AP United States History Unit Eight Study Guide

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1 AP United States History Unit Eight Study Guide Directions: In the space provided, identify each of the following with a detailed description Significant Term, Person, or Event Text Page Description United Nations 721 George Kennan & long telegram 722 containment 722 iron curtain 722 Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Berlin airlift Election of 1948 Strom Thurmond & Dixiecrats (States Rights Party) Warsaw Pact 728 Mao Zedong (aka Mao Tse-Tung) 729

2 APUSH Unit 8 Study Guide Page 2 Chiang Kaishek (aka Jiang Jieshi) 729 National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) Korean War Kim Il-sung vs. Syngman Rhee th Parallel General Douglas MacArthur Election of duck and cover Second Red Scare House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) McCarran Acts 737 Alger Hiss Julius & Ethel Rosenberg

3 APUSH Unit 8 Study Guide Page 3 Hollywood Ten 739 Arthur Miller & The Crucible 739 Senator Joseph McCarty & McCarthyism Sputnik Nikita Khrushchev John Foster Dulles, massive retaliation, & brinksmanship 743 Aggressive anti-soviet policy to get us to but NOT past the brink/edge of war Eisenhower Doctrine --- From a 1957 speech by Ike in which he took Marshall Plan s/truman Doctrine s ideas of helping countries to resist Communism and applied it to the Middle East; came on the heels of Britain & France basically pulling out of the Middle East following the Suez War U-2 spy plane 743 Kitchen Debates , Vice President Nixon visit Moscow & Khrushchev during an exhibition of a typical American home; the two began debates about the technological advancements of their respective countries being better than the other while they were viewing the kitchen of the model home Berlin Wall Fidel Castro Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis 746

4 APUSH Unit 8 Study Guide Page 4 Baby Boomers 750 Dr. Benjamin Spock & Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care --- Published in 1946; pediatrician who presented the first major book to discuss early infant development and dynamics of a child s needs within the family structure; its central message to mothers was you know more than you think you do implying a common sense element to parenthood sold many copies due to Baby Boom Taft-Hartley Act 753 AFL & CIO merger 753 Fair Deal 754 Interstate Highway System --- Public works project supported by Eisenhower: a series of high-quality and extensive free-way roads for high speed traffic throughout the country. Idea was inspired by the autobahn, an idea of Hitler to make domestic military mobilization more efficient; Ike would justify the cost as military mobilization for the US too military-industrial complex 755 consensus & conformity --- Stereotypes of the 1950s in which everyone tended to get along and behave in similar ways; the underlying truth is that the 50s saw much underlying changes (especial civil rights) and reactions against conformity through youth culture & rock and roll GI Bill 757 William Levitt & Levittowns 758 Influence of television Checkers Speech Kennedy v. Nixon TV debate 761

5 APUSH Unit 8 Study Guide Page 5 Rock-and-Roll The Beats (beatniks) Brown v. Board of Education and Brown II 766 A second ruling requiring integration with all deliberate speed Southern Manifesto , a declaration signed by 101 Southern members of Congress committing efforts to challenge the Brown decision and supporting individual states in fighting integration Emmett Till Rosa Parks 768 Montgomery Bus Boycott Martin Luther King, Jr Southern Christian Leadership Conference 770 Little Rock Nine, Central High School & desegregation Civil Rights Act (& commission) of Eisenhower era legislation intended to give the federal government the power to protect voting rights of African Americans; created the Civil Rights Commission with the power to investigate election fraud but with only minimal ability to punish violators sit-ins for civil rights Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC or Snick ) 776

6 APUSH Unit 8 Study Guide Page 6 Ho Chi Minh Domino theory 781 Geneva Accords 782 Ngo Dinh Diem Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) JFK s assassination Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 787 Ho Chi Minh Trail 789 Agent Orange 790 Tet Offensive 792 guns v. butter Johnson s dilemma with the federal budget: not enough money to pay for both Vietnam War (guns) and Great Society (butter) reaction to draft 797 Election of

7 APUSH Unit 8 Study Guide Page 7 My Lai massacre 799 great silent majority Vietnamization 801 Jane Fonda 801 détente 802 Kent State University shootings Pentagon Papers 805 Nixon visits China 805 Watergate scandal War Powers Act/Resolution 807 John F. Kennedy & New Frontier 812 Michael Harrington & The Other America book studying poverty; concluding that at least 25% of the country was living in poverty and became basis for much of JFK and LBJ s focus on programs to help the poor Earl Warren

8 APUSH Unit 8 Study Guide Page s religious activity 814 Engel v. Vital 814 Gideon v. Wainwright 814 Miranda v. Arizona 814 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 814 Great Society Barry Goldwater 816 Medicare & Medicaid 818 Immigration Act of Rachel Carson & Silent Spring 818 CORE & freedom rides 819 Chief Bull Connor 821 Birmingham campaign 821

9 APUSH Unit 8 Study Guide Page 9 MLK s Letter from Birmingham Jail 821 March on Washington 824 Freedom Summer 825 Civil Right Act of march from Selma to Montgomery 827 Voting Rights Act of New Left 828 Students for a Democratic Society 828 Port Huron Statement 828 Berkeley Free Speech Movement 828 counterculture 829 hippie movement 829 Malcolm X

10 APUSH Unit 8 Study Guide Page 10 Watts Riots 831 Kerner Commission --- Established by LBJ to explore why race riots (Watts + four more years) were occurring; Its finding was that the riots resulted from black frustration at lack of economic opportunity and berated federal and state governments for failed housing, education and social-service policies Stokely Carmichael Black Power & Black Panthers Betty Friedan & The Feminine Mystique 834 National Organization for Women (NOW) 834 César Chávez American Indian Movement & Alcatraz Island occupation Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Henry Kissinger & Shuttle Diplomacy --- Secretary of State under Nixon who was responsible for mediating much of the developing turmoil in the Middle East in the mid-1970s; he accomplished this by a series of pop-in-pop-out meetings with various leaders/countries (shuttling in shuttling out) stagflation 846 Carl Bernstein & Bob Woodward 849 All the President s Men book by Bernstein & Woodward chronicling the events of Watergate including their in-depth investigation

11 APUSH Unit 8 Study Guide Page 11 Saturday Night Massacre 849 impeachment 849 Pres. Gerald Ford Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT) 852 Mutually Assured Destruction 852 election of Pres. Jimmy Carter Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 855 Moscow Olympics, Camp David Accords Iranian Hostage Crisis 856 affirmative action --- Programs sponsored by the federal government to encourage employees, college admission teams, etc. to create policies to help overcome the negative social, political, and economic impacts from the legacy of discrimination; often characterized as quotas for hiring or admitting for college Bakke v. California Board of Regents --- Supreme Court decision in 1978: quotas based on race for college admission are inappropriate when race is the only, or the most overwhelmingly significant, defining factor in determining admission it can be one of many factors but not the sole or primary factor for admission

12 APUSH Unit 8 Study Guide Page 12 women s movement Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) 859 Phyllis Schlafly Gloria Steinem 860 Roe v. Wade 861 Stonewall riots 862 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) 863 Three Mile Island incident 865 Pat Robertson & Christian Coalition 867 Jerry Falwall & Moral Majority 867 scandals of religious leaders --- Jim & Tammy Faye Bakker : hosts of PTL Club TV show with extravagant lifestyle; his affair & mail fraud brought down ministry Jimmy Swaggart: mega church pastor & televangelist; problems with prostitutes Oral Roberts: televangelist who lived extravagantly; needed to raise $8 mill or God will kill him Supply-side economics (aka Reaganomics & trickle down theory) Sandra Day O Connor --- Reagan s first appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court and she happened to be the first woman appointed to the Court

13 APUSH Unit 8 Study Guide Page 13 Geraldine Ferraro 868 SDI & military build-up 869 Sandinistas v. Contras in Nicaragua 870 U.S. troops in Grenada 870 U.S. in El Salvador 870 U.S. troops in Lebanon 870 U.S. supports Iraq & Saddam Hussein 870 Iran-Contra scandal 871 Mikhail Gorbachev & perestroika 871 reconstruction movement lead by Gorbachev to reform Soviet political and economic structures Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces Treaty 871 Reagan s Supreme Court nominees during 2 nd term Elevated William Rehnquist (originally appointed by Nixon) to Chief Justice, appointed Antonin Scalia, appointed Anthony Kennedy; along with O Connor, helped to give a more conservative swing to the Court s interpretation, a change from much of the more liberal interpretation of the 50s, 60s, and 70s Reagan Revolution 871 Reagan as Teflon president reference to the high popularity of Reagan despite negative events of his presidency; the dirt slid right off

14 APUSH Unit 8 Study Guide Page 14 Questions to consider: While it is not required to answer these questions, being familiar with these topics would be highly beneficial to you. 1. What were the primary changes in foreign policy initiated by Eisenhower and to what extent did these changes accomplish his overall goals? 2. What were the objectives, successes, and failures of those who sought social, economic, and political equality in the 1950s? 3. How accurate is the reputation of the 1950s as a period of conservatism and conformity? 4. What advancements occurred in science, technology, and medicine 5. To what extent were the New Frontier and the Great Society effective accomplishing their respective goals? 6. How effective were Kennedy and Johnson s foreign policies during the Cold War effective at containing communism? 7. Why and how did the 1960s become a decade of political protest and cultural insurgency? 8. To what extent were the New Frontier and the Great Society effective accomplishing their respective goals? 9. How effective were Kennedy and Johnson s foreign policies during the Cold War effective at containing communism? 10. Why and how did the 1960s become a decade of political protest and cultural insurgency? Why might 1968 be seen as a turning point in postwar American life? 11. How can Nixon s administration be viewed in light of his policies in Vietnam and China as well as the Watergate Scandal? 12. What economic challenges and changes are present from the late 1970s to the present? 13. What were the key themes of the political ideology of Reagan which helped to bring the influence of the New Right?

Unit XIII FOCUS QUESTIONS

Unit XIII FOCUS QUESTIONS The Cold War Begins Chapter 36 pp. 825-866 How and why did the American economy soar from 1950 to 1970? How did population changes shape American society following World War II?