50 Years of Malawi in Charts

Transcription

1 5 Years of Malawi in Charts A Collection of Time-series Statistical Data 6 July 214 Malawi Society of Japan Statistics Study Team

2 To Malawi s 5th Anniversary of Independence

3 i

4 CONTENTS Introduction iv Brief Chronology 1 1 Environment Annual Rainfall at Selected Meteorological Stations Broad Land Use 4 2 Population Population Growth Population Cohorts District Population and Density Rural and Urban Population 12 3 Infrastructure Water, Sanitation and Electricity Roads and Railways Telephone Lines and Mobile Cellular Subscriptions Internet 2 4 Social Development Human Development Index Total Fertility Rate and Life Expectancy at Birth Mortality Rates Maternal Mortality Ratio Undernourishment and Food Deficit Prevalence and Therapy of HIV Incidence and Detection of Tuberculosis Malaria Poverty 38 5 Education School Education Literacy 42 6 Economy Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Household Consumption Capital Formation Agricultural Land Area per Farmer Cereal Production Labor Productivity Income Distribution 56 ii

5 7 External Aspects Exchange Rate and Inflation Purchasing Power Parity Ratio External Balance on Goods and Services Exports and Imports of Food and Fuel Exports and Imports of Ores and Metals International Tourism Official Development Assistance (ODA) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Doing Business Rankings in 76 8 Preliminary Analysis and Implications for Development National Accounts Macroscopic Productivity Population Density, Distribution and Industrial Development Industrial Development Framework 94 iii

6 Introduction On the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of independence of the Republic of Malawi, this file intends to help review the historical perspective since its independence in Each section of this collection of time-series statistical data of Malawi is basically structured as below. Section Title Brief description and interpretation of the charts below. Charts made from the table on the right side. A data table made from the website of the World Development Indicators of the World Bank ( unless otherwise specified. Not all the data is available from 196s. Some sections quote the source notes of the World Development Indicators to clarify the definitions of selected indicators. even numbered page odd numbered page All the data are from the World Development Indicators and other official sources. But their description and interpretation are our team s own and do not represent the views of the Malawi Society of Japan. We hope this file helps its users in their study and practice. Malawi Society of Japan Statistics Study Team (TSURUTA, Shinsuke tsuruta.toda@gmail.com) iv

7 Brief Chronology 1961 Malawi Congress Party (MCP) led by Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda wins the elections held for a new legislative assembly Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland is dissolved. Dr. Banda becomes prime minister of Nyasaland On 6 July, Nyasaland becomes Malawi as it wins independence from the UK Dr. Banda becomes president of the Republic of Malawi. The constitution establishes a one-party state Diplomatic relations with South Africa are established Dr. Banda becomes life-time president. The first batch of Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers is dispatched to Malawi The capital is officially relocated from Zomba to Lilongwe Lake Malawi National Park is designated as UNESCO World Heritage Embassy of Malawi is opened in Tokyo. Drought causes food shortage. Transformation from one-party system to multi-party system is decided by national referendum. Termination of the life-time president system is resolved. Presidential and parliamentary elections take place Mr. Bakili Muluzi of United Democratic Front (UDF) is elected president. The free primary education is introduced. Drought causes food shortage New constitution is in effect Presidential and parliamentary elections take place. President Muluzi is re-elected. TV broadcasting starts. 2 Local government elections take place. World Bank announces cancellation of half the external debt. 22 Drought causes food shortage. Railway line linking central Malawi and Nacala Port in Mozambique reopens. 24 Presidential and parliamentary elections take place. Mr. Bingu wa Mutharika of UDF is elected president. 25 President Mutharika leaves UDF and forms Democratic Progressive Party (DPP). Feed the Nation Fund is established to cope with food shortage. 26 New subsidy scheme for fertilizers starts. Chongoni Rock-Art Area is designated as UNESCO World Heritage. 28 Embassy of Japan is opened in Lilongwe. Diplomatic relations with Taiwan are switched to those with China. 29 Presidential and parliamentary elections take place. President Mutharika is re-elected. 21 President Mutharika becomes chairperson of the African Union. Design of the national flag is modified people die in anti-government protests. 212 President Mutharika dies and is succeeded by vice-president Joyce Banda of People s Party (PP). The national flag is restored to the original design. The biggest financial scandal in Malawi, Cashgate Scandal, is reported. 214 Presidential, parliamentary and local government elections take place. Mr. Peter Mutharika of DPP is elected president. Sources: Historical Dictionary of Malawi (Scarecrow Press ), BBC website, etc. 1

8 mm mm mm 1 Environment 1.1 Annual Rainfall at Selected Meteorological Stations No statistically significant trend of increasing or decreasing rainfall or increasing or decreasing fluctuations of rainfall is observed in the annual rainfall data at selected meteorological stations. The erratic rainfall has been common. It would cause heavier damages if more activities expanded in disadvantageous areas or necessary infrastructure, for example irrigation, was not in place. 3,5 Annual Rainfall at Selected Meteorological Stations in Northern Region 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1, Nkhata Bay Northern lake shore Rumphi Northern high land 5 3,5 Annual Rainfall at Selected Meteorological Stations in Central Region 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1, Nkhotakota Central lake shore Kasungu Central high land 5 3,5 Annual Rainfall at Selected Meteorological Stations in Southern Region 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1, Mulanje Southern high land Mangochi Southern river side 5 2

9 Year Norther Region Central Region Southern Region Nkhata Bay Northern lake shore Nkhotakota Central lake shore Kasungu Central high land Mangochi Southern river side Rumphi Northern high land Annual Rainfall at Selected Meteorological Stations Mulanje Southern high land mm mm mm mm mm mm ,598 1, , ,552 1, , ,32 1, , , ,56 1, , , ,613 1, , ,476 1, , ,374 1, , ,521 1, , ,595 1, , ,96 1, , ,664 1, , ,391 2, ,299 2, ,173 1, , ,196 2,221 1,3 1,138 1, ,165 2,2 1,21 1,81 1, ,656 1,671 1, , ,637 2,319 1, , ,39 1, , ,79 1, , , ,6 2, ,636 1, , ,668 2, , ,87 1, , ,429 1, , ,843 1, , ,49 1,427 1, ,56 1,282 1, ,16 1, ,416 2, , , , ,855 1, , ,575 1, , ,375 1, ,45 1, ,865 1, , ,396 1, , ,2 1, , ,758 1, ,236 3, ,928 1, , ,744 1,25 1,48 1,32 2, ,772 1, , ,15 1, , ,281 1, , Source: Statistical Yearbooks, National Statistical Office 3

10 Broad Land Use The forest area has been decreasing while the agricultural land area has been increasing more rapidly so that the remaining land area is decreasing. It is not sustainable to keep increasing the agricultural land by destroying forests. The agricultural irrigated land area in 28 was approximately 3 km 2 accounting for less than 1% of the total agricultural land. 12, Broad Land Use 1, km 2 8, 6, 4, 2, Bodies of water Other land area Agricultural land area Forest area Source note of the World Development Indicators Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanent pastures. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber. This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent pasture is land used for five or more years for forage, including natural and cultivated crops. Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens. 4

11 Broad Land Use Year Surface area Land area Forest area Agricultural land area Other land area Bodies of water km 2 km 2 km 2 km 2 km 2 km ,48 94,28 38,96 42,18 13,14 24,2 118,48 94,28 38,631 43,2 12,449 24, ,48 94,28 38,32 42,7 13,278 24,2 118,48 94,28 37,973 42,7 13,67 24, ,48 94,28 37,644 4,7 15,936 24, ,48 94,28 37,315 42,8 14,165 24, ,48 94,28 36,986 43,8 13,494 24, ,48 94,28 36,657 44,3 13,323 24, ,48 94,28 36,328 45,8 12,152 24, ,48 94,28 35,999 46,75 11,531 24, ,48 94,28 35,67 47,2 11,41 24, ,48 94,28 35,34 48,2 1,74 24, ,48 94,28 35,1 48,2 11,7 24, ,48 94,28 34,68 49,7 9,9 24, ,48 94,28 34,35 49,7 1,23 24, ,48 94,28 34,2 51,7 8,56 24, ,48 94,28 33,69 52,75 7,84 24, ,48 94,28 33,36 49,75 11,17 24, ,48 94,28 33,3 53,75 7,5 24, ,48 94,28 32,7 54,8 6,78 24, ,48 94,28 32,37 55,8 6,11 24, ,48 94,28 32,4 55,8 6,44 24,

12 % / year people per sq km of land area 2 Population 2.1 Population Growth The population growth rate has been high at around 3%. In 212, the population density reached nearly 17 per km 2. Rapid population growth causes various issues. Decrease of agricultural area per farmer and shortage of urban services are among the many serious problems. Population and Density 18,, 16,, 14,, 12,, 1,, 8,, 6,, 4,, 2,, Population (left axis) Population density (right axis) 7 Population Growth Rate

13 Population-related Data Year Population (left axis) Rural population Urban population (Urban population) /Population Ages -14 Ages Ages 65- Ages -14 Ages Ages 65- Population density (right axis) Population growth rate % % % %/year ,67,383 3,445, , ,652,486 1,863,468 91, ,693,68 3,523, , ,685,949 1,915,615 92, ,783,766 3,65, , ,72,765 1,97,129 92, ,877,229 3,69, , ,759,169 2,24,389 93, ,973,96 3,778, , ,82,796 2,76,636 94, ,73,777 3,864,57 29, ,852,29 2,126,24 95, ,177,347 3,953, , ,97,41 2,174,39 96, ,286,43 4,46,64 239, ,966,844 2,221,993 97, ,43,344 4,146, , ,3,791 2,272,731 99, ,529,749 4,255, , ,98,233 2,328,255 13, ,666,194 4,368, , ,169,132 2,388,993 18, ,812,216 4,49, , ,243,613 2,454, , ,967,159 4,618, , ,321,366 2,525, 12, ,129,915 4,753, , ,42,23 2,6, , ,299,532 4,894,12 45, ,485,296 2,68, , ,478,781 5,44, , ,571,841 2,766,881 14, ,668,178 5,22, , ,661,794 2,86,61 145, ,862,115 5,364, , ,753,812 2,957, , ,52,94 5,522,73 53, ,846,94 3,5,93 155, ,236,824 5,672, , ,937,831 3,138,74 16, ,43,934 5,81, , ,25,454 3,214, , ,559,281 5,936, , ,11,156 3,282, , ,731,171 6,77,49 654, ,21,361 3,359,283 17, ,958,278 6,266, , ,311,95 3,47, , ,264,519 6,526, , ,449,563 3,631,34 183, ,667,832 6,867,126 8, ,621,62 3,851, , ,15,4 7,276,29 873, ,821,383 4,12,774 27, ,655,185 7,73,11 952, ,25,316 4,47,9 222, ,15,429 8,78,282 1,27, ,2,943 4,666, , ,447,123 8,355,36 1,92, ,326,435 4,868, , ,657,518 8,58,215 1,149, ,391,151 5,, , ,759,434 8,564,762 1,194, ,46,8 5,75, , ,8,635 8,567,539 1,233, ,397,115 5,113, , ,851,737 8,578,656 1,273, ,42,14 5,149,68 299, ,964,65 8,642,531 1,321, ,448,57 5,26,627 39, ,153,315 8,779,328 1,373, ,544,66 5,291, , ,44,259 8,968,284 1,435, ,681,342 5,398,98 324, ,7,18 9,194,536 1,55, ,846,978 5,521, , ,12,77 9,433,419 1,579, ,2,443 5,654,93 338, ,321,496 9,667,425 1,654, ,186,89 5,789, , ,623,166 9,914,7 1,78, ,342,561 5,926,8 353, ,926,778 1,163,94 1,763, ,492,98 6,7, , ,238,739 1,418,55 1,82, ,641,855 6,224,75 372, ,569,91 1,688,11 1,88, ,796,167 6,389, , ,924,746 1,979,55 1,945, ,96,485 6,57,12 394, ,37,535 11,291,24 2,16, ,135,774 6,766,187 45, ,713,758 11,622,465 2,91, ,319,29 6,977, , ,138,27 11,968,36 2,169, ,57,22 7,2,75 43, ,573,338 12,322,457 2,25, ,694,672 7,433,99 444, ,13,694 12,68,116 2,333, ,878,62 7,674,33 461, ,457,531 13,31,379 2,426, ,55,632 7,921,733 48, ,96,483 13,385,592 2,52, ,228,657 8,176,831 5,

14 Population Cohorts The share of young population (-14 years) before the working ages is large (4-5%) indicating the need for fostering and educating a large number of children and the further population growth in the coming years. Population by Age Group 18,, 16,, 14,, 12,, 1,, 8,, 6,, 4,, Ages 65- Ages Ages -14 2,, Population Pyramids of 1966, 1977, 1987, 1998 and ,5 1, 5 5 1, 1, Male Unit: thousand Female

15 Sex and Age Cohorts of Population in 1966, 1977, 1987, 1998, and Age cohort Male Female Both sexes , ,92 748, ,618 31, , , , , ,727 29,87 41, , , , , ,242 32, , , , ,51 133,554 24, ,716 85, , ,329 98,61 181, ,219 57, , ,722 49,16 96, ,228 33,155 66, ,935 79, ,48 Not stated Total 1,913,262 2,126,321 4,39, Age cohort Male Female Both sexes ,55 551,566 1,8, , , , , ,8 57, ,816 28,18 54, ,83 254, , , , , ,86 161,81 36, , , , ,683 19, 23, , , , ,768 81,76 146, ,74 66,88 131, ,82 54,771 13, , ,15 248,389 Not stated 4,91 4,214 9,115 Total 2,673,589 2,873,871 5,547, Age cohort Male Female Both sexes ,428 75,522 1,393, , ,177 1,31, , , , ,134 42,537 77, ,85 37,119 67, ,639 38,82 59, , ,22 437, , ,71 424, , , , ,95 136, , ,697 16,53 198, ,683 9,28 175, ,367 77, , , , ,959 Not stated 2,849 1,83 4,652 Total 3,867,136 4,121,371 7,988,57 28 Age cohort Male Female Both sexes - 4 1,169,947 1,2,64 2,37, ,37 995,992 1,968, ,76 844,315 1,67, , ,28 1,276, , ,53 1,24, ,13 572,873 1,12, ,599 49, , , , , , , , , ,95 343, , , , , , , ,8 97, , ,38 81, , ,481 59,539 16, ,43 142,745 24,788 Total 6,358,933 6,718,227 13,77, Age cohort Male Female Both sexes , ,765 1,66, ,83 725,54 1,44, , ,55 1,232, ,865 56,71 1,87, , , , , , , ,8 298,161 61, ,43 245, , ,167 18,542 36, , , , , , , ,99 85, , ,251 8, , ,655 73, , ,31 52,739 98, ,881 83,28 157,89 Total 4,867,563 5,66,35 9,933,868 Source: Population and Housing Censuses, National Statistical Office 9

16 2.3 District Population and Density Lilongwe City and its suburbs, and Blantyre City and its surrounding towns have gained population concentration forming two national urban centers. District Population Chitipa Karonga Rumphi Nkhata Bay & Likoma Mzimba & Mzuzu Nkhotakota Kasungu Ntchisi Dowa Salima Mchinji Lilongwe including City Dedza Ntcheu Mangochi Machinga Balaka Zomba including City Mwanza & Neno Chiradzulu Blantyre including City Phalombe Mulanje Thyolo Chikwawa Nsanje , 1,5 2, thousand 6 5 District Population Density people/km District No. area in thousand km

17 Note: In 1966, Balaka was part of Machinga and Phalombe was part of Mulanje, so separate data is not available. The census population of Nsanje decreased from 1987 to Region No. District 1 Chitipa 2 Karonga Northern 3 Rumphi 4 Nkhata Bay & Likoma 5 Mzimba & Mzuzu 6 Nkhotakota 7 Kasungu 8 Ntchisi 9 Dowa Central 1 Salima 11 Mchinji 12 Lilongwe including City 13 Dedza 14 Ntcheu 15 Mangochi 16 Machinga 17 Balaka 18 Zomba including City 19 Mwanza & Neno Southern 2 Chiradzulu 21 Blantyre including City 22 Phalombe 23 Mulanje 24 Thyolo 25 Chikwawa 26 Nsanje Population and Density by District Region District Land area Population Population density per km 2 km Northern Chitipa 4,288 59,5 72,3 96, , , Region Karonga 3,355 77,7 16,9 148,14 194, , Rumphi 4,769 46,6 62,5 94,92 128,36 172, Nkhata Bay & Likoma 4,89 83,9 15,8 138, , , Mzimba & Mzuzu 1,43 229,7 31,4 433,696 61, , Central Nkhotakota 4,259 62,9 94,4 158,44 229,46 33, Region Kasungu 7,878 97,5 194,4 323,453 48, , Ntchisi 1,655 66,8 87,4 12,86 167,88 224, Dowa 3,41 182, 247,6 322, , , Salima 2,196 86,6 132,3 189, , , Mchinji 3,356 85,3 158,8 249, , , Lilongwe including City 6, ,5 74,1 976,627 1,346,36 1,95, Dedza 3,624 23,7 298,2 411, , , Ntcheu 3, ,7 226,5 358,767 37, , Southern Mangochi 6, ,7 32,3 496,578 61, , Region Machinga 3, ,5 195,2 31, ,614 49, Balaka 2, ,6 213, ,98 317, Zomba including City 2,58 282,4 352,3 441, , , Mwanza & Neno 2,295 42, 71,4 121, ,15 2, Chiradzulu ,2 176,2 21, ,5 288, Blantyre including City 2,12 237,3 48,1 589,525 89,397 1,1, Phalombe 1, ,7 218, ,99 313, Mulanje 2,56 398,9 37,8 419, , , Thyolo 1, ,8 322, 431, , , Chikwawa 4, ,1 194,4 316, , , Nsanje 1,942 11,2 18,8 24, , , Total Malawi 94,276 4,39,5 5,547,4 7,988,57 9,933,868 13,77, Source: Population and Housing Censuses, National Statistical Office 11

18 Rural and Urban Population Malawi s population is dominated by the rural population but the urban population share increased from 4% in 1961 to 16% in 212. In terms of population, Lilongwe City has surpassed Blantyre City and Mzuzu City has surpassed Zomba City. The total population of local urban areas is smaller than that of the cities but increasing the share, although cautious analysis is required because the city population is from the census and the urban population is from the World Development Indicators. Rural Population and Urban Population 18,, 16,, 14,, 12,, 1,, 8,, 6,, Urban population Rural population 4,, 2,, City Population 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, Lilongwe City Blantyre City Mzuzu City Zomba City 1, Source note of the World Development Indicators Urban population: People living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated using World Bank population estimates and urban ratios from the United Nations World Urbanization Prospects. Rural population: People living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population. Population and Housing Census 28, National Statistical Office In Malawi, Urban Areas refer to the four major cities of Blantyre, Lilongwe, Mzuzu and Zomba and other urban areas, which consist of Bomas (local administration centers) and gazetted town planning areas. 12

19 City Population Year Mzuzu City Lilongwe City Zomba City Blantyre City City population Urban population City pop/ Urban pop % , , , , , ,49 45,38 19,666 19, ,997 29, , , , , , , , , , , , 99, 24, 219, 358, 465, , , , , , , , , , , ,978 42, , , , , ,27, ,92,87 1,149, ,194,672 1,233, ,273, ,321, ,373, ,435, ,98 44,471 65,915 52,53 1,95,419 1,55, ,579, ,654, ,78, ,763, ,82, ,88, ,945, ,16, ,91, , ,448 88, ,256 1,557,986 2,169, ,25, ,333, ,426, ,52,891 Source: City population data from Population and Housing Censuses, National Statistical Office 13

20 % of population with access % of population with access 3 Infrastructure 3.1 Water, Sanitation and Electricity Access to improved water sources has been steadily expanded. The level of access to improved sanitation facilities has been lower but improving especially in rural areas, although the actual situation needs to be assessed. According to available data, access to electricity in the total population is still limited accounting for 9.% in 29 and 8.7% in Access to Improved Water Sources Urban Both Rural 1 9 Access to Improved Sanitation Facilities Urban Both Rural Source note of the World Development Indicators The improved water source includes piped water on premises (piped household water connection located inside the user s dwelling, plot or yard), and other improved drinking water sources (public taps or standpipes, tube wells or boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs, and rainwater collection). The improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush (to piped sewer system, septic tank, pit latrine), ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine, pit latrine with slab, and composting toilet. 14

21 Access to Improved Water Sources and Improved Sanitation Facilities Access to Improved Water Sources Access to Improved Sanitation Facilities Year Rural Urban Both Rural Urban Both % of population with access % of population with access % of population with access % of population with access % of population with access % of population with access

22 km 3.2 Roads and Railways The road network has been expanded as the dominant land transportation infrastructure. Railway service has been dormant but is being revitalized as a complementary transport means. Total Length of Roads and Railways 18, 16, 14, 12, 1, 8, 6, Total roads Total rail lines 4, 2, 16

23 Transportation Year Motor vehicles per 1, people Passenger cars per 1, people Total roads km Paved roads % of total roads Paved roads km Goods transported by railways million tonkm Passengers carried by railways million passengerkm Total rail lines , , , , , , , , , , km 17

24 Telephone Lines and Mobile Cellular Subscriptions The recent expansion of mobile phones has been tremendous. The mobile cellular subscriptions exceeded the telephone lines in 2. Then in the early 21s, the number of mobile phones was 2 times that of the telephone lines. Even in villages with no individual tap water and no power network, their traditional market places may have shops of prepaid cards for mobile phones. 3 Telephone Lines and Mobile Cellular Subscriptions per 1 People Telephone Mobile 5 18

25 Telephone Lines and Mobile Cellular Subscriptions Year Population Telephone lines Telephone per 1 people Mobile cellular subscriptions Mobile per 1 people ,67, ,693, ,783, ,877, ,973,96 3, ,73, ,177, ,286, ,43, ,529,749 6, ,666, ,812, ,967, ,129, ,299,532 8, ,478,781 9, ,668,178 1, ,862,115 11, ,52,94 13, ,236,824 14, ,43,934 15, ,559,281 16, ,731,171 17, ,958,278 18, ,264,519 19, ,667,832 21, ,15,4 22, ,655,185 23, ,15,429 25, ,447,123 26, ,657,518 28, ,759,434 3, ,8,635 32, ,851,737 33, ,964,65 34, ,153,315 35, , ,44,259 36, , ,7,18 37, , ,12,77 41, , ,321,496 46, , ,623,166 54, , ,926,778 73, , ,238,739 85,.7 135, ,569,91 93, , ,924,746 12, , ,37,535 13,.99 62, ,713, , ,5, ,138,27 111, ,57, ,573, , ,485, ,13, , ,117, ,457, , ,951, ,96, , ,419,

26 % of population No. of servers in Malawi 3.4 Internet The internet has been expanding very rapidly but it is still for a very limited population. Infrastructure for utilization of the information and communication technology needs to be further developed. 5 Internet 2 18 Internet users (left axis) Fixed broadband Internet subscribers (left axis) Secure Internet servers (right axis) Source note of the World Development Indicators Internet users: People with access to the worldwide network. Fixed broadband Internet subscribers: Broadband subscribers with a digital subscriber line, cable modem, or other high-speed technology. Secure Internet servers: Servers using encryption technology in Internet transactions. 2

27 Internet Year Internet users (left axis) Fixed broadband Internet subscribers (left axis) Secure Internet servers (right axis) % of population % of population

28 Human development index Component indicators 4 Social Development 4.1 Human Development Index The Human Development Index (HDI) defined by the United Nations Development Programme is a summary measure for assessing a long and healthy life, access to knowledge and a decent standard of living. Malawi s HDI has been rising as the component indicators, namely life expectancy at birth, expected years of schooling for children of school-entrance age, mean years of schooling of people aged 25 years and older, and the Gross National Income (GNI) per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP) in constant 25 international dollars, are in an upward trend. But they are still weak and unstable. In 212, Malawi s HDI was.418, lower than the Sub-Saharan Africa s average of.475. Human Development Index and Component Indicators Human Development Index (left axis) GNI per capita (25 PPP) Unit: 1$ (right axis) Life expectancy at birth (right axis) Expected years of schooling (right axis) Mean years of schooling (right axis) Source note of the World Development Indicators GNI based on purchasing power parity (PPP) is GNI converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. 22

29 Human Development Index and Component Indicators Year Life expectancy at birth (right axis) Expected years of schooling (right axis) Mean years of schooling (right axis) years years years GNI per capita PPP in constant 25 international $ GNI per capita (right axis) PPP in constant 25 international 1$ Human Development Index (left axis) Source: Human Development Report, UNDP 23

30 births per woman years 4.2 Total Fertility Rate and Life Expectancy at Birth Since 198s the total fertility rate has been decreasing, while the life expectancy at birth is in a generally upward trend except for 199s. The setback may partly be attributed to the prevalence of HIV/AIDS. Currently, the fertility rate is still too high and the life expectancy is still too short. Total Fertility Rate and Life Expectancy at Birth Total fertility rate (left axis) Life expectancy at birth (right axis) Source note of the World Development Indicators Total fertility rate: Number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with current age-specific fertility rates. Life expectancy at birth: Number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life. 24

31 Total Fertility Rate and Life Expectancy at Birth Year Total fertility rate (left axis) births per woman Life expectancy at birth (right axis) years

32 per 1, live births 4.3 Mortality Rates The mortality rates of infants and under-5 children have considerably decreased in spite of the setback during the middle of the 198s. Mortality Rates Mortality rate under-5 Mortality rate infant 5 Source note of the World Development Indicators Infant mortality rate: Number of infants dying before reaching one year of age, per 1, live births in a given year. Under-five mortality rate: Probability per 1, that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to current age-specific mortality rates. 26

33 Mortality Rates of Infants and Children under 5 Years Old Year Mortality rate infant per 1, live births Mortality rate under-5 per 1, live births (Mortality rate under-5) - (Mortality rate infant)

34 cases per 1, live births 4.4 Maternal Mortality Ratio The maternal mortality ratio has been steadily decreasing, although there is still a serious need for improvement. 1,2 Maternal Mortality Ratio 1, Maternal mortality ratio (national estimate) Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate) 2 Source note of the World Development Indicators Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 1, live births): Number of women who die during pregnancy and childbirth, per 1, live births. The data are estimated with a regression model using information on fertility, birth attendants, and HIV prevalence. Maternal mortality ratio (national estimate, per 1, live births): Number of women who die from pregnancy-related causes while pregnant or within 42 days of pregnancy termination per 1, live births. 28

35 Maternal Mortality Ratio (modeled estimate and national estimate) Year Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate) per 1, Maternal mortality ratio (national estimate) per 1, live births live births

36 % of population kilocalories per day per person 4.5 Undernourishment and Food Deficit Both the prevalence of undernourishment and the depth of food deficit decreased in the 199 s, but after the turn of the century they show back and forth movements instead of straight decrease. Undernourishment and Food Deficit Prevalence of undernourishment (left axis) Depth of food deficit (right axis) Source note of the World Development Indicators Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population): Population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption shows the percentage of the population whose food intake is insufficient to meet dietary energy requirements continuously. Depth of the food deficit (kilocalories per person per day): The depth of the food deficit indicates how many calories would be needed to lift the undernourished from their status, everything else being constant. The average intensity of food deprivation of the undernourished, estimated as the difference between the average dietary energy requirement and the average dietary energy consumption of the undernourished population (food-deprived), is multiplied by the number of undernourished to provide an estimate of the total food deficit in the country, which is then normalized by the total population. 3

37 Undernourishment and Food Deficit Year Prevalence of undernourishment (left axis) % of population Depth of food deficit (right axis) kilocalories per person per day

38 Prevalence % Coverage % 4.6 Prevalence and Therapy of HIV The prevalence of HIV of population aged 15 to 49 hit a peak at 16.1% in 1997 then gradually decreased to 1.8% in 212. Among the population under 15 years of age, the prevalence has been slowly decreasing from 3.1% in 24 to 2.5% in 212. The antiretroviral therapy coverage has been increasing in recent years among people with advanced HIV infection. Prevalence and Therapy of HIV Prevalence of HIV of population aged (left axis) Prevalence of HIV of population aged -14 (left axis) Antiretroviral therapy coverage of people with advanced HIV infection (right axis) 32

39 Prevalence and Therapy of HIV Year Prevalence of HIV of population aged (left axis) Children (-14) living with HIV Population aged -14 Prevalence of HIV of population aged -14 (left axis) Antiretroviral therapy coverage of people with advanced HIV infection (right axis) % % % , 4,326, , 4,391, , 4,46, , 4,397, , 4,42, , 4,448, , 4,544, , 4,681, , 4,846, , 5,2, , 5,186, , 5,342, , 5,492, , 5,641, , 5,796, , 5,96, , 6,135, , 6,319, , 6,57, , 6,694, , 6,878, , 7,55, , 7,228,

40 cases per 1, people detection rate % 4.7 Incidence and Detection of Tuberculosis The incidence of tuberculosis has decreased from 488 cases per 1, people in 1997 and 1998 to 163 cases per 1, people in 212. The tuberculosis case detection rate is in an increasing trend resulting in 78% in 212. Incidence and Detection of Tuberculosis Incidence of tuberculosis (left axis) Tuberculosis case detection rate (right axis) Source note of the World Development Indicators Incidence of tuberculosis (per 1, people): Estimated number of new pulmonary, smear positive, and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis cases. Incidence includes patients with HIV. Tuberculosis case detection rate (%, all forms): Percentage of newly notified tuberculosis cases (including relapses) to estimated incident cases. 34

41 Incidence and Detection of Tuberculosis Year Incidence of tuberculosis (left axis) cases per 1, people Tuberculosis case detection rate (right axis) % 35

42 4.8 Malaria The share of children receiving antimalarial drugs among the children under age 5 with fever increased from 24.9% in 26 to 43.4% in Children Receiving Antimalarial Drugs among Children under Age 5 with Fever %

43 Children Receiving Antimalarial Drugs among Children under Age 5 with Fever Children receiving antimalarial drugs Year among children under age 5 with fever %

44 % of population 4.9 Poverty The poverty headcount ratios at $2 a day and $1.25 a day have been decreasing. (The dollar here is in terms of the purchasing power parity (PPP).) But the ratios are still very high as the ratio at $2 was over 8% and the ratio at $1.25 was over 6% in 21. Lowering the ratios necessitates raising GDP per capita and narrowing the income gap. Poverty Headcount Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) Source note of the World Development Indicators Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) (% of population): Population below $2 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $2. a day at 25 international prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions. Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population): Population below $1.25 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $1.25 a day at 25 international prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions. 38

45 Poverty Headcount Year Poverty headcount ratio at $2 a day (PPP) % of population Poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) % of population

46 Education 5.1 School Education The gross enrollment ratio of primary schools jumped to over 16% in 1995 after the introduction of free primary education in After this peak, the ratio has been between 12% and 14%. The gross enrollment ratio of secondary schools hit the peak at 38% in 1999, then it has remained around 3%. The gross enrollment of tertiary schools has been less than 1%, although an increasing trend is observed in recent years. In primary schools, the gross enrollment ratio of girls has been higher than that of boys since 24. In secondary and tertiary schools, the ratio of girls is lower than the boys but the gap has been narrowing. Gross Enrollment Ratio of Primary Schools Gross Enrollment Ratio 1 % male female % Primary schools Secondary schools Tertiary schools Gross Enrollment Ratio of Secondary Schools % 25 male 2 female Gross Enrollment Ratio of Tertary Schools Gross Enrollment Ratio of Tertiary Schools % Tertiary schools 1..8 % male female Source note of the World Development Indicators Gross enrollment ratio: Total enrollment in the education, regardless of age. The ratio can exceed 1% due to the inclusion of over-aged and under-aged students because of late or early school entrance and grade repetition. 4

47 School Enrollment Ratios Primary Secondary Tertiary Year schools schools schools Primary schools Secondary schools Tertiary schools both sexes both sexes both sexes male female male female male female % % % % % % % % %