The Progressive Era
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1 The Progressive Era
2 Describe what you see in the following two tables. Discuss the significance and implications of each and the change each represents. The Rise of the City Year Urban Population Number of Cities with 100k + Population Percentage of Women in Various Occupations Occupation Professional Technical 8.2% 11.7% % % % % % 26 Clerical Sales Workers Unskilled / Manufacturi ng Household workers
3 (In Class) What is Mass Consumption? How does this idea define what it is to be an American in the Progressive Era? Does this idea of Mass Consumption still define America/ans today? (Internet) Define Fordism? Describe how Henry Ford s Model of Fordism applied to factory workers and industry as a whole. (544) Discuss some of the general reforms pushed for in the 1900 s. Were all of these reforms always at odds with politicians and industrialists? Where did most progressive reform stem from? What is the Social Gospel? How does this ideas impact the progressive era?
4 Movement to Cities Immigration Trends < 35 Million come to America Growth of The City / Industry Child Labor Issues 2 Million under age of 15 work Corporate Greed Growing Social Inequality Muckrakers Journalists Used Skill to expose the underside of American life Immigrants Southern and Eastern Europe Trend to WWI Massive Shifts of People throughout the World European Reasons Poverty, Illiteracy, High Taxes, political turmoil To the United States Through Ellis Island:
5 Mass Consumption American Dream Evolves: Mass Production in Industry Electric Sewing Machines, Washing Machines, Vacuum cleaners, record players Limited by poverty, unequal distribution of wealth and southern persistent poverty Altered by end of WWII Henry Ford and Fordism Mass production 1905 Establishes Ford Motor Company Cars had been in existence but had been expensive and aimed at high end market Ford creates a low cost standardized car Moving Assembly Line Increased Wages to double the normal wage of a worker
6 (545)Who is Eugene V. Debs? What impact did he have on the development of the ideas of the Progressive Era? What groups did the Socialist party appeal to? What goals did they have? Discuss the appeal of the Socialist party. How many members did the party claim? (547) Despite the appeal of socialism and Progressivism many Americans were still against this ideology. Discuss the viewpoints of these people. What did they believe about government and its role in the economy? How did these same opponents react to immigrants? (Internet) Define: Laissez Faire
7 Economic Freedom 1901 Founding of the Socialist Party Incorporated surviving members of the Populist Party Called for immediate reforms, Free College Education Labor Condition Laws Public ownership of rails and factories 1912 Socialist Party gaining Power Support from AFL members Support from the heartland of America Oklahoma, Idaho, Montana Havens of the populist movement Growing world presence Socialism Growing in World European Movement Gained over 1/3 of the vote in some areas
8 AFL Works with industrialists Fights for closer ties with corporate leaders Some Negotiate with AFL. responsible unions Improvements: Factory Safety, Pension Plans Limits still on membership Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) Rejected AFL exclusion A fraternal hand to ever wage worker, no matter what his religion, fatherland, or trade. Immigrants on Strike Lawrence, MA Legislature enacts 54hr limit to work week. Employers respond by lessening pay of those who had worked longer hours. Workers Strike AFL Helps Send Children out of City (to NY) for duration of Strike Half Starved Children marching up street stirs sympathy Legislature enacts law preventing children from leaving Lawrence. Mothers and Children Defy Law Beaten by Police at Train station. Public Outcry Governor of MA settles strikes in workers favor
9 (548) What political change took place in terms of the 17 th Amendment Discuss what impact you think this could have on future elections throughout the nations. (Think about the South) (Internet / 548) What is Social Justice and how does this concept work well with the idea of Progressive Reform? Give examples of some Social Justice incentives that were developed into law and applied to corporations during the progressive era? What occurred in Muller v Oregon? (548/49) Discuss the passing of the 18 th Amendment to the Constitution: What did this amendment do? What groups were integral in the popularizing of this amendment? How does the 18 th Amendment embody progressivism?
10 (Internet / )Define Feminism What did this concept mean to women living in the Progressive Era? What does this concept mean to people today? What types of things did Feminists do to promote their ideals during the progressive era? (555) Who is Margaret Sanger? What was her impact on the women s rights movement? (Think) Many women to this day still view birth control as an ultimate expression of freedom? Why would this be the case? How did the government and greater society respond to the demands of Sanger? Can you make any comparisons between the battles fought by Sanger in the Progressive era and political discussions today? (In Class) Describe how the Feminist movement of the Progressive era can be seen as a female emancipation? What was life like for women prior to large scale feminist movements? What freedoms or liberties were gained following this movement? Despite the movements of the progressive era what one right did women still lack until 1920? (555/556)
11 Women Barred from voting and holding public office in most states Became central to the progressive movement as a call for reform Focus on immigrant / female and child labor reforms Jane Addams Female College Graduate (80 k total in 1900) 1889 Founded Hull House Established in working class neighborhood of Chicago Improve the lives of the immigrant poor Build kindergartens and playgrounds Employment bureaus and health clinics Guided women hurt by domestic violence to legal protection Houses established in Country
12 Pre Women s Suffrage movement -upper class only Post Movement of the middle class Becomes a mass movement ½ of states allow women to vote in local elections (school issues) Continued Expansion state to state Supported by Progressive ideology American Women Suffrage Association 13k in million 1917 State campaigns continued but were expensive and often unsuccessful Movement shifts to securing of constitutional amendment Progressive Legislation Muller v Oregon Oregon Law upheld by court to limit working hours for women States enact laws limiting hours Government financial assistance to single mothers Workers Compensation State Level states
13 ( / In Class) The ideas of Hamiltonian and Jeffersonian democracy do not ONLY exist in the founding presidents of our country. Rather, these traditions of democracy extend through the progressive era and even to today. During the progressive era people sought Jeffersonian ends by employing Hamiltonian means Historically, what are these ideas in terms of the founding of our nation and how do they also apply to the progressive era presidents? (558 /559 ) Theodore Roosevelt s two most remembered domestic policies were the Pure Food and Drug Acts as well as his Conservation movement? Discuss each of these policies and relate these policies to the idea of being a progressive president.
14 Vice President for William McKinley Assassinated Roosevelt s Agenda The Square Deal Distinguish between good and bad corporations. Good Serve the Public Interest US Steel, Standard Oil Bad Run by greedy financers and had no right to exist Sherman Antitrust Act Roosevelt prosecutes Northern Securities Company Joint stock company directed three major western railroads Supreme Court orders company dissolved Roosevelt and the Economy President should be a broker in disputes and not take sides Pure food and Drug Act / Meat Inspection Act Regulation of interstate commerce and increasing of income taxes / inheritance taxes
15 (560-61) Describe Taft s Policies and How they were different from Roosevelt's? How did Roosevelt react to these differences? What did he do that shows his anger over Taft s presidency? (561) Discuss the election of 1912, who won? What allowed him to win? ( ) Woodrow Wilson is often considered the last of the progressive presidents. What policies of his would define him as such? What other policies (race related) showed that Wilson may not have been the most progressive person in the world? Be sure to cover the Federal Trade Commission and the purpose of this governmental organization in your description of Wilson.
16 Taft and the Economy Pursing of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act more aggressively than Roosevelt Standard Oil John D. Rockefeller Ordered to separate parts of business American Tobacco Forced to end anti-competitive pricing policies. Supreme Court Rule of Reason Big business wasn t in anti-trust violations unless they did things that stifled competition. Taft and the Environment Breach with progressives Attempted to roll back some of Roosevelt s Land reforms Roosevelt will run against Taft in 1912 under Progressive Party
17 Election of way race William Howard Taft Republican Woodrow Wilson Democrat - NJ Governor - (Winner) Theodore Roosevelt Progressive Eugene V. Debs Socialist Woodrow Wilson Small Government Minimal economic interference Encourage economic competition Underwood Tariff Imposed Graduated Income Tax on upper 5% of population Lowered Import Tariffs Congressional Expansion Creation of Federal Reserve System Manage Currency and Banks in US Establishment of the FTC (Federal Trade Commission) Manage Business and stop unfair practices
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