Progressive American Politics Power Point Credit: Johnny Burkowski

Transcription

1 Progressive American Politics Power Point Credit: Johnny Burkowski

2 Fundamental Question To what extent were levels of American government influenced by progressive ideals?

3 Progressive Political Reform Direct Democracy Secret ballots (Australian ballot) All candidates printed on ballots Vote in privacy at assigned polling place Direct primaries Government of the People Initiatives Petition of enough voter signatures to force an election Referendums Legislative proposals determined by electorate Recalls Remove elected officials through local/state elections

4 Seventeenth Amendment (1913) Problems State legislature corruption Candidates bribed state legislators for votes Electoral deadlocks State legislators could not agree on a selection leaving vacant seats Direct Election of Senators

5 Progressive Political Reform Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities Inspired social and municipal reform Local/Municipalities Assert more control and regulation of public utilities and services Built public parks and playgrounds, sanitation services, municipal services, public schools Zoning laws (industrial, commercial, residential) Local Governments Galveston Plan Commissioners and councils directly elected Dayton Plan City managers hired as non-partisan administrators

6 Progressive Political Reform States Reforms Direct primaries Business regulations Tax reforms Suffrage Temperance State wages Insurance plans Child labor laws Wisconsin Idea Robert LaFollette Influence and Application of Education on Politics Primary elections Progressive taxes Workers compensation Regulation of railroads Limit or eliminate monopolies and trusts Supported direct election of senators

7 Fourth Party System ( ) Republicans Dominated the federal government during this era Coalition Industrialists, corporations, upper-class, fundamentalists, Northeast Nationalists and Imperialists Bull Moose Party aka Progressive Party New Nationalism Democrats Coalition Solid South, western farmers, urban immigrants, working class Laissez-faire policies New Freedom Socialist Party of America Coalition German and Jewish immigrants, unionists, former Populist farmers, Progressive social reformers Elections Two members of U.S. House Dozens of state legislators, mayors, council members Eugene V. Debs Ran in , 1912, 1920 Received over 900,000 votes in 1912 and 1920

8 William Jennings Bryan (D) Populist rhetoric William McKinley (R) Mark Hanna Outspent Bryan 5 to 1 Benefited from recovering economy Campaign Bryan s stump speeches McKinley s frontporch Election of 1896

9 William McKinley (R) ( ) Economy Klondike Gold Rush ( ) Gold Standard Act (1900) Economic expansion Foreign Affairs Annexation of Hawaii (1898) Spanish-American War (1898) China Open Door Policy Boxer Rebellion ( ) Assassination September 6, 1901 in Buffalo, NY Leon Czolgosz

10 William McKinley (R) William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt as VP William Jennings Bryan (D) Bimetallism Anti-imperialism Election of 1900

11 Theodore Roosevelt (R) ( ) Square Deal Trustbuster Business Regulation Conservation Coal Strike of 1902 Panic of 1907 Big Stick Policy Panama Canal Roosevelt Corollary

12 Theodore Roosevelt (R) Alton B. Parker (D) Eugene V. Debs Socialist Party of America Election of 1904

13 Roosevelt: Trustbuster Good Trusts & Bad Trusts Consumer Protection Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Prohibited impure and falsely labeled foods and drugs Meat Inspection Act (1906) Prohibited misleading labels Prohibited harmful chemicals

14 Roosevelt: Conservationist 230,000,000 acres under protection during Roosevelt s administration U.S. Forest Service Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) Federal promotion of irrigation in western states National Park Service (1916) Preservationists John Muir and Sierra Club

15 National Parks

16 William Howard Taft (R) Hand-picked by Roosevelt William Jennings Bryan (D) Election of 1908

17 William Howard Taft (R) ( ) Standard Oil Company of New Jersey v. United States (1911) Supreme Court ruled trust in violation of Sherman Antitrust Act Broken up into 33 companies and trust dissolved Sixteenth Amendment (1913) Federal graduated income tax Dollar Diplomacy

18 Election of 1912 Woodrow Wilson (D) New Freedom Regulate business to promote competition and small businesses Theodore Roosevelt (Prog) Bull Moose Party New Nationalism Executive regulations of industries and social justice William Howard Taft (R) Conservative Republicans and Progressive Republicans (Insurgents) Socialist Party of America Eugene V. Debs

19 Woodrow Wilson (D) ( ) Progressive Amendments Seventeenth Amendment Direct election of Senators Eighteenth Amendment - Prohibition Nineteenth Amendment Women s suffrage Progressive Legislation and Policies Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (1914) Prevent and eliminate trusts and monopolies Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) Strengthened Sherman Act by preventing mergers Federal Reserve Act (1913) Central banking system and regulation of monetary policy World War I Fourteen Points League of Nations

20 Progressive Business Regulation Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (1914) Demand annual reports Investigate complaints Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) Prohibited monopolistic pricing policies Held corporate officers personally responsible for anti-trust violations Unions not subject to anti-trust laws and court injunctions

21 Federal Reserve System and Central Banking Panic of 1907 Federal Reserve Act (1913) The Fed Price stability, maximum employment, long-term economic growth Federal Reserve Board President appointed with Senate consent FOMC Monetary Policy Open-Market Operations Reserve Requirement/Ratio Discount rates

22 Woodrow Wilson (D) He kept us out of war. Charles Evan Hughes (R) U.S. Supreme Court justice Election of 1916

23 Progressive American Society

24 Fundamental Question To what extent was the progressive movement progressive in American society?

25 Development of Progressives Problems and Solutions Industrialization Urbanization Commercialism and Consumerism Laissez-faire Policies Radicalism Upper-Class Lower-Class Social Darwinism Middle Class Social Gospel Populism Education and Academics Journalism and Literature

26 Muckrakers Purpose Exposure of urban problems and political and economic corruption and exploitation Targets monopolies/trusts/corporations (steel, oil, railroads) political bosses and machines poor living and working conditions (tenements) Mainstream Mass media (newspapers, magazines) Journalists and Authors Upton Sinclair s The Jungle Meat-packing industry Jacob Riis s How the Other Half Lives Tenement living Ida Tarbell s Mother of Trusts Rockefeller and Standard Oil Trust

27 Progressive Social Reform Temperance to Prohibition Anti-Saloon League (1895) the Church in action against the saloon Pressure politics Grassroots campaigning and mass media Coalition included Democrats, Republicans, suffragists, KKK, industrialists, IWW, NAACP, Progressives, Populists, Protestants, American Catholics Eighteenth Amendment (1919) Prohibited the manufacturing, sale, and transportation of alcohol Volstead Act

28 Progressive Labor Reforms American Federation of Labor (AFL) Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) (1905) The Wobblies Mother Jones, Big Bill Haywood one big union Platform an injury to one is an injury to all Industrial unionism All inclusive membership Direct Action Strikes, boycotts, propaganda, violence Labor Unions Labor Union Membership,

29 Progressive Labor Reforms Labor Strikes Anthracite Coal Strike (1902) 147,000 miners strike President Theodore Roosevelt mediates Victory for union and membership soared Lawrence Textile Strike (1912) IWW organized 23,000 worker strike Media used to appeal to public sympathies Ludlow Massacre (1914) Led to political, corporate, and public support for labor unions and worker demands

30 Progressive Labor Reforms Labor - Working Hours Lochner v. New York (1905) 10-hour day/60-hour week unconstitutional in violation of right to contract per 14th Amendment Muller v. Oregon (1908) Limited working hours for women based on health and maternity Ford Motor Company Doubled pay to $5/day and 8- hour work days Profits and productivity increased

31 Progressive Labor Reforms Labor - Working Conditions Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911) 146 garment workers killed Led to massive push for worker/factory safety regulations and accident insurance

32 Progressive Labor Reforms By 1900, 1.7 million 5-10 year olds (1 in 6) were wage earners Keating-Owen Act (1916) Prohibited interstate shipment of goods manufactured or processed by child labor Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) Federal regulation of child labor not within Congress s interstate commerce power Only states could establish child labor laws through intrastate commerce Child Labor

33 Progressive Social Reforms Blacks in America Supreme Court Civil Rights Cases of 1883 Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional Segregation may be practiced by private individuals and businesses Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Established separate but equal Jim Crow Laws Established by white Redeemer state governments Legitimized by Plessy v. Ferguson Segregated public facilities and accommodations Disenfranchisement Grandfather clauses Poll taxes Literacy tests

34 Progressive Social Reforms Black Americans - Booker T. Washington Advocated economic progress to secure civil rights Tuskegee Institute ( ) Vocational institution, primarily teaching Atlanta Compromise (1895) In the South, blacks would submit to white political rule in exchange for education and due process of law Up From Slavery (1901) Depicted his struggle and rise from slavery to educational leader White House Dinner First black person ever invited to a White House dinner with Theodore Roosevelt White reaction and backlash "I am just as much opposed to Booker T. Washington as a voter as I am to the cocoanut-headed, chocolatecolored typical little coon who blacks my shoes every morning. Neither is fit to perform the supreme function of citizenship." Mississippi Governor James K. Vardaman

35 Progressive Social Reform Black Americans - W.E.B. Du Bois Advocated social and political equality to secure economic progress Niagara Movement (1905) Opposed disenfranchisement and segregation Dismissed accommodation and pursued more direct action and struggle National Association for the Advancement for Colored People (NAACP) (1909) A group of blacks and whites, males and females established an effective civil rights organization

36 Lynchings Ida B. Wells Progressive Social Reforms Blacks in America Muckraking articles and pamphlets to expose lynchings against blacks in the South We of the South have never recognized the right of the negro to govern white men, and we never will. We have never believed him to be the equal of the white man, and we will not submit to his gratifying his lust on our wives and daughters without lynching him. - Senator Ben Tillman (D-SC), 1900 Great Migration ( ) Escape segregation, disenfranchisement, lynchings 1.6 million Southern blacks migrated to Northeast and Midwest cities

37 The Great Migration

38 Progressive Social Reforms Women Suffrage Political Progress Frontier life promoted equality among women Western states fuel suffrage movement Jeanette Ranking (R-MT) First woman elected to U.S. House (1916) National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) (1900) Carrie Chapman Catt Silent Sentinels Alice Paul and Lucy Burns

39 Suffrage by States

40 Nineteenth Amendment The right to vote cannot be denied based on sex/gender Ratified August 18, southern states did not ratify until after originally rejecting it Legacy League of Women Voters Develop political efficacy among women Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Equal opportunity, pay, recognition, and benefits

41 Progressive Social Reforms Immigration Progressive Era Legislation Anarchist Exclusion Act (1903) Gentleman s Agreement (1905) Desegregate California schools for Japanese children Japan prevents further emigration of unskilled laborers Dillingham Commission ( ) Southern and Eastern Europeans threatened American character Recommended literacy requirements Immigration Act of 1917 Extended list of undesirables (homosexuals, alcoholics, illiterate) Asiatic Barred Zone

42 Asiatic Barred Zone

43 Migration

44 American Leisure Causes Decreased working hours Higher average wages Convenience and Infrastructure Entertainment Jazz Records Dance halls Movie theaters Birth of a Nation (1915) Recreation Baseball Football National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) (1910)

45 American Imperialism Unit VIIC AP United States History

46 Fundamental Question To what extent was the American public supportive of increased foreign involvement?

47 Perry Expedition ( ) Commodore Matthew Perry Encourage trade and diplomatic relations with Japan Convention of Kanagawa (1854)

48 Alaska Purchase (1867) Seward s Folly or Seward s Icebox $7.2 million (2 cents per acre) to Russia for 586,412 sq. mi. Eventual discovery of gold and oil reserves

49 White Intrusion Sugar Plantation Owners Queen Liliuokalani Attempted to reassert native authority and drive out foreigners Overthrow of Hawaii (1893) Sanford Dole Republic of Hawaii ( ) Annexation by U.S. (1898) Strategic commercial and military location Hawaii

50 Why Hawaii?

51 Spanish-American War (1898) Origins and Causes Cuba Jose Marti DeLome Letter Spanish diplomat ridicules McKinley U.S.S. Maine (Feb. 15) 266 deaths Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain! Yellow Journalism War Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst Declaration of War (Apr. 21) Teller Amendment U.S. promise Cuban independence, not annexation Caribbean Theater Rough Riders Pacific Theater Battle of Manila Bay Emilio Aguinaldo

52 Spanish-American War (1898) A splendid little war. Treaty of Paris American Acquisitions Puerto Rico Guam Philippines Cuba American military occupation ( ) Platt Amendment (1901) Treaties required American approval Guantanamo Bay

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54 Imperialists and Anti-Imperialists Proponents Most from GOP Theodore Roosevelt (R) John Hay (R) James G. Blaine (R) Reasons Economic expansion Political security International prestige Humanitarian efforts Capt. Alfred Thayer Mahan The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890) Social Darwinism Jingoism White Man s Burden Insular Cases ( ) Supreme Court ruled constitutional guarantees granted only by Congress to U.S. territories Constitution does not necessarily follow the flag Opponents Mostly from Democratic Party Anti-Imperialist League Grover Cleveland (D) William Jennings Bryan (D) Senator Ben Tillman (D-SC) Samuel Gompers (AFL) Mark Twain Andrew Carnegie Jane Addams Reasons Undemocratic Violated republicanism consent of the governed Prevent influx of inferior races

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57 Philippine-American War ( ) Atrocities Torture by both sides Concentration camps Casualties 12,000-20,000 Filipinos 4,165 Americans 200,000-1,000,000 Filipino civilians Americanization Freedom of religion English as official language The Philippines

58 China Open Door Policy Secretary of State John Hay Spheres of influence Mutual economic policies among foreign powers Boxer Rebellion ( ) Eight-Nation Alliance against Chinese nationalists Severely weakened Qing Dynasty

59 Theodore Roosevelt ( ) Big Stick Policy The Americas Roosevelt Corollary Unstable economies in Venezuela and Dominican Republican enticed direct European influence U.S. right to intervene if: Incapable of protecting American interests Stabilize economies to prevent European influence Panama Canal Panamanian Revolution (1903) Panama Canal opened 1914 Asian Policy Treaty of Portsmouth (1904) Gentleman s Agreement (1907) Great White Fleet ( )

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61 William Howard Taft ( ) Dollar Diplomacy Encourage economic development infrastructure in Latin America and abroad Administration of loans and financing Railroad investments in China Lodge Corollary (1912) Henry Cabot Lodge Forbade ANY foreign acquisition in Western Hemisphere

62 Woodrow Wilson ( ) Moral Diplomacy Pursuit of non-expansionist policies and promote democratic governments Despite military intervention in Haiti, Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, and Mexico Mexico Revolution Tampico Affair (1914) Pancho Villa Expedition ( ) General John J. Pershing World War I Fourteen Points

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64 World War I Unit VIID AP United States History

65 Fundamental Question To what extent was the American public supportive of increased foreign involvement?

66 Great War in Europe ( ) Archduke and wife of Austria-Hungary assassinated by Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914 Alliances and ultimatums dragged Europe into a destructive conflict

67 American Neutrality Isolationists Mostly pro-allies policies and public opinion German U-Boats Lusitania sunk on May 7, 1915 killing 128 Americans Sussex Pledge Sussex in March 1916 Wilson threatened sanctions and Germany promised to abide by freedom of the seas German unrestricted submarine warfare Russian Revolution (1917) Zimmermann Telegram (1917) German request for Mexico alliance in return for lost land by U.S. United States declares war on April 6, 1917 The Path to War

68 American Domestic War Effort War Agencies War Industries Board Mass production, standardization, price and supply controls National War Labor Board Representatives from labor and business arbitrated labor disputes to prevent disruptions Food Administration Committee on Public Information War propaganda agency Liberty Bonds Financial support for American war effort Portrayed as an act of patriotic duty

69 American Propaganda

70 American Domestic Insecurity Espionage Act of 1917 Prohibition of: Interfere in military operations Interfere in military recruitment Support of U.S. enemies Promote insubordination Schenk v. United States (1919) Clear and present danger Sedition Act of 1918 In times of war: Prohibit disloyal, profane, scurrilous, abusive language against U.S. government, military, and flag

71 Americans Over There Selective Service Act of 1917 Conscription of by 1918 American Expeditionary Force (AEF) Inspired to preserve democracy and defend American honor General John J. Pershing War Events Spring Offensive (1918) Hundred Days Offensive (1918) Armistice (11/11/1918) German capitulation Casualties 117,000 Americans 1 million British, 1.6 million French, 3.3. million Russian, 2.4 million German, 2.9 million Ottoman, 1.5 million Austrian-Hungarian

72 Wilson and Peace Fourteen Points peace without victory Self-determination League of Nations Treaty of Versailles German guilt, reparations League of Nations Wilson and Senate Treaty Ratification Senate Opposition Irreconcilables Strongly opposed the Treaty of Versailles Reservationists Henry Cabot Lodge Amendments to Treaty to limit American involvement Wilson s Public Campaign Wilson debilitated by a stroke from exhaustion Senate rejects Treaty and League of Nations

73 Postwar America Labor Unions and Strikes Union Membership AFL supported WWI AFL reached 4 million by 1920 IWW opposed WWI Lost membership Strikes of 1919 Seattle General Strike Boston Police Strike Steel Strike Coal Strike Anti-union sentiment increases Association with radicals

74 Postwar America Race Riots Red Summer of 1919 Three dozen cities experienced race riots Economic competition and First Red Scare Chicago (July-August) Blacks react to stoning of young man Omaha (September) Brutal lynching of William Brown

75 Causes War Propaganda Russian Revolution Strikes and Riots Targets Anarchists, Bolsheviks, Socialists, Communists, Wobblies 1919 Bombings Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer Palmer Raids Deportations Postwar America First Red Scare