5. Challenges and Change The Civil Rights Movement

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1 5. Challenges and Change The Civil Rights Movement The Struggle for Equality Integration of Public Schools Brown v. Board of Education Little Rock Central High The Struggle for Equality Equal access to public facilities Montgomery bus boycott Sit ins Freedom Rides Voter Rights Selma March Voter registration drives Civil Rights Legislation Civil Rights Act of 1964 Banned segregation in public accommodations Increased federal authority to enforce school desegregation Outlawed discrimination in employment on basis of race, color, and sex Twenty-Fourth Amendment (1964) Eliminated poll tax as voting requirement Voting Rights Act of 1965 Banned literacy tests as voting requirement Empowered the federal government to supervise voter registration and elections Fair Housing Act of 1968 Banned discrimination in housing Civil Rights Organizations Organization and Date Founded Key People Key Features National Association for the advancement of Colored People Thurgood Marshall Focused on legal cases to end segregation and gain legal equality (NAACP) 1909 Nation of Islam 1930 Elijah Muhammad; Malcolm X Advocated separation of the races Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) James farmer Organized peaceful protests to gain 1942 Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 1957 Student nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SCNC) 1960 Martin Luther King Jr James Lawson; Ella Baker; Stokely Carmichael civil rights Church based group dedicated to nonviolent resistance; organized demonstrations and protest campaigns Grass roots movement of young activists, organized voter education projects in the South Black Panther Party 1966 Huey Newton; Bobby Seale Militant group advocating armed confrontation; organized antipoverty programs

2 The Kennedy and Johnson Years The New Frontier Paves the Way New Frontier *Anti poverty programs *Peace Corps, Alliance for Progress *Education legislation *Healthcare legislation *Civil Rights Goals Great Society *Economic Opportunity Act *Volunteers in Service to America *Head Start *Medicare, MEdicaid *Civil Rights Act, 1964 The Warren Court Case The Issue Ruling Baker v. Carr Legislative reapportionment; 14 th amendment Federal courts could direct that election district boundaries be redrawn to ensure citizens political rights Engle v. Vitale 1 st Amendment establishment clause Recitation of a prayer in a public classroom was a violation of the establishment clause of the 1 st Gideon v. Wainwright Reynold v. Simms Escobedo v. Illinois Miranda v. Arizona Mapp v. Ohio Firths of the accused, 6 th and 14 th amendments Legislative reapportionment, 14 th amendment 6 th amendment; rights of the accused Rights of the accused, 5 th, 6 th, and 14 th amendments Search and seizure, 4 th and 14 th amendments Amendment All states must provide an attorney in all felony and capital cases for people who cannot afford one themselves Extended one person one vote principle; state legislative districts should be roughly equal in population so that every voter has an equally weighted vote Suspect has the right to counsel during police interrogations Before questioning suspects held in custody, police must inform suspects that they have the right to remain silent, that anything they say may be used against them, and that they have the right to counsel Ruled that evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Constitution is inadmissible

3 Cold War Challenges Bay of Pigs Berlin Cuban Missile Crisis American CIA arms and train anti-castro forces Kennedy meets with Khrushchev in Vienna United States discovers Soviet missile sites in Bay of Pigs invasion fails East Germans and Cuba Soviets suspect Soviets build Berlin Wall Kennedy imposes weakness in Kennedy In West Berlin, Kennedy blockade of Cuba delivers speech assuring West Germans of continued US support Khrushchev removes missiles from Cuba Roots of the US Action in Vietnam The Vietnam War Era French Surrender at Dien Bien Phu Before After French Indochinese War: French forces Geneva Accords: France grants battle Vietnamese communists under Ho independence to former colonies; Chi Minh Vietnam divided Cold War: Truman helps France in order SEATO: US assembles coalition to oppose to maintain Cold War alliance against the spread of communism in Southeast Asia Soviets US Intervention: US supports Domino Theory: Eisenhower continues anticommunist Diem regime and sends aid to French to prevent communist troops to Vietnam victory Arms Control Agreements Agreement Nuclear Test Ban Treaty SALT I Interim Agreement SALT I Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty Salt II Treaty Effect Banned testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere Froze existing number of weapons held by each side Set strict limits on missiles that could shoot down missiles from the other side Set absolute limit on number of weapons each side could hold

4 An Era of Protest and Change Rights Expanding Legislation Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) Panel on Mental Retardation Title VII of the Civil Rights Act Immigration and Nationality Act National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety act Environmental Protection Agency Clean Air Act Clean Water Act Endangered Species Act Indian Self Determination Act Proposed constitutional amendment to guarantee gender equality Explored ways the government could help people with disabilities Outlawed sex based discrimination Eased restrictions, making immigration easier for Latinos Mandated safety equipment in cars Established to clean up degraded environments and to prevent further contamination Limited emissions from factories and cars Limited pollution of water by industry and agriculture Protected endangered plants and animals Granted tribes greater control over resources on reservations Major Activists and Groups Activist/Group Betty Freidan/National Organization of Women (NOW) Phyllis Sclafly Cesar Chavez/United Farm Workers American Indian Movement (AIM) Rachel Carson Ralph Nader Influence of the Civil Rights Movement The Civil Rights Movement African Americans push for legal and social equality Groups use different tactics including protesting, raising social consciousness, and working for political and legal change Important legislation is passed, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Goal Win true equality for all women; pass ERA; make abortion legal Defeat the ERA Obtain better working conditions for migrant farm workers Secure legal rights and self-government for Native Americans; improve standard of living Publicize the dangers of chemicals to the environment Enact legislation and regulations to protect consumers The Civil Rights Movement Influence Other Protest Movements Goals Tactics Women, Latinos, Native Americans, and people with disabilities push for legal and social equality Environmental and consumer groups demand legal changes Women, Latinos, Native Americans and environmentalists use civil rights protest tactics to support their own cause

5 A Crisis in Confidence Watergate in Review Issues Presidential abuse of power (FBI wiretaps of enemies ) Limits of executive privilege Supreme Court s power to rule on presidential actions Willingness of Congress to confront presidential power Consequences Shook public confidence in government Damaged the reputation of the presidency Confirmed the independent power of legislative and judicial branches Demonstrated strength of checks and balances system Prompted laws to govern independent counsel investigations and reform election finance practices International Relations in the 1970s Internatioanl Relations in the 1970s HOT SPOTS DISPUTES Improvements Vietnam Cambodia Afghanistan Soviet Union Cuba OPEC countries Iran China Panama Isreal Egypt Nicaragua Economic Problems of the 1970s Slow economic growth Inflation Energy crisis Foreign competition

6 Domestic Controversies in the 1970s Court ordered busing Affirmative Action *Bakke case *Nixon's Philadelphhia Plan Domestic Controverises of the 1970s changing values Vietnam War *Antiwar demonstrations *Amnesty for draft resisters

The Sixties and Seventies. The Cold War cools down, Civil Rights get complicated, and the Baby Boomers come of age.

The Sixties and Seventies. The Cold War cools down, Civil Rights get complicated, and the Baby Boomers come of age. The Sixties and Seventies The Cold War cools down, Civil Rights get complicated, and the Baby Boomers come of age. Learning Targets Describe the Kennedy years, with specific detail covering: The election