Section 1: Objectives

Transcription

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2 Section 1: Objectives By the end of this lesson, I will be able to: 1. Explain the four goals of progressivism 2. Summarize progressive efforts to clean up government 3. Identify progressive efforts to reform state government, protect workers, and reform elections.

3 Section 1: The Origins of Progressivism: Main Idea: Political, economic, and Why social it Matters change Now: in the late 19 th Century American led to Progressive broad progressive reforms in reforms. areas such as labor and voting rights reinforced democratic principles that continue to exist today. Key Terms: Progressive Movement Prohibition Muckracker Initiative Key Terms / Names: Referendum Recall Seventeenth Amendment

4 Essential Question Was the progressive movement successful?

5 Progressivism? Progress People vs. Evil Corporations Government + Businesses Urbanization Problems Heavy toll on American Life Unsafe factories Conditions, Hours, Pollution Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Urban problems Over crowded, Unsanitary, Crime

6 Populists vs Progressives Populists---rural Progressives---cities Populists were poor and uneducated Progressives were middle-class and educated. Populists were too radical Progressives stayed political mainstream. Populists failed Progressives succeeded

7 Four Goals of Progressivism Progressive Movement - Aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct the injustices in American life. Response to the vast changes after the Civil War and from Industrialization 1. Protect social welfare 2. Promote moral development 3. Secure economic reform 4. Foster efficiency

8 Protect Social Welfare Correct the harsh conditions of Industrialization Monopolies Corporations benefited from Government policy Working conditions Benefits and vacations a rarity Workers killed and employers rarely helped Child Labor Workers Wages $687 annually, worked hr days Living Conditions Tenement Houses Settlement Houses Social Gospel Movement Good works to improve America (Christians)

9 Social Reformers Improve America Social Gospel Movement Settlement Houses Florence Kelley Improve lives of women and children Investigated the sweat shops Campaigned for a federal Child-Labor Law Illinois Factory Act in 1893 Prohibited child labor and limited hours women could work Children work hours : Work Monday Saturday from 6 am 9 pm

10 Moral Development: Many reformers felt morality would change America City offered many releases for middle class and lower class citizens Nickelodeons, rail lines, amusement parks, Model T, Other Immoral acts Women s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) Prohibition the banning of alcoholic beverages. (18 th Amendment) Many groups fought this (saloons, and restaurants) Saloons offered many things to Immigrants (cash checks, serve meals) Anti-Saloon League (ASL) 1895 Later in the 1920 s there would be a much bigger prohibition movement.

11 Economic Reform Muckrakers, Investigative Journalists exposed corruption in business, terrible working conditions, living conditions. McClure s and Collier s famous magazines Middle Class citizens in shock Today: 60 Minutes TV Program Ida Tarbell exposed Standard Oil Company s cut-throat methods of eliminating competition. (vertical and horizontal integration) Eugene V. Debs Organized labor Socialist Party 1901 uneven balance between big business and the laborers Free Market Economy was hurting the workers

12 Regulating Big Business: Many businesses were attacked by politicians for being crooked Capitalists vs. Robber Barons They aimed to reform: Shipping rates No free passes for business officials Same taxes for everyone Limits on child labor states outlawed child labor National Child Labor Committee Reduced work hours Workers were well rested = more productivity 1903 Oregon Limited Women's work day to 10 hrs

13 Fostering Efficiency Workplace more efficient scientific management Time and motion studies to improve efficiency Manufacturing tasks into simpler parts Assembly Line Product moves along a conveyor belt as workers perform a specific task Increase production People worked like machines Injuries / fatigue

14 Protecting Working Children National Child Labor Committee Investigate harsh working conditions Keating-Owen Act - prohibit the transportation across state lines of good produced by children Muller v. Oregon - women 10 hr work day Bunting v. Oregon - 10 hr work day for men

15 Political Reform Large Urban cities Ran by Political bosses Kickbacks Change: cities more responsive to its citizens Local Governments Established Council Members people elected a city council to make laws. The council appointed a manager Officials take charge of certain areas in a city and certain issues Galveston, TX and Dayton, OH Both cities hit with a natural disaster Galveston Hurricane Dayton Flood

16 State and Local Reforms State Robert M. La Follette Fighting Bob Governor of Wisconsin 1900 Targeted RR companies Regulate rates and abolished free rides to politicians Mayor Tom Johnson of Cleveland Instituted progressivism into the city of Cleveland Dismissed corrupt and greedy private owners of utilities Gas, water, Invited citizens to circus tents to discuss issues within the city (Town Hall Meetings

17 Election Reform: 17 th Amendment the people elect the senators of their state. The people wanted a voice in politics Secret Ballots made it harder to rig elections Hard to tell who you voted for Initiatives voters could create a bill rather than lawmakers Voters instruct legislators Referendums Voters accepted or rejected the initiative Express their views on a proposed measure Recalls Enabled voters to force out public officials by having them face another election With a petition voters can remove a public official

18 Section 2 Education Reform The Big Idea Reforms in public education led to a rise in national literacy and the promotion of public education. Why It Matters Now The public education system is a foundation of the democratic ideals of American society.

19 Expanding Public Education Education grows in importance Industrial Society post civil war Schooling late 1800 s Reading, Writing, Math 8-14 yrs old 12 to 16 weeks annually of school attendance Public Education Importance of Kindergarten + High School

20 Discrimination in Edu Racial Discrimination White Students % of students attended elementary African Americans % of students attended elementary Less than 1% attended high school % attend HS Bethune-Cookam College - Daytona, Florida John D. Rockefeller + Eleanor Roosevelt were supporters Immigrants Encouraged to go to school Americanize

21 Booker T. Washington Most famous African American leader during the 19th Century End racism through education and skills Proved economic value to society Manual work/skills Gradual approach W.E.B Du Bois Niagara Movement Emphasized higher education to end racism

22 Section 3 Segregation & Discrimination The Big Idea African Americans led the fight against voting restrictions and Jim Crow laws. Why It Matters Now Today, African Americans have the legacy of a century-long battle for civil rights.

23 Legal Discrimination Post Civil War / Reconstruction (1877) Racism / Violence / Discrimination Voting Restriction 15th Amendment - vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Poll Tax - annual tax to vote Poor couldn't afford to vote Literacy Test - Literacy tests were used to keep people of color -- and, sometimes, poor whites -- from voting, and they were administered at the discretion of the officials in charge of voter registration. Grandfather Clause - grandfather or father voted before Jan 1, 1867.

24 The following are examples of segregation and discrimination: B. Voting Restrictions: 1. Literacy Tests: have to be able to read to vote 2. Poll Tax: tax blacks had to pay to be able to vote * Grandfather Clause: if man was eligible to vote prior to Jan. 1, 1867 pay no poll tax (free man vs. slave)

25 The following are examples of segregation and discrimination: C. Racial Laws: 1. Jim Crow Laws: racial segregation laws in the South which separated white & black people in public & private facilities

26 D. Plessy v. Ferguson: 1896 U.S. Supreme Court case which ruled that separation of the races in public facilities was legal Impact: - separate but equal - allowed legal segregation for next 60 years

27 Separate but..truly equal?

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29 The following are examples of segregation and discrimination: A. Racial etiquette: code of behavior that regulated relationships between whites and blacks Blacks were expected to refer to white males in positions of authority as "Boss" or "Cap'n"--a title of respect that replaced "Master" used in slave times. All black men, on the other hand, were called by their first names or were referred to as "Boy," "Uncle," and "Old Man"--regardless of their age. Black women were addressed as "Auntie" or "girl." Under no circumstances would the title "Miss." or "Mrs." be used White women never allowed blacks to call them by their first names but with the word "Miss" attached as a modifier: "Miss Ann," "Miss Julie" or "Miss Scarlett Black boys were not allowed to make eye contact with white women while passing When walking down the street, a black was expected to stop to allow the white person the right of way

30 Discrimination in the USA North Opportunities for African Americans Jobs, escape racism Segregation De Facto segregation separate by fact or practice not by law Neighborhoods, jobs, pay West Mexican Long hours/tough conditions/little pay (worked on farms) Debt Peonage laborers work to pay off debt. Chinese Separate schools and neighborhoods United States v. Wong Kim Ark citizenship for children of immigrants

31 Section 4 Women in Public Life

32 Women in the Workforce / Education: Women in the early 19 th Century Devote time to children and family Poorer women forced to work Opportunities for women increased especially in the cities. By 1900, one out of five women worked. Unions excluded women The garment industry was popular as were office work, retail, and education They made less $ per hour than men (for the same jobs!) Men seemed to support families Women also began to seek higher education

33 Women Lead Reform Women started to form clubs Couldn t vote (YET) Push for reform Working conditions, pay, long hours Triangle Shirtwaist Factory (1911) Women and higher education Vassar College 1865 Higher education led to women independence Social Housekeeping Workplace reform, housing reform, education and food + drug laws

34 Reform Organizations NACW National Association of Colored Women 1896 NAWSA National American Woman Suffrage Association State by state movement to help women earn the right to vote Major businesses feared women s right to vote Progressivism help the women s cause Movement started in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado and Idaho

35 Susan B. Anthony: Women also pushed for equal voting rights Susan B. Anthony was a leading advocate of women s Suffrage the right to vote. Voted over 150 times in 10 different states Supreme Court ruled Women are citizens 1875 Women still couldn t vote In 1869 Anthony and Cady Stanton founded the National Women Suffrage Association (NWSA) a group committed to gaining women s suffrage Tried to introduce a Amendment Bill to allow women to vote Later: President Roosevelt will support women s suffrage Many men feared the changing role of women in society. WHY?

36 A 3-Part Strategy For Suffrage: 1.Convincing state legislatures to adopt the vote. 1. Wyoming s Utah, Colorado, Idaho 2.Pursuing court cases to test 14 th Amendment. 1. Equal protection 1. Exclude Women s right to vote 3.Pushing for national Constitutional amendment th Amendment :1920

37 Section 5 Teddy Roosevelt Square Deal

38 Teddy Roosevelt Born into a wealthy NY family Athletic Teenager New York Politics New York State Assembly NYC Police Commissioner Assistant Secretary of the US Navy Rough Riders, Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba Governor of NYC Political Bosses didn t like TR as their Governor Political NY Bosses nominated TR to become VP 1901 Teddy Roosevelt becomes Vice President William McKinley President is Assassinated 1901 Theodore Roosevelt becomes the 26 th President 42 yrs old He was a rough and tumble politician that spoke what was on his mind

39 The Square Deal: Roosevelt saw the presidency as a bully pulpit used his role as president to do what he wanted to do. Platform to advocate an agenda Government should be responsive to injustice Did not wait for the legislative branch to act Executive decision. The Square Deal The term is used to describe the various progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt administration. The Square Deal labor and management, consumer business, Environment Government should use its resources to help the country socially and economically

40 Using Federal Power: Trust busting: By 1900, Trusts legal bodies created to hold stock in many companies controlled 80% of U.S. industries. Many Companies formed into a Monopoly (Standard Oil) Sold their prices far lower than their competitors Trust Buster We don t wish to destroy corporations, but we do wish to make them serve the public good. Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890, outlawed Trusts/Monopolies in America Initial law left it hard to enforce Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits under the Sherman Anti- Trust Act The goal was to break up unfair business practices. Northern Securities Company Controlled RR s in the Northwest Supreme Court broke up the company Standard Oil

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42 1902 Coal Miners Strike UMW United Mine Workers Union Called for a strike 140,000 Miners Shorter work day, better pay, right to organize in a union Workers struck for 5 months Theodore Roosevelt had to intervene Coal powered 90% of the nation Called both sides to the White House to negotiate Government intervened in the business world Ending Laissez-Faire

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44 Regulating the Railroads Interstate Commerce Act 1887 Prohibit fixing of high prices in certain areas Hepburn ACT of 1906 Interstate Commerce Commission Set maximum railroad rates Inspected Railroad companies Free RR passes to politicians Government Laissez Faire to hands on

45 Roosevelt Changes the Relationship Between Government and Business

46 Health Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle in The book focused on the sickening conditions of the meatpacking industry. Meat Inspection Act reformed meatpacking conditions (1906) Pure Food and Drug Act Truth in labeling Provided accurate information Expiration dates were also included on canned food.

47 Roosevelt s Environmental Accomplishments: Yellowstone National Park - Wyoming Roosevelt first conservation President Carefully manage America s Natural resources Only the national Government had the resources to preserve America s Nature Originally states handled their natural resources Conservation some wilderness areas would be preserved, while others would be developed for the common good. 150 new natural forests 5 National Parks, 18 National Monuments Later presidents and advisors would aim to open this land for business

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49 Section 6 Progressivism & Taft

50 After Roosevelt: Teddy Roosevelt Legacy Naturalists emerged, Girls Scouts Roosevelt was president for 8 years and accomplished a lot. Some of Roosevelt s policies came under scrutiny from various organizations. Gifford Pinchot head of the US Forest Service came under fire for conserving so much land for preservation. Public enjoyment vs. Private Development Others were starting to see the land as a great opportunity for development and growth (Taft) Now William Howard Taft would have his chance at the presidency

51 William Howard Taft Taft 1909 TR decided not to run again Hand selected and endorsed Taft Taft would support many progressive reforms 16 th +17 th Amendments 16 th = income tax 17 th = direct election of Senators But Taft did not run the country the way Roosevelt thought he would Taft proposed higher tariffs. Became much more conservative

52 Taft Stumbles Did not increase Roosevelt s Progressive Reform Policies Taft did want to lower tariffs Payne Bill Lower taxes on imports Payne Aldrich Tariff Moderated the high rates of the Aldrich bill (proposed by the senate) Richard Ballinger Secretary of interior removed 1 million acres of forest Anti conservationist action

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54 The Republican Party Splits: As time went on, Taft couldn t hold the two wings (conservatives and reformers) of the Republican Party together. Voters started to blame Taft for the rising costs of living and loss of conservation of land More democrats gained seats in congress Roosevelt is going to make a come back!! New Nationalism Restore government s trust busting power Returned from a hunting trip in Africa

55 The Bull Moose Party: 1912 Election Republicans split in 1912 between Taft and Roosevelt Republicans wanted Roosevelt, but Taft had momentum Republican progressives formed a third party Roosevelt called his progressive party the Bull Moose Party I m as strong as a Bull Moose TR is running for a 3 rd term Democrats seize an opportunity The Democrats put forward a reform-minded governor, Woodrow Wilson. (who would later win the presidency)

56 What did the Bull Moose Party support? The Bull Moose Party supported: 1. Women s suffrage 2. Worker s compensation 3. An 8-hr. work day 4. A minimum wage for women 5. A federal law against child labor 6. A federal trade commission to regulate business.

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58 So, How Did Wilson Win? The split between Taft and Roosevelt turned nasty. (name calling) they divided themselves. Roosevelt = egotist Taft = fathead, brain of a guinea pig Woodrow Wilson endorsed a progressive platform called the New Freedom, it demanded: 1. Stronger Antitrust legislation 2. Banking reform 3. Reduced Tariffs Wilson won with a 42% popular vote.

59 Section 7 Wilson s New Freedom

60 Wilson Wins Financial Reforms: Woodrow Wilson Grew up in the south Professor then President at Princeton Governor of New Jersey 1910 Supported Progressive Reforms was a progressive president New Freedom Triple Attack Trusts, tariffs, high finances Attacked Big Businesses He aimed to give greater power to average citizens He grew up in the South, which affected his ability to use federal power to help civil rights.

61 Clayton Antitrust Act Legal approach to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of Spelled out a series of illegal practices Selling at a lass to undercut competitors prohibited corporations from acquiring stock of another if doings so would create a monopoly Labor unions and farm organizations could legally form Cannot charge strikers unless they caused damage

62 Federal Trade Commission Federal Trade commission Administrative approach to attack businesses Watchdog agency Power to investigate possible violations of regulatory statutes to require periodic reports from corporations End number of unfair business practices FTC investigated over 400 companies

63 Tax Systems Underwood Act (Underwood-Simmons Tariff) Lower tariffs Tariff tax on imports House quickly passed the bill, Senate eventually passed the bill with revisions Now called the Underwood-Simmons Tariff) Federal Income Tax 16 th Amendment Legalized federal income tax Graduated Income Rates Higher earnings = higher taxes Lower earnings = lower taxes

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65 Federal Reserve System: Now financial reform was on the table Currency and Banking Reform Credit and money supply had to keep pace with the economy. Federal Reserve Act of 1913 Wilson s greatest piece of legislation The Federal Reserve System was put into action. It created a network of banks 12 sections Regional Banks Issue currency in emergency situations provide loans to private banks Federal Reserve Building This system still serves as the basis of our nation s banking system.

66 How the War Helped: America became involved in WW I. Patriotic women headed committees Carrie Catt NAWSA President Peaceful, political organizations Lucy Burns picked around the White House Alice Paul formed radical suffrage organizations Women s War Efforts They knitted socks for soldiers Sold liberty bonds In 1919, Congress finally passed the 19 th Amendment granted women the right to vote. It had only taken 72 yrs (Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 was when they first tried)

67 Limits of Progressivism: The KKK reached a membership of 4.5 million in the 1920s Wilson created a lot of reform policies Failed to create enough social reforms African American reform Disappointed supporters throughout America Wilson placed segregationists in the federal government Like Roosevelt and Taft, Wilson retreated on Civil Rights when he entered office. Did not favor anti lynching laws or segregation laws state issue Navy do away with common drinking fountains and towels Segregated facilities were just the colored men who voted and worked for you in the belief that their status as African citizens was safe in your hands are deeply cast down

68 End of Progressive Movement WWI on the horizon there s no chance of progress and reform in an administration in with war plays the principal part. WWI 1914 US gets involved in WWI April