Crisis of Authority. Part B: Domestic
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1 Crisis of Authority Part B: Domestic
2 Taking on Segregation Migrations during Reconstruction and World Wars caused more division between North and South NAACP (review ) Tried to get federal anti-lynching laws enacted Brown: Thurgood Marshall, Little Rock Nine Montgomery Bus Boycott: Rosa Parks, MLK MLK and the SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference Soul Force: Henry David Thoreau (civil disobedience), A. Philip Randolph (collective bargaining), and Gandhi (nonviolence) SNCC and CORE Students began with sit-ins to desegregate lunch counters A&T students at Greensboro Woolworths
3 Triumphs of a Crusade Freedom Riders CORE/SNCC students rode buses into South Provoked violence, JFK/RFK sent federal marshals ICC banned segregation on all interstate facilities Birmingham MLK arrested (Letters from Birmingham Jail) Children s crusade: arrested, fire hoses, attack dogs TV coverage outrages public, JFK sends Civil Rights bill to Congress March on Washington Led by A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Ruskin MLK s I Have Dream Speech Resulted in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 equal access in public accommodations
4 Triumphs of a Crusade Voting Rights 24 th Amendment ratified banned poll taxes Freedom Summer CORE/SNCC movement to register voters in the South Resulted in KKK violence and murders Selma Campaign MLK organized a 50-mile march from Selma to Montgomery to protest at the Alabama capital Federal marshals had to be sent to protect them Voting Rights Act of 1965 LBJ presented to Congress Eliminated literacy tests and gave federal officials power to register voters
5 Challenges and Changes Violence in cities increased due to de facto segregation, white flight, poverty, and job competition Nonviolent v. Militant Malcolm X: armed self-defense > Ballots or Bullets Stokley Carmichael: SNCC/CORE Black Power Black Panthers: revolutionary socialism Assassination MLK killed by James Earl Ray Riots broke out in over 100 cities LBJ appointed Kerner Commission: racism > poverty Civil Rights Act of 1968 Ended housing discrimination
6 Challenges and Changes Successes Ended de jure segregation in public accommodations, education, housing Voting rights led to election of African Americans: more power and better representation Limitations Poverty in the inner cities De facto housing segregation and white flight reversed progress toward school integration Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg - busing Affirmative action in education and the workplace: Effective? Reverse discrimination?
7 LBJ s Great Society War on Poverty In Congress, strong supporter of New Deal programs Economic Opportunity Act (1964): Job Corps, VISTA, Head Start, Community Action Program Medicare and Medicaid Civil Rights As Senate majority leader: Civil Rights Act of 1957 As President: Civil Rights Act of 1964, 24 th Amendment, Voting Rights Act of 1965 Other Areas of Reform Immigration: ended quota system Cities: Federal and low-income housing, HUD Education: Scholarships, PBS
8 LBJ s Great Society Warren Court Brown: separate inherently unequal Baker and Reynolds: one person, one vote through reapportionment Mapp : 4 th amend, exclusionary rule Gideon and Escobedo: legal counsel Miranda: rights read before questioning Limitations Vietnam took resources and attention away Conservative backlash over role of federal gov t and deficit spending
9 Latinos and Native Americans Latino groups Cesar Chavez: farm workers union, boycott Bilingual Education Act Native Americans AIM: often militant activist group Trail of Broken Treaties march, occupied the Bureau of Indian Affairs in D.C. Seized town of Wounded Knee, took hostages Legal remedies Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act Court settlements, recognition of tribal lands, financial compensation
10 Women Fight for Equality National Organization of Women (NOW) Betty Friedan, Feminine Mystique Childcare, education, workplace discrimination Roe v. Wade Protects right to an abortion in the 1 st trimester State can regulate more in 2 nd and 3 rd trimesters Conservative reaction Phyllis Schlafly: anti-feminist movement Defeat of the Equal Rights Amendment
11 The Nixon Administration New Federalism Revenue sharing: more power to state/local gov t to choose how to spend their federal money In some cases, he worked with Democrats in Congress Increased Social Security, Medicare/Medicaid, and food stamps Worked against Democrats on other Great Society programs Tried to impound funds for other programs (ex. housing, education) Abolished the Office of Economic Opportunity Southern Strategy Slowed school segregation Sued by NAACP as violation of Brown II and lost Supreme Court ruled in favor of busing in Swann Tried to stop Congress from extending Voting Rights Act giving federal gov t power to help register voters in the South
12 Watergate: Nixon s Downfall Imperial presidency More power to executive, distance from Congress Secrecy within a small group of advisors Law and Order Politics Had little tolerance for anti-war movement Used FBI/CIA/IRS against people on his enemies list Election of 1972 CRP broke into DNC headquarters at Watergate complex to steal campaign secrets, bug offices Tried to stop FBI investigation, bought silence of the burglars Won in a landslide
13 Watergate: Nixon s Downfall Senate investigation Testimony implicates Nixon in the cover-up Refuses to hand over taped conversations Saturday Night Massacre Spiro Agnew resigns over a bribery scandal Nixon uses 25 th Amend to appoint Gerald Ford VP U.S. v. Nixon Nixon claims executive privilege, but Supreme Court rules that it is a matter of criminal activity not national security The House begins impeachment proceedings Tapes are released, but with segments missing Nixon resigns, Ford becomes President
14 The Ford Years Pardon: angered the public, but freed him up to handle other issues Economic problems WIN: Whip Inflation Now failed due to lack on incentives to conserve energy Tight money policy: cut gov t spending, Fed raised interest rates > Worst recession since 1933
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