nemmats 9tl t9-i1 (,T4 CALIFORNIANS NEGRO uw~mi'mof nons Of co DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS Ernest B. Webb,,Director

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2 STATE OF CALIFORNIA Edmund G. Brown, Governor DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS Ernest B. Webb,,Director NEGRO CALIFORNIANS * Population * Employment * Income * Education FAIR EMPLOYMENT PRACTICE COMMISSION John Anson Ford, Chairman Elton Brombacher C. L. Dellums Mrs. Carmen H. Warschaw Dwight R. Zook I (,T4 t9-i1 uw~mi'mof nons Fr nemmats 9tl N- W"N Of co DIVISION OF FAIR EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES Edward Howden, Chief San Francisco, June 1963 California

3 Statistical tables compiled by DIVISION OF LABOR STATISTICS AND RESEARCH CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS 4$ B - Aft: t AMt.1,Pl *t w#"!re N,fmTAr 146 #0 "VOSI4"V V-s! rwo Cover design by Chock Jong

4 C 0 N T EN T S Sumu ary Page 5 Tables Population Employment and Unemployment 9 14 Income and Housing 28 Education 32

5 NEGRO CALI FO RN I AN S The decades of the 1940s and 1950s were characterized by unprecedented shifts of population in the United States. Such a shift, with impact on intergroup relations and interracial patterns of housing, education, and employment in California and other states, was the migration of hundreds of thousands of Negroes away from the rural South and into the urban centers of the North and West. Federal and state governments responded in various ways to the challenging problem of adjustment to this population change. One way was the establishment of fair employment practice commissions. In 1959, California became the fifteenth state to enact an enforceable fair employment law protecting the right and opportunity of all persons to seek, obtain, and hold employment without discrimination on account of race, religious creed, color, national origin, or ancestry. This publication, a part of the educational program of the Fair Employment Practice Commission, is concerned with Negroes in California in 1960, their employment and unemployment, income, education, and housing. Derived principally from the 1960 Census of Population, the statistical tables were compiled by the California Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Maurice I. Gershenson, Chief. Despite the narrowing of the historic economic gap between whites and nonwhites, these statistics demonstrate the seriousness of continuing socio-economic problems for which public policy in California demands solutions. 5

6 They show that between 1940 and 1960, while the white population of the State little more than doubled, the Negro population increased sevenfold, from 124,306 to 883,861. The new Negro population settled in the cities; in 1960 only 5.6 percent of Negroes lived in rural California. The average age of Negroes was younger than that of whites. Their birth rate was half again higher. Their death rate was lower. In the two largest metropolitan areas, Los Angeles-Long Beach and San Francisco-Oakland, Negroes in 1960 constituted respectively 6.9 percent and 8.6 percent of the total population. The educational attainments of Negroes, reflecting social, economic, and educational restrictions and deprivations past and present, were lower than those of white Californians. Nonwhites 25 years old and over who had not gone beyond the eighth grade numbered 39.1 percent, whilethe percentage for whites was Of the nonwhites, 16.4 percent had completed one or more years of college; of the whites, 23.8 percent. (Note that 'nonwhite,' in addition to Negroes, includes persons of Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Indian, and other ancestry. In 1960 Negroes formed 70 percent of California's nonwhite population.) Unemployment rates for nonwhite men in 1960 were approximately twice those for white men. More than one-fifth of nonwhite male teen-agers in the labor force were jobless, as were 16.1 percent of nonwhites in the age group between 20 and 24. In Fresno and Bakersfield, more than 15 percent of all nonwhite males in the labor force were out of work. With specific reference to Negroes, the figures for employment by industry and occupation show a disproportionate concentration in some and relatively small numbers in others. Of all employed Negro women, a total of 57.8 percent were employed in service industries, and 37.2 percent were domestics or otherwise engaged in personal services. Only 2.2 percent had jobs in finance, insurance, 6

7 and real estate, compared with 7.8 percent of employed white women. Wholesale and retail trade, which employed 21.9 percent of white women, provided jobs for 8.8 percent of the employed Negro women. Public administration positions, on the other hand, were occupied by 8 percent of the Negro women and 5.2 percent of the white women. Among employed men, the percentage of public administration employment was twice as high for Negroes as for whites. But manufacturing industries employed 28.2 percent of white men and 21.5 percent of Negro men, wholesale and retail trade 17.7 percent of white men and 12.6 percent of Negro men, and finance, insurance, and real estate 4 percent of white men and 1.7 percent of Negro men. Some contrasts were even more extreme in particular metropolitan areas. The construction industry and two occupational categories may serve as an example of differences in employment of whites and Negroes. Of employed males in the State in 1960, 322,446 whites and 17,443 Negroes worked in construction, or 9 percent of whites and 10.1 percent of Negroes. Negroes represented 5.1 percent of all males working in the industry. But what jobs did they perform? In all industries (not only construction),20.9 percent of employed white men in the State were craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers, while 13.3 percent of employed Negroes were in that category. Those who were laborers (other than farmormine), however, constituted 5.6 percent of the whites and 17.8 percent of the Negroes. Negro men constituted 3percent of the State's employed male craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers, and 13 percent of the State's employed male laborers (other than f arm or mine). At another step of the occupational ladder, 14 percent of employed white males and 4.4 percent of employed Negro males were professional,

8 technical, and kindred workers. Among managers, officials, and proprietors (except farm) were 12.5 percent of the employed white males and 2.3 percent of the employed Negro males. Occupational ratios alone do not reveal the extent of economic disparity between the two groups. Median earnings in 1959 of all male professional and technical workers amounted to $7,403, but nonwhite men in the same classification had median earnings of $5,993. A similar differential is found in the earnings of managers, officials, and proprietors, of craftsmen and foremen, and others. Median income for all white males was $5,109, compared with $3,553 for Negro males; for white women it was $1,812, compared with $1,596 for Negro women. Governor Edmund G. Brown has said that 'hundreds of thousands of our citizens still are the victims of social, economic, and educational disadvantage.' The tables which follow provide a gross measure of the disadvantages affecting Negroes as a group in California at the beginning of this decade. They scarcely hint at the dimensions of resulting individual, family, and community distress. The Fair Employment Practice Commission and the Division of Fair Employment Practices have been charged with responsibility for acting to establish equal opportunities for all. It is evident that a major concern must be for the improvement of employment opportunities for Negroes. This is borne out by the fact that Negroes file more than 90 percent of the complaints of job discrimination received by the Commission. Government agencies, Federal, State, and local, as well as educational institutions, community groups, and citizens generally, share the obligation to find and implement solutions to the problems posed by these inequities. It is for their information that this compilation is published. 8

9 TABLE 1--POPULATION, BY RACE, CALIaFRNIA, Race Total 1,485,053 22,377,549 33,426,861 5,6T7,251 6,907,387 10,586,223 15,717,204 White 1,402,727 2,259,672 3,264,711 5,408,260 6,596,763 9,915,173 14,455,230 Nonwhite 82, , , , , ,050 1,261,974 Negro 11,045 21,645 38,763 81, o48 124, , ,861 Percent of total O Percent of nonwhite Indian 15,377 16,371 17,360 19,212 18,675 19,947 39,014 Japanese 10,151 41,356 71, ,717 84, ,317 Chinese 45,753 36,248 28,812 37,361 39,556 58,324 95,600 Filipino ,674 30,470 31,408 40,424 65,459 All other -- 2,252 2,589 3,444 2,962 5,227 20,723 9

10 TABLE 2--POPULATION, BY AGE AND SEX CALIFORNIA, 1960 Age and sex Number Percent White Negro Other White Negro Other Male, all ages 7,191, , , Under 5 years 800,479 64,794 25, years 736,580 53,345 21, years 664,511 40,983 17, years 532,077 29, ,P years 458,263 31,p638 13,p years 974,086 65,783 33, years 1,036,734 64,366 28, years 833,679 44,147 24, years 588,756 24,565 19, years old and over 566,510 15,469 13, Female, all ages 7,267, , , Under 5 years 767,919 64,232 23, years 710,438 53, , years 642,586 41,339 16, years 487,230 29,369 10, years 438,010 32,091 12, o years 955,095 68,154 34, X years 1,057,856 66,335 25, years 839,873 45,296 11, years 635,007 25,951 9, years old and over 733,797 20,049 6, Note: Figures in this table are sample-based and therefore may vary from figures in other population tables, which are based on complete-count data. 10

11 TABLE 3--POPUILTION AND BIRI AND DEATH RATES, BY RACE CALIFORNIA, Year Rate per 1,000 population and Population race Birth Death I I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1900 Total White Negro 1910 Total White Negro 1920 Total White Negro 1930 Total White Negro 1940 Total White Negro 1950 Total White Negro 1960 Total White Negro 1,485,053 1, 402,727 11,0145 2, 377, 549 2,259, ,645 3,p426,861 3,264,711 38,763 5,677,251 5,1408,260 81,048 6,907, 387 6,596, ,v306 10,P586,223 9,915, ,172 15,717,204 14,455, ,861 na na na i I I na na na U na--not available. State of California, Department of Public Health, Birth and Death Records. 11

12 TABLE 4--NEGRO POPULATION IN URBAN CALIFRNIA AND UNITED STATESS, I1900 AND 1960 AND RURAL AREAS Area Number Percent of total California 11, , Urban 8, , Rural 2,970 49, United States 8,833,994 18,871, Urban 2,005, ,807, Rural 6,828,022 5,064, Note: Definitions of rural and urban are only roughly comparable at the two periods. TABLE 5--TOTAL AN) NEGRO POPULAION CALIFORNIA METROPOLITAN AREAS, 1960 Negro Metropolitan area Total Percent Number of total Total State 15,717,, , Bakersfield 291,984 16, Fresno 365,945 17, Los Angeles-Long Beach 6,742,t , Sacramento 502, , San Bernardino-Riverside-Ontario 809,782 29,P San Diego 1, 033,011 39, San Francisco-Oakland 2,v783, , San Jose 642,315 4, Santa Barbara 168,962 2, Stockton 249, 989 u, Remainder of State 2,126,383 38,

13 TABLE 6--IN-MIGRATION FROM OTHER STATES SINCE 1955 OF POPULATION 5 YEARS OLD AND OVER CAImmmFORNIA mropotan AREAS, 1960 (Number of residents of California in 1960 who came from other states during the 5 years preceding 1960 compared with total residents) White Nonwhite In-migrants from In-migrants from Metropolitan area population ttotal other states population Total other states in 1960 Number Percent in 1960 Number Percent of total Nubr of total Total State, 5 years old and over 12,891,088 1,791, ,083, , Bakersfield 238,747 27, ,340 1, Fresno 299,099 23,889 8.o 23,656 1, Los Angeles-Long Beach 5,493, , ,990 80T Sacramento 408,732 60, ,055 3, San Bernardino-Riverside-Ontario 681, , ,277 6, San Diego 865, , ,467 11, San Francisco-Oakland 2,197, , ,11 28, San Jose 542,327 87, ,778 1, Santa Barbara 144,591 28, , Stockton 202,134 13, ,860 1, Remainder of State 1,817, , ,322 8, TABLE 7--RESIDENCE IN 1955 OF NONWHITE POPUIATION 5 YEARS OLD AND OVER CALIFORNIA AND SELECTED CITIES, 1960 (Number of nonwhite residents of California in 1960 who came from other states during the 5 years preceding 1960) Number of in-migrants Percent City Of residence 1955 residence 1955 residence in 1960 Total North- North Total North- North east Central South West east Central South West Total State, 5 years old andover 146,837 11,213 31,091 74,804 29, Los Angeles 57,639 4,315 13,115 29,813 10, o Oakland 6, ,304 4, San Diego 8, , 061 4,530 1, San Francisco 10, ,796 5,527 2,

14 TABLE 8--CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES, BY AGE AND SEX CALIFORNIA, 1960 (Civilian labor force as a percent of civilian population, 14 years old and over) Age Male Female White Nonwhite White Nonwhite Total, 14 years old and over years years o years years years years years years and over TABLE 9--EB4LoYED PERSONS 14 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY FULI- OR PART-TIME STATUS AND SEX CALIFORNIA, 1960 Hours worked White Nonwhite Number Percent Number Percent Male, 14 years old and over 3,503, , hours or more (full time) 3,107, , Less than 35 hours (part time) 396, , Female, 14 years old and over 1,675, , hours or more (full time) 1,252, , Less than 35 hours (part time) 423, ,

15 TABLE 10--E4PIYND PERSONS 14 YEARS OLD AND OVER, BY INDSTRY, RACE, AND SEX CALIFONIA, 1960 Industry and sex Number Percent White Negro ohr White Negro Other Male, 14 years old and over Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Not specified Transportation, comwuication, and other public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale Retail Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Business and repair Personal Entertainment and recreation Professional and related Public administration Industry not reported 3,580, ,575 24, ,446 1, 010, , ,199 3, , , , , , , ,434 91,738 53, , , , ,31 5, ,443 37,280 26,314 10, ,557 21,851 4,487 17,364 2,955 31,484 8,279 7,805 2,274 13,126 21,841 17, ,967 23, ,532 15,4U uo65 4, ,488 25,968 3,959 22,009 1,934 18,245 2,658 6,756 1,089 7,742 6,255 6, a a o 5.8 Female, 14 years old and over Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries Mining Construction Manufacturing Durable goods Nondurable goods Not specified 1,740,489 22,043 1,701 18, , , ,072 1, , ,155 4,232 8, ,435 3, ,909 1,912 6, U* a Transportation, communication, and other public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale Retail Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Business and repair Personal Entertainment and recreation Professional and related Public administration Industry not reported 76, , , , , ,881 43, ,519 24,412 *386,635 90,100 84,243 1,937 10, ,242 2,528 66,868 1,770 43, ,483 9,223 10,917 1,152 8,403 1,489 6,914 3,606 14, , ,281 2,817 2, o.8 8.o o o aless than.05 of 1 percent. 15

16 TABLE ll--empidyed PERSONS 14 YEARS OLD AND OVER NEGROES AS A PERCENT OF TOTAL BY INDUSTRY AND SEX, CALIFORNIA, 1960 Industry Male_[Female Total, 14 years old and over Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries Mining 0.4 Construction Manufacturing o Durable goods Nondurable goods Not specified Transportation, communication, and other public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale Retail Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Business and repair Personal Entertainment and recreation 4.o 2.3 Professional and related Public administration Industry not reported

17 TABLE 12--EPWLOYED PE1iONS 14 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY INDUSTRY, RACE, AND SEC CALIFORNIA METROPOILTAN AREAS, 1960 (Percent) Industry and sex [Bakersfield Fresno T White Negro Other White Negro Other Male, 14 years old and over Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries 18.o o Mining 8.o Construction Manufacturing ) o Transportation, communication, and other public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services o Public administration Industry not reported Female, 14 years old and over Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries Mining Construction o Manufacturing Transportation, communication, and other public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Public administration * Industry not reported o 4.o o 17

18 TABLE 12--EMPLOYED PERSONS 14 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY INDUSTRY, RACE, AND SEX CALIFORNIA METROPOLITAN AREAS, Continued (Percent) Industry and sex Los Angeles-Long Beach Sacramento White_JNegro Other White Negro Other Male, 14 years old and over Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries Mining 0.5 a a Construction 8.o Manufacturing Transportation, communication, and other public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Public administration Industry not reported Female, 14 years old and over Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries Mining a -- Construction Manufacturing Transportation, communication, and other public utilities o.8 Wholesale and retail trade * Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Public administration Industry not reported

19 TABLE 12--EMPLOYED PERSONS 14 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY INDUSTRY, RACE, AND SEX CALIFORNIA METROPOLITAN AREAS, Continued (Percent) Industry and sex San Bernardino- Riversid-OntarioSan Diego Riverside _Ontari White Negro Other White Negro Other Male, 14 years old and over Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries Mining Construction Manufacturing Transportation, communication, and other public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Public administration o Industry not reported Female, 14 years old and over Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries o Mining a Construction Manufacturing Transportation, communication, and other public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate o Services Public administration Industry not reported

20 TABLE 12--EWPLOYED PERSONS 14 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY INDUSTRY, RACE, AND SEX CALIFORNIA ME1ROP0LITAN AREAS, Continued (Percent) Industry and sex San Francisco-Oakland San Jose ]_White Negro Other iwhite Negro Other Male, 14 years old and over Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries 1.7 o Mining a 0.1 Construction Manufacturing Transportation, communication, and other public utilities o 2.3 Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Public administration Industry not reported Female, 14 years old and over Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries Mining 0.1 a a -_ Construction o.8 Manufacturing Transportation, communication, and other public utilities Wholesale and retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services o Public administration Industry not reported o aLess than.05 of 1 percent. 20

21 TABLE 13--EXIDYZD PERSONS 14 YEARS OLD AND OVER, BY OCCUPATION, RACE, AND SEX CAiORNA, 1960 Number Percent Occupation and sex t White Negro Other White Negro Other _ 4= 1 Male, 14 years old and over 3,580, , , Professional, technical, and kindred workers 501,684 7,629 13, Farmers and farm managers 66, lo, Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm 445,788 3,973 8, Clerical and kindred workers 250,305 13,500 7, Sales workers 287,408 3,096 5,514 8.o Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers 747,825 23,090 9, Operatives and kindred workers 584, ,038 12,L Private household workers 3,554 1,026 1, o Service workers, except private household 206,478 28,359 13, Farm laborers and foremen 111, 174 3,347 11, Laborers, except farm and mine 201,928 30,907 5, Occupation not reported 173,256 19,502 6, Female, 14 years old and over 1,740, ,694 46, Professional, technical, and kindred workers 251,8h8 8,762 4, Farmers and farm managers 4, a 1.9 Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm 89,786 1,517 1, Clerical and kindred workers 635,552 16,370 14, Sales workers 148,383 2,014 2, Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers 21,588 1, o.8 Operatives and kindred workers 195,,533 16,865 8, Private household workers 80,559 31,503 3, Service workers, except private household 200,725 23,938 4, Farm laborers and foremen 10, ,177 o.6 O Laborers, except farm and mine 6,433 1, Occupation not reported 95,104 11,859 2, aless than.05 of 1 percent. 21

22 TABLE 14i--1!M OYED PERSONS 14 YEARS OLD AND OVER NEGROES AS A PERCENT OF TOTAL BY OCCUPATION AND SEX CALIFORNIA, 1960 Occupation Male Female Total, 14 years old and over Professional, technical, and kindred workers Farmers and farm managers 1.1 o.6 Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm Clerical and kindred workers Sales workers Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers 3-0 5*0 Operatives and kindred workers 6.o 7.6 Private household workers Service workers, except private household Farm laborers and foremen Laborers, except farm and mine Occupation not reported

23 TABLE 15--EMPLOYED PERSONS 14 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY OCCUPATION, RACE, AND SEC CALIFORNIA IROP N AfEAS, 1960 (Percent) Occupation and sex Bakersfield Fresno jwhite JNegro Other White Negro {jother Male, 14 years old and over Professional, technical, and kindred workers o Farmers and farm managers A Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm Clerical and kindred workers o Sales workers Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers Operatives and kindred workers * Private household workers 0.1 O a 0.4 OA Service workers, except private household Farm laborers and foremen o Laborers, except farm and mine Occupation not reported Female, 14 years old and over Professional, technical, and kindred workers Farmers and farm managers Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm Clerical and kindred workers m.2 Sales workers Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers Operatives and kindred workers Private household workers o Service workers, except private household Farm laborers and foremen Laborers, except farm and mine o Occupation not reported 5.1 3o

24 TABLE 15--EPLOYED PERSONS 14 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY OCCUPATION, RACE, AND SEXC CALIFORNIA METROPOLITAN AREAS, Continued (Percent) Occupation and sex Los Angeles-tong Beach Sacramento White Negro Other White Negro Other Male, 14 years old and over Professional, technical, and kindred workers Farmers and farm managers 0.5 o _ 6.1 Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm Clerical and kindred workers Sales workers Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers Operatives and kindred workers Private household workers Service workers, except private household Farm laborers and foremen Laborers, except farm and mine Occupation not reported o Female, 14 years old and over Professional, technical, and kindred workers Farmers and farm managers 0.1 a Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm *3 5.0 o Clerical and kindred workers o Sales workers Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers Operatives and kindred workers * Private household workers Service workers, except private household o Farm laborers and foremen O.2 a Laborers, except farm and mine O O. 0.5 o-8 Occupation not reported

25 TABLE 15--EMPLOYED PERSONS 14 YEARS OLD AND OVER BY OCCUPATION, RACE, AND SEX CALIFORRNIA METROPOLITAN AREAS, Continued (Percent) Occupation and sex San Bernardino- San Diego Riverside-Ontario White Negro Other White_JNegro jother Male, 14 years old and over Professional, technical, and kindred workers Farmers and farm managers Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm U Clerical and kindred workers o 4.o Sales workers o o Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers Operatives and kindred workers Private household workers o o Service workers, except private household Farm laborers and foremen Laborers, except farm and mine Occupation not reported Female, 14 years old and over Professional, technical, and kindred workers Farmers and farm managers o Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm Clerical and kindred workers o 25.2 Sales workers Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers 0.9 O o.8 Operatives and kindred workers Private household workers Service workers, except private household Farm laborers and foremen O Laborers, except farm and mine O.4 O o.8 Occupation not reported

26 TABLE 15--D4WYED PERSONS 14 YEARS OLD An]) OVER BY OCCUPATION, RACE, AMUD SEX CALIIFORNIA I47ROPOLITAN AREAS, Continued (Percent) San Francisco-Oakland San Jose Occupation and sex 1 h White Negro _Other White Negro Other Male, 14 years old and over Professional, technical, and kindred workers Farmers and farm managers O Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm U Clerical and kindred workers Sales workers o Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers Operatives and kindred workers Private household workers Service workers, except private household Farm laborers and foremen 0.7 o U.3 Laborers, except farm and mine Occupation not reported Female, 14 years old and over Professional, technical, and kindred workers Farmers and farm managers Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm o Clerical and kindred workers Sales workers Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers Operatives and kindred workers Private household workers Service workers, except private household U Farm laborers and foremen O Laborers, except farm and mine Occupation not reported '5 2.8 aress than.05 of 1 percent. 26

27 TABLE 16--UNEMPLOYMENT RATES, BY AGE AND SEX CALIFORNIA, 1960 (Unemployment as a percent of civilian labor force, 14 years old and over) Age -Male Female White Nonwhite White Nonwhite Total, 14 years old and over years years years years years years years years and over TABLE 17--UNEMPWYMENT RATES, BY SEX CALIFORNIA METROPOLITAN AREAS, 1960 (Unemployment as a percent of civilian labor force, 14 years old and over) Metropolitan areas Male Female White Nonwhite White Nonwhite Total State Bakersfield Fresno Los Angeles-Long Beach Sacramento San Bernardino-Riverside-Ontario San Diego San Francisco-Oakland San Jose Sbnita Barbara Stockton Remainder of State

28 TABLE 18- -MEDIAN INCOME IN 1959 OF PERSONS 14 YEARS OLD AND OVER WITH INCOME, URBAN AND RURAL AREAS, BY RACE AND SEX CALIFRNIA, 1960 (For those persons with income in 1959, the median represents the value which divides the population group into two equal parts--one-half having an nul income above and one-half below the median) Area -Male Female and Median Number Median Number income income race Total State White 4,697,0o1 $5,109 3, 014, 411 $1,812 Negro 244,500 3, ,472 1, 596 Other 131,423 3,621 62, 145 1,892 Urban White 3, 999,v581 5, 298 2,693, 120 1, 888 Negro 226,072 3, , 914 1,628 Other 108,810 3,936 55,00 3 2,p034 Rural nonfarm White 580,359 3, ,532 1,246 Negro 17,P331 1, 855 6, Other 13,722 2,267 5,070 1,0o74 Rural farm White 117,071 3,298 47,759 1, 002 Negro 1,097 1, Other 8,891 2, 330 2, 072 1,198 28

29 TABLE 19--MDDIAN INCOME IN 1959 OF PERSONS 14 YEARS OLD AMD OVER WITH INCOME, BY RACE AND SEX CALIMORNIA METROPOLITAN AREAS, 1960 (Fbr those persons with income in 1959, the median represents the value which divides the population group into two equal parts--one-half having an annual income above and one-half below the median) Metropolitan area White Negro Other Male Female Male Female Male Female Total State $5,109 $1,812 $3,553 $1,P596 $3,621 $1,892 Bakersfield 4,739 1,367 2,068 1,012 2, Fresno 4,116 1,337 1, ,991 1,451 Los Angeles-Long Beach 5,465 1,957 3,740 1,727 4,357 2,414 Sacramento 5,437 1,927 3,599 1,617 4,144 1,885 San Bernardino-Riverside- Ontario 4,497 1,509 2,852 1,090 2,561 1,304 San Diego 4,449 1,756 2,954 1,380 2,724 1,340 San Francisco-Oakland ,177 3,944 1,627 3,790 1,971 San Jose 5,641 1,678 3,850 1,319 4,1L29 1,564 29

30 TABLE 20--MEDIAN EARNINGS IN 1959 OF PERSONS IN TOHE EXPERIENCED CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE, BY OCCUPATION AND SEX CALIFORNIA, 1960 (For those persons with earnings in 1959, the median represents the value which divides the population group into two equal parts--one-half having annual earnings above and one-half below the median) Occupation and sex Total Nonwhite Male, 14 years old and over $5,495 $4,035 Professional, technical, and kindred workers 7,403 5,993 Farmers and farm managers 3,991 4,063 Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm 7,606 5,102 Clerical and kindred workers 5,1.41 4,415 Sales workers 5,669 4,136 Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers 6,033 4,837 Operatives and kindred workers 5,062 4,259 Private household workers 1,230 2,006 Service workers, except private household 3,981 3,410 Farm laborers and foremen 1,932 1,844 Laborers, except farm and mine 3,826 3,867 Occupation not reported 4,645 3,736 Female, 14 years old and over 2,812 2,082 Professional, technical, and kindred workers 4,276 3,967 Farmers and farm managers 1,468 2,312 Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm 3,827 3,068 Clerical and kindred workers 3,410 3,317 Sales workers 2,016 1,710 Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers 3,444 2,802 Operatives and kindred workers 2,436 2,122 Private household workers Service workers, except private household 1,858 2,129 Farm laborers and foremen Laborers, except farm and mine 1,813 2,396 Occupation not reported 2,633 1,969 30

31 Metropolita area TABLE 21--TENURE OF OCCUPIED BDUSIM UNITS, CALIORIA MEoPOIAN AREAS, 1960 Occupied housing units Total White Nonwhite Total[ Owner Renter Total occupied occupied occupied Owner occupied Renter Total 1 occupied Owner occupied Renter Total State Number Percent 4,982,108 2,910,093 2,(YT2,015 4,632,118 2,765,056 1,867, , , , Bakersfield Number Percent 85,651 50,406 35,245 80,280 47,814 32,466 5, , , Fresno Number Percent 106,844 68,550 38,294 99,588 64,782 34,806 7, , , Los Angeles-Long Beach Number Percent 2,215,595 1,244, ,573 2,041,524 1,173, , , , , Sacramento Number Percent 150, ,042 50, ,237 94,731 46, 506 9, , , San Bernardino-Riverside-Ontario Number Percent 245, ,917 81, , ,207 76,878 9, , , San Diego Number Percent 305, , , , , , , , ,o San Francisco-Oakland Number Percent 923, , , , , ,630 97, , , San Jose Number Percent 184, ,130 57, , , ,628 5, , , Santa Barbara Number Percent 52,021 29,125 22,896 50,491 28,471 22,020 1, o 44.o Stockton Number Percent 74,657 47,502 27,155 68,115 44,260 23,855 6, I 3, ,

32 TABLE 22--PERCENT OF POPULATION ENROLLE IN SCHOOLS PERSONS 5 TO 34 YEARS OLD, BY SEX CALIFORNIA, 1960 Total Age MS _ _ Male ]Female Nonwhite Male jfemale Total, 5 to 34 years old 5 years 6 years 7 years 8 years 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years 21 years 22 years 23 years 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 56.o O

33 TABLE 23--SCHOOL ENROLIUENT, BY LEVEL CALIFORNIA AND UNITED STATES, 1960 (Percent of population 5 to 34 years old) School level Total White Nonwhite Calif. U. S. Calif. U. S. Calif. U. S. Total population, 5 to 34 years old Total enrolled, 5 to 34 years old Kindergarten Elementary High school o College Not enrolled, 5 to 34 years old TABLE 24--SCHOOL LEVEL COMPLETED BY PERSONS 25 YEARS OLD AND OVER CALIFORNIA, 1940, 1950, AND 1960 (Percent of population 25 years old and over) School level White Nonwhite White Nonwhite White Nonwhite Total population, 25 years old and over None Elementary Grades Grades Grade Grade High school Grades o Grade College 1-3 years o0.6 4 or more years Note: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding. 33

34 TABLE 25--MEDIAN SCHOOL YEARS COMPLETED BY PERSONS 25 YEARS OLD AMD OVER CALIFORNIA METROPOLITAN AREAS, 1960 (For those persons 25 years old and over, the median represents the value which divides the population group into two equal parts--one-half completing more school years than the median and one-half less than the median) Metropolitan area Total Nonwhite Total State Bakersfield Fresno Los Angeles-Iong Beach Sacramento 12* San Bernardino-Riverside-Ontario San Diego San Francisco-Oakland San Jose Santa Barbara L m SPO '