Unit 6 Study Guide. Period 7.1:

Transcription

1 Unit 6 Study Guide Period 7.1: In a Nutshell An increasingly pluralistic United States faced profound domestic and global challenges, debated the proper degree of government activism, and sought to define its international role. Key Concepts Part 1 A. Growth expanded opportunity, while economic instability led to new efforts to reform U.S. society and its economic system. B. The United States continued its transition from a rural, agricultural economy to an urban, industrial economy led by large companies. C. In the Progressive Era of the early 20 th century, Progressives responded to political corruption, economic instability, and social concerns by calling for greater government action and other political and social measures. Part 2 D. Innovations in communications and technology contributed to the growth of mass culture, while significant changes occurred in internal and international migration patterns. E. Popular culture grew in influence in U.S. society, even as debates increased over the effects of culture on public values, morals, and American national identity. F. Economic pressures, global events, and political developments caused sharp variations in the numbers, sources, and experiences of both international and internal migrants. Part 3 G. Participation in a series of global conflicts propelled the United States into a position of international power while renewing domestic debates over the nation s proper role in the world. H. In the late 19 th century and early 20 th century, new U.S. territorial ambitions and acquisitions in the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific accompanied heightened public debates over America s role in the world. I. World War I and its aftermath intensified ongoing debates about the nation s role in the world and how best to achieve national security and pursue American interests. 1

2 Topics Strongly Recommended to Review/Understand from Last Unit 1. Economic Developments during the Early 1900s New technologies and manufacturing techniques helped focus the U.S. economy on the production of consumer goods, contributing to improved standards of living, greater personal mobility, and better communications systems. By 1920, a majority of the U.S. population lived in urban centers, which offered new economic opportunities for women, international migrants, and internal migrants. a. The Effect of Urbanization on Politics, Society, and Culture i. Urban neighborhoods based on particular ethnicities, races, and classes provided new cultural opportunities for city dwellers. In urban atmosphere where access to power was unequally distributed, political machines and business leaders thrived, in part by providing immigrants and the poor with social services. ii. Tenements/slums iii. Immigration and Housing Reforms b. Wright Brothers, 1903 c. Model T Ford introduced, 1908 d. Assembly Line e. Charles Lindbergh, 1927 Significant Topics from Unit 6 2. The Progressive Era, a. Progressive Era, : What was it? What were its goals? And what is this Era a reaction to/how did it come about? Some Progressive Era journalists attacked what they saw as political corruption, social injustice, and economic inequality, while reformers, often from the middle and upper classes and including many women, worked to effect social changes in cities and among immigrant populations. b. muckrackers c. Upton Sinclair, The Jungle d. Ida Tarbell, History of Standard Oil 2

3 e. Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives f. Lincoln Steffens, The Shame of the Cities On the national level, Progressives sought federal legislation that they believed would effectively regulate the economy, expand democracy, and generate moral reform. Progressive amendments to the Constitution dealt with issues such as prohibition and women suffrage. **IMPORTANT LEGISLATION NOT INCLUDED ON THIST STUDY GUIDE: See Progressive Legislation on the National Scale and Local Levels Graphic Organizer ** g. Square Deal (The 3 C s) h. Theodore Roosevelt vs. William Howard Taft (Trustbusting) i. Clayton Antitrust Act, 1914 j. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire k. Women s Suffrage: i. National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), 1869 ii. Women s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 1874 iii. National Consumers League iv. National Women s Party 3

4 v. Jane Addams vi. Florence Kelly vii. Alice Paul viii. Carrie Chapman Catt ix. Muller v. Ogden x. 19 th Amendment Preservationists and conservationists both supported the establishment of national parks while advocating different government responses to the overuse of natural resources. l. Preservation vs. Conservation m. John Muir vs. Gifford Pinchot n. Forest Reserve Act o. Desert Land Act 4

5 p. Newlands Act The progressives were divided over many issues. Some Progressives supported Southern segregation, while others ignored its presence. Some Progressives advocated expanding popular participation in government, while others called for greater reliance on professional and technical experts to make government more efficient. Progressives also disagreed about immigration restrictions. Progressive Reforms did not address segregation or racial issues during this time q. Jim Crow Laws r. Grandfather clause s. Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 t. Booker T. Washington u. W.E.B. DuBois v. Ida Wells-Barnett w. NAACP 5

6 3. U.S. Foreign Policy during the Late 1800s and Early 1900s Imperialists cited economic opportunities, racial theories, competition with European empires, and the perception in the 1890s that the Western frontier was closed to argue that Americans were destined to expand their culture and institutions to peoples around the globe. Anti-imperialists cited principles of self-determination and invoked both racial theories and the U.S. foreign policy tradition of isolationism to argue that the U.S. should not extend its territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific, an increase in involvement in Asia, and the suppression of a nationalist movement in the Philippines. a. Isolationism vs. Imperialism and reasons for the change b. Imperialists vs. Anti-Imperialists ideologies/beliefs/justifications c. Closing of the Frontier, 1890 (The New Manifest Destiny) d. Rudyard Kipling White Man s Burden e. Alfred Thayer Mahan f. Annexation of Hawaii and Queen Liluokalani g. Yellow Journalism (Pulitzer & Hearst) h. Spanish American War i. Causes, Main Events, Effects/Impacts ii. Rough Riders 6

7 iii. San Juan Hill iv. Paris Treaty of 1898 v. Teller Amendment vi. Platt Amendment i. Filipino Rebellion, and US War with the Phillipines j. Insular Cases, 1901 k. Roosevelt Corollary, 1904 l. Great White Fleet m. Big Stick Policy n. Panama Canal o. Dollar Diplomacy p. China and the Open Door Policy 7

8 4. World War I, After initial neutrality in World War I, the nation entered the conflict, departing from the US foreign policy tradition of noninvolvement in European affairs, in response to Woodrow Wilson s call for the defense of humanitarian and democratic principles. a. Long Term Causes (M.A.I.N.) b. Short Term Causes i. Franz Ferdinand ii. How and Why the United States enters WWI in 1917 **see The Road to United States Involvement in World War I Handout** (this is the simulation where we voted in class as states) c. Central Powers vs. Allied Powers Although the American Expeditionary Forces played a relatively limited role in combat, the U.S. s entry helped to tip the balance of the conflict in favor of the Allies. d. American Expeditionary Force (AEF) United States Home front: Mobilization of American society, increasing troops, and gaining public support required the federal government to increase its involvement in the economy. e. Major Government Economic Agencies i. War Industries Board ii. Food Administration iii. Fuel Administration 8

9 f. Mobilizing Labor i. Women in the workforce ii. National War Labor Board g. Financing the War i. Liberty Bonds h. Mobilizing Troops i. Selective Service Act i. Shaping Public Opinion i. Committee on Public Information ii. Propaganda Despite Wilson s deep involvement in postwar negotiations, the U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of nations WHY? j. Wilson s Fourteen Points, 1918 k. Treaty of Versailles, 1919 l. League of Nations m. Impacts of War on Women and African Americans in what way and to what extent? 9

10 5. Postwar Red Scare Official restrictions on freedom of speech grew during World War I, as increased anxiety about radicalism led to a Red Scare and attacks on labor activism and immigrant culture. a. Red Scare ( ) b. Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 c. Schenck v. United States, 1919 d. Palmer Raids, e. Sacco and Vanzetti, Immigration and Domestic Migration during the Early 1900s Immigration from Europe reached its peak in the years before World War I. During and after the World War I, nativist campaigns against some ethnic groups lead to the passage of quotas that restricted immigration, particularly from southern and eastern Europe, and increased barriers to Asian immigration. a. Gentleman s Agreement, 1907 (Chapter 27) b. Immigration Act (National Origin Act), 1924 c. Emergency Quota Act,

11 The increasing demand for war production and labor during World War I and World War II and the economic difficulties in the 1930s led many Americans to migrate to urban centers in search of economic opportunities. In a Great Migration during and after World War I, African Americans escaping segregation, racial violence, and limited economic opportunity in the South moved to the North and west where they found new opportunities but still encountered discrimination. d. Great Migration e. Race Riots (Chicago Race Riot, 1919) 6. American Culture during the Early 1900s New forms of mass media, such as radio and cinema, contributed to the spread of national culture as well as greater awareness of regional cultures. Migration gave rise to new forms of art and literature that expressed ethnic and regional identities, such as the Harlem Renaissance movement. a. Harlem Renaissance (Hughes and Hurston) b. Mass Consumerism c. Jazz d. Louis Armstrong e. George Babe Herman Ruth f. KDKA in Pittsburgh, 1920 g. Marcus Garvey 11

12 7. Political and Cultural Conflict during the 1920s In the 1920s, cultural and political controversies emerged as Americans debated gender roles, modernism, science, religion, and issues related to race and immigration. a. Flappers b. Ku Klux Klan March on Washington, 1925 c. Fundamentalism vs. Modernism d. John Scopes Monkey Trial e. Prohibition i. 18 th Amendment & Volstead Act ii. Speakeasies and Bootlegging iii. Al Capone iv. St. Valentine s Day Massacre 12