at the socio-professional categories, self-employed people are more likely to agree that fundamental rights and freedoms have been restricted than retired people (61% vs. 50%). 4. PERCEIVED IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON RIGHTS AND SECURITY - While most people are positive about the impact of new technologies, a quarter of respondents think they have a negative impact on the security of citizens - Finally, respondents were asked to assess the impact of the development of new technologies on several aspects of life in the EU 12, including on citizens security. Over two-thirds of respondents (69%) think that the development of new technologies has a positive impact on the economic activities of companies in the EU, with 24% thinking the impact is very positive and 45% fairly positive. Additionally, 12% say there is no impact and a tenth (10%) think that new technologies have a negative impact on the economic activities of companies. 12 QA10: In your view, what impact does the development of new technologies (such as the Internet, tablets, smartphones, etc.) have on? 48

52 Regarding the action of public authorities to ensure the security of citizens in the EU, roughly six out of ten people (61%) say that the development of new technologies has a positive impact: of these, 16% consider the impact to be very positive and 45% to be fairly positive. On the other hand, 15% think these new technologies have no impact, and 14% believe they have a negative impact. Just over half of the respondents (51%) think that the development of new technologies positively impacts the rights and freedoms of citizens in the EU: of these, 14% believe that the impact is very positive and 37% fairly positive. However, 17% of people think that new technologies have no impact on this, and over a fifth (22%) think they have a negative impact. A majority of people (51%) also say that the development of new technologies has a positive impact on the security of citizens in the EU, of which 13% say the impact is very positive and 38% fairly positive. Additionally, 15% of respondents believe there is no impact. It is however worth noting that a quarter of people (25%) think new technologies have a negative impact on the security of citizens in the EU, with 22% considering the impact fairly negative and 3% very negative. A majority of people in all Member States think that the development of new technologies positively impacts the economic activities of companies in the EU. Moreover, in 17 countries, at least seven out of ten people take this view. The proportion of respondents who think the impact is positive ranges from 81% in Finland and 80% in Sweden, to 58% in Slovakia and 62% in both the Czech Republic and France. Over half of the respondents in all 28 countries also think that the development of new technologies has positive impacts on the action of public authorities to ensure the security of citizens in the EU. At least seven out of ten people take this view in six Member States, with those in Finland (78%) and Malta (73%) the most likely to perceive a positive impact. In contrast, only 51% of people in both Germany and Slovenia think that new technologies have a positive impact on the action of public authorities. 49

53 At least 50% of people in 20 Member States say that the development of new technologies positively impacts the rights and freedoms of citizens in the EU. The proportion of respondents who say this ranges from 72% in Sweden and 70% in Ireland, to 37% in Germany and 43% in both France and Greece. Finally, in 21 countries, at least half of the respondents think that the development of new technologies has a positive impact on the security of citizens in the EU. People in Ireland and Poland (both 69%) are the most likely to share this view, while those in Belgium (35%) and France (38%) are the least likely to do so. 50

54 The socio-demographic data show that men are slightly more likely than women to perceive new technologies as having a positive impact: for example, 54% of men, but only 49% of women, think that new technologies will positively impact the security of EU citizens. Older respondents are noticeably more wary about new technologies. For example, 64% of people aged 55 and over think they have a positive impact on economic activities, compared with 73% of year-olds. Individuals with a higher level of education are also more likely to perceive a positive impact from new technologies. For example, 55% of people who finished their education aged 20 or over say that new technologies have a positive impact on the rights and freedoms of citizens in the EU, compared with 44% of people who left school aged 15 or under. While 58% of white collar workers think that new technologies have a positive impact on the security of citizens, only 47% of retired people and 48% of unemployed people share this view. Unsurprisingly, individuals who think new technologies will have a positive impact on one of the four items under discussion are more inclined to think they will have a positive impact on the other three as well. For example, 77% of people who think new technologies will have a positive impact on the security of citizens also think they will be positive for the rights and freedoms of citizens; however, only 24% of people who think new technologies will have a negative impact on the security of citizens think they will have a positive impact on rights and freedoms. 51

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56 CONCLUSIONS Europeans, generally speaking, feel safe. Nine out of ten people say they feel secure in their immediate surroundings, and eight out of ten people think that their country and the EU are secure places to live. It is also clear, though, that people in some countries feel a lot more secure than people in others: 98% of people in Denmark and Finland feel secure in their city, town or village, as opposed to 71% in Bulgaria, for example. Yet at the same time, there is rising concern about certain security threats, especially terrorism and religious extremism, no doubt reflecting recent incidents such as the Paris attacks. Half of all respondents now see terrorism as an important challenge to the security of EU citizens, up from one-third in 2011; and a fifth see religious extremism as an important challenge, whereas only one in 20 did so four years earlier. There are also indications that threats linked to terrorism and extremist ideologies are taking the focus away from threats related to climate change and natural disasters: for example, the proportion of respondents who regard natural and manmade disasters as challenges to the internal security of the EU has declined substantially since And while 86% of people think that extremist ideologies and war or political instability in regions outside the EU are potential sources of threats to EU security, only 69% of people say the same thing about climate change and pollution. Respondents also believe that many of the security threats we face are becoming more severe: two-thirds of respondents think that the challenge of terrorism is likely to increase over the next three years (up from 51% in 2011), whereas only a tenth believe it is likely to decrease. Respondents think that the police and the judicial system are mainly responsible for protecting citizens from most forms of security threats. Additionally, a majority think that the police are doing enough to tackle some of the most serious threats, including terrorism and drug trafficking. However, there is a sense that the police could do more to combat other threats, namely corruption and money laundering. There also appear to be some caveats to the struggle to protect European security. A majority of respondents say that citizens rights and freedoms have been restricted for reasons related to fighting terrorism and crime, whereas less than half felt this to be the case in There are also some question marks over the application of new technologies to help protect citizens security. While half of the respondents think that new technologies have a positive impact on the security of citizens in the EU, a quarter express concerns that these technologies might actually have negative implications for European security. 53

57 ANNEXES

58 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

59 Europeans Attitudes towards Security SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 432 Europeans Attitudes towards Security TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Between the 21 st and the 30 th of March 2015, TNS opinion & social, a consortium created between TNS political & social, TNS UK and TNS opinion, carried out the wave of the EUROBAROMETER survey, on request of the EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Directorate-General for Communication, Strategy, Corporate Communication Actions and Eurobarometer unit. The SPECIAL EUROBAROMTER 432 is part of wave and covers the population of the respective nationalities of the 28 European Union Member States, resident in each of the Member States and aged 15 years and over. The basic sample design applied in all states is a multi-stage, random (probability) one. In each country, a number of sampling points was drawn with probability proportional to population size (for a total coverage of the country) and to population density. In order to do so, the sampling points were drawn systematically from each of the "administrative regional units", after stratification by individual unit and type of area. They thus represent the whole territory of the countries surveyed according to the EUROSTAT NUTS II (or equivalent) and according to the distribution of the resident population of the respective nationalities in terms of metropolitan, urban and rural areas. In each of the selected sampling points, a starting address was drawn, at random. Further addresses (every Nth address) were selected by standard "random route" procedures, from the initial address. In each household, the respondent was drawn, at random (following the "closest birthday rule"). All interviews were conducted face-to-face in people's homes and in the appropriate national language. As far as the data capture is concerned, CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) was used in those countries where this technique was available. For each country a comparison between the sample and the universe was carried out. The Universe description was derived from Eurostat population data or from national statistics offices. For all countries surveyed, a national weighting procedure, using marginal and intercellular weighting, was carried out based on this Universe description. In all countries, gender, age, region and size of locality were introduced in the iteration procedure. For international weighting (i.e. EU averages), TNS Opinion & Social applies the official population figures as provided by EUROSTAT or national statistic offices. The total population figures for input in this post-weighting procedure are listed below. TS1

60 Europeans Attitudes towards Security Readers are reminded that survey results are estimations, the accuracy of which, everything being equal, rests upon the sample size and upon the observed percentage. With samples of about 1,000 interviews, the real percentages vary within the following confidence limits: Statistical Margins due to the sampling process (at the 95% level of confidence) various sample sizes are in rows various observed results are in columns 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 95% 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% 55% 50% N=50 6,0 8,3 9,9 11,1 12,0 12,7 13,2 13,6 13,8 13,9 N=50 N=500 1,9 2,6 3,1 3,5 3,8 4,0 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,4 N=500 N=1000 1,4 1,9 2,2 2,5 2,7 2,8 3,0 3,0 3,1 3,1 N=1000 N=1500 1,1 1,5 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,5 2,5 N=1500 N=2000 1,0 1,3 1,6 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,1 2,1 2,2 2,2 N=2000 N=3000 0,8 1,1 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,8 1,8 N=3000 N=4000 0,7 0,9 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 N=4000 N=5000 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,4 N=5000 N=6000 0,6 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,3 1,3 N=6000 N=7000 0,5 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,2 1,2 N=7000 N=7500 0,5 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,1 N=7500 N=8000 0,5 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,1 1,1 1,1 N=8000 N=9000 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 N=9000 N= ,4 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,9 1,0 1,0 1,0 N=10000 N= ,4 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 N=11000 N= ,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,9 N=12000 N= ,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,9 0,9 N=13000 N= ,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 N=14000 N= ,3 0,5 0,6 0,6 0,7 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 N= % 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 95% 90% 85% 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% 55% 50% TS2

61 Europeans Attitudes towards Security TS3

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