The State of Working Wisconsin Laura Dresser Joel Rogers Julie Whittaker Center on Wisconsin Strategy

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1 The State of Working Wisconsin Laura Dresser Joel Rogers Julie Whittaker Center on Wisconsin Strategy

2 The Center on Wisconsin Strategy Authors Laura Dresser Joel Rogers Julie Whittaker Acknowledgments

3 Table of Contents Executive Summary...1 Introduction Wisconsin in Perspective Income in Wisconsin Poverty in Wisconsin Wages in Wisconsin Explaining Wisconsin s Falling Wages Conclusion Table and Figure Notes... 65

4

5 Executive Summary

6

7

8 Introduction Design of the Report

9 Data Sources and Reporting Conventions

10 1. Wisconsin in Perspective

11 Median Household Income (1993 Dollars) 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 U.S. Wisconsin

12 Median Household Income (1989 Dollars) 50,000 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 White Household Income Black Household Income Wisconsin - Black Wisconsin - White U.S. - Black U.S.- White

13

14 30 Percent of Individuals in Poverty Wisconsin U.S. 0

15 Percent of Children in Poverty White Child Poverty Black Child Poverty U.S. - Black Wisconsin - Black 0 Wisconsin - White U.S. - White Percent of Adults with College Degrees Black with College Degree White with College Degree Native American with College Degree Asian with College Degree Wisconsin- White Wisconsin - Black Wisconsin - Asian 0 Wisconsin - Native American

16 30 Percent of Workers in Unions U.S. Wisconsin 0

17 2. Income in Wisconsin Wisconsin s Economy Is Growing, but Median Income is Stagnant

18

19 Thousands of Dollars (1994 Dollars) U.S. Real Per Capital Income Wisconsin Real Per Capital Income Annual Real Per Capita Income Growth (Percent) U.S. Wisconsin

20 1994 Dollars 50,000 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 U.S. Family U.S. Family of Four Wisconsin Family of Four Annual Growth Rate (Percent) U.S. Wisconsin

21 Wisconsin Family Incomes Have Fallen Even Though More Family Members Work

22

23 Increasing Income Inequality in Wisconsin Poorest Fifth Next Poorest Fifth 12% 6% Middle Fifth 18% 40% Richest Fifth 24% Next Richest Fifth

24 Disparities in the Distribution of Income by Race and County Percentage of Population in Income Group (Income in 1994 Dollars) White Black Native Asian Hispanic American $56,692+ $28,347-$56,691 $11,339-$28,346 Less than $11,338

25 Tax Burdens Shifted onto the Middle Class

26

27 3. Poverty in Wisconsin

28 Poverty in the State is Below National Levels but Increasing

29 Disparities in Poverty by Race and County 60 Percentage of Children in Poverty % Total 9.9% White 55.8% Black 46.1% Native American 48.8% Asian 32.6% Hispanic

30

31 Anti-Poverty Programs Lift Few Out of Poverty

32

33 4. Wages in Wisconsin Wisconsin Wages Fall at Nearly Three Times the National Rate

34 Real Hourly Wages (1994 Dollars) U.S. Wisconsin All Workers U.S. Men Wisconsin U.S. Women Wisconsin

35

36 16 Real Hourly Wage (1994 Dollars) U.S. White Men Wisconsin U.S. Black Men Wisconsin Real Hourly Wage (1994 Dollars) U.S. Wisconsin White Women U.S. Wisconsin Black Women

37

38 Poor Wage Performance for Wisconsin s Education Groups

39 25 Real Hourly Wages (1994 Dollars) U.S. Wisconsin U.S. Wisconsin U.S. Wisconsin No High School Degree High School Degree 1-3 Years Post High School U.S. Wisconsin College Degree

40 16 14 Real Hourly Wages (1994 Dollars) U.S. Wisconsin U.S. Wisconsin U.S. Wisconsin No High School Degree High School Degree 1-3 Years Post High School U.S. Wisconsin College Degree

41

42 The Rise in Poverty Wage Jobs

43 Percent of Labor Force Poverty Wage Jobs Decent Wage Jobs

44 70 Percent of Labor Force White Men Black White Black Women

45 70 60 Percent of Labor Force White Men Black White Black Women The State s Unequal Distribution of Unemployment

46

47

48 5.Explaining Wisconsin s Falling Wages

49 Geographical Shifts, Not Industry Employment Shifts, Account for Wage Decline

50

51

52 Professional Services Entertainment & Recreation Services Personal Services Business & Repair Services Finance, Insurance & Real Estate Public Administration Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Construction Durable Manufacturing Retail Trade Wholesale Trade Transportation, Communication & Public Utilities Non-durable Manufacturing Professional Services Entertainment & Recreation Services Personal Services Business & Repair Services Public Administration Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Construction Durable Manufacturing Finance, Insurance & Real Estate Retail Trade Wholesale Trade Non-durable Manufacturing Transportation, Communication & Public Utilities

53 Percent Change in Real Hourly Wages, Retail Trade Durable Manufacturing Non-Durable Manufacturing Finance, Insurance & Real Estate Transpotation, Communication & Public Utilities Construction Business & Repair Services Wholesale Trade Public Administration. Personal Service Men s Real Wages Fall in Most Industries

54 Professional Services Entertainment & Recreation Services Personal Services Business & Repair Services Finance, Insurance & Real Estate Public Administration Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Construction Retail Trade Durable Manufacturing Wholesale Trade Transportation, Communication & Public Utilities Non-durable Manufacturing Professional Services Entertainment & Recreation Services Personal Services Business & Repair Services Public Administration Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Construction Finance, Insurance & Real Estate Retail Trade Durable Manufacturing Wholesale Trade Transportation, Communication & Public Utilities Non-durable Manufacturing

55 Percent Change in Real Hourly Wages, Durable Manufacturing Retail Trade Non-Durable Manufacturing Construction Transpotation, Communication & Public Utilities Business & Repair Services Wholesale Trade Public Administration.

56 Women s Real Wages Rise in Many Industries

57 Professional Services Public Administration Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Construction Durable Manufacturing Entertainment & Recreation Services Personal Services Business & Repair Services Non-durable Manufacturing Transportation, Communication & Public Utilities Wholesale Trade Finance, Insurance & Real Estate Retail Trade Professional Services Public Administration Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Construction Durable Manufacturing Entertainment & Recreation Services Personal Services Business & Repair Services Finance, Insurance & Real Estate Non-durable Manufacturing Transportation, Communication & Public Utilities Wholesale Trade Retail Trade

58 Professional Service Retail Trade Durable Manufacturing Non-Durable Manufacturing Finance, Insurance & Real Estate Personal Service Public Administration Percent Change in Real Hourly Wages, Eroding Minimum Wage Hurts all Low Wage Workers

59 Decline in Unionization Increases Wage Inequality

60 Percent of Private Sector Labor Force in Unions Wisconsin U.S. Wisconsin U.S. Wisconsin U.S

61 Percent of Private Sector Labor Force in Unions Wisconsin U.S. Wisconsin U.S. Wisconsin U.S

62 60 Percent of Workers in Unions Public Private Total New Work Arrangements Reduce Job Quality

63 Percent of Work force in Part-Time Jobs Involuntary Part-Time Voluntary Part-Time

64

65 Conclusion

66

67

68

69 Table and Figure Notes Frequently Cited Sources Census City and County Data Book CPS CPR ERP Green Book Kids Count NBER-CPS Statistical Abstract 1994

70 Table Notes Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter

71 Chapter Figure Notes Chapter Chapter Chapter 3 3.1

72 Chapter Chapter

73

74 Bibliography

75

76

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