Diplomacy and World War II. U.S. Foreign Policy & Entrance into War
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1 Diplomacy and World War II U.S. Foreign Policy & Entrance into War
2 Essential Questions How, and for what reasons did United States foreign policy change between 1920 and 1941? Prior to Pearl Harbor, to what extent was US entrance into World War II inevitable?
3 Franklin Roosevelt s Policies Good Neighbor Policy Cooperation in order to avert threats Pan-American Conferences ( ) Cuba Nullified Platt Amendment (1934) Kept Guantanamo Mexico Oil crisis (1938) Economic Diplomacy Recognition of Soviet Union (1933) Philippines Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934) Reciprocal Trade Agreements Sec. State: Cordell Hull
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6 Events Abroad: Fascism & Aggressive Militarism Italy Rise of Il Duce Benito Mussolini Germany Rise of Der Fuhrer Adolf Hitler The Beer Hall Putsch, the Rohm Putsch, the Berlin Games ( 36), and the Rise of the Third Reich Japan Invasion of China Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
7 American Isolationists Lesson of World War I Nye Commission (1934) Merchants of Death Neutrality Acts 1935: prohibited arms shipments & forbade Americans to sail on belligerent ships 1936: forbade loans to belligerents 1937: forbade arms shipments to Spain Spanish Civil War Loyalists vs. Franco s Nationalists (fascists) America First Committee Lincoln Brigade
8 Prelude to War Appeasement Ethiopia, 1935 Italian Invasion Rhineland, 1936 German action China, 1937 The Panay Incident Sudetenland, 1938 Munich Conference Chamberlain s Peace for our time Roosevelt s Quarantine Speech (1937) Preparedness Increased military spending
9 Italian Invasion of Ethiopia (1935) Formation of Rome- Berlin-Tokyo Axis (Nov. 1936) Hitler Annexes Austria (1938) Anschluss 1930 Spanish Civil War ( ) Franco takes power (1939) 1940 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria (1931) U.S. Issues Stimson Doctrine German Occupation of Rhineland (1936) Birth of Appeasement & Rise of Pacifism U.S. Passes Series of Neutrality Acts Hitler Invades Sudetenland Prompts Munich (Sept. 1938)
10 From Neutrality to War, Outbreak of War in Europe German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact Invasion of Poland German blitzkrieg Invasions of Denmark, Norway, and France
11 Changing U.S. Policy Churchill-Roosevelt Relationship Cash and Carry 1939 Neutrality Act Selective Service Act (1940) 1.2 million trained Destroyers for Bases (Sept. 1940)
12 The Election of 1940 Roosevelt: Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars.: Republicans Wendell Willkie Against Roosevelt violating the two-term tradition Results: Roosevelt Garners 54%
13 The Arsenal of Democracy Four Freedoms Lend-Lease Act (March, 1941) Atlantic Charter Blueprint for United Nations Shoot-on-sight Policy (Sept. 1941) Attacks on USS Greer, Kearney, and Reuben James
14 Disputes with Japan U.S. Economic Action Rome-Tokyo-Berlin Axis formation (1940) US cuts off steel and scrap iron Japanese invasion of Indochina US freezes Japanese credit and cuts off oil supply Negotiations Sec. State Cordell Hull Rise of General Tojo
15 Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 Partial Surprise Japanese codes broken, attack imminent Declaration of War December 8, 1941 Germany and Italy Declare War on U.S. Germany Invades the Soviet Union
16 World War II: The Home Front America Responds to War
17 Essential Questions In what ways and to what extent was World War II responsible for ending the Great Depression in America? To what extent did the war effect the following groups: Mexican Americans African Americans Native Americans Japanese Americans Women
18 Mobilization Federal Government War Production Board (WPB, 1942) Office of War Mobilization (OWM) Office of Price Administration (OPA) Spending & Debt Increase GNP Grows (15%) $250 Billion Debt Business and Industry Research and Development Workers and Unions Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act (1943) Financing the War Income Tax War Bonds Propaganda Office of War Information Posters & Newsreels
19 WWII Propaganda
20 WWII Propaganda
21 The War s Impact on Society African Americans Mass Migration from South Double V Campaign 500,000 serve Tuskegee Airmen CORE (1942) March on Washington A. Philip Randolph Smith v. Allwright (1944) Mexican Americans Bracero program Zoot Suit Riots (Los Angeles, 1943) American Indians codetalkers
22 Japanese Americans Executive Order 9066 Internment Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) Nisei Soldiers Domestic: break codes Fought in Western Front
23 Executive Order 9066
24
25 Women 200,000 serve in uniform 5 million enter workforce 24% increase in married women working Received lower pay than male counterparts
26 Election of 1944 Roosevelt runs with Harry Truman Republicans: Thomas Dewey Results: 53% of Popular Electoral
27 World War II: The Battlefronts The War in Europe and the Pacific
28 Fighting Germany Defense at Sea, Attacks by Air Objectives: Overcome submarines Bomb and raid major cities From North Africa to Italy Operation Torch (Eisenhower & Montgomery, ) Sicilian & Italian Campaigns
29 D-Day and V-E Day Operation Overlord (June, 1944) Operation Neptune Battle of the Bulge (Dec. 1944) German Surrender Hitler s Suicide (April, 1945) Surrender: May 7, 1945 The Holocaust & Liberation of Concentration Camps
30 Fighting Japan MacArthur, Nimitz, and Island- Hopping Early losses Bataan, Coral Sea, Guadalcanal Turning Point, 1942 Midway Major Battles: Leyte Gulf (Oct., 1944) Emergence of kamikazes Okinawa Iwo Jima
31 Atomic Bombs Manhattan Project Oppenheimer, 1942 University of Chicago Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) Nagasaki (August 9) Japan Surrenders September 2, 1945 USS Missouri
32 The Decision to Drop the Bomb Arguments in Favor Target: Japan Japanese character: bushido & seppuku Prevent: long war, massive casualties Pacific front as lesson Target: Soviet Union Send a message Prevent: Soviet aggression & expansion Arguments Opposed Massive casualties & destruction Violated human rights Even if Hiroshima warranted, Nagasaki was not Weapons & the loss of human lives should not be used as diplomatic tools
33 Wartime Conferences Negotiations, Peace Treaties, and the End of War
34 The Big Three Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin Casablanca (Jan. 1943) Italian invasion & unconditional surrender Teheran (Nov. 1943) Liberation of France, Soviet Invasion of Germany
35 Yalta February, 1945 Germany to be divided in four Free elections for Eastern Europe Soviets to join war against Japan Foundations for United Nations
36 Potsdam Death of President Roosevelt (Truman) Replacement of Winston Churchill (Attlee) Resolutions: Unconditional surrender of Japan Criminal prosecution of Nazi leaders (Nuremburg)
37 The War s Legacy Results of World War II
38 Costs Deadliest War in Human History 50 million American Losses: 300,000 dead 800,000 wounded Debt Spending increased debt, but little damage overall domestically
39 United Nations Chartered April, 1945 San Francisco Collective Measures settle disputes peacefully General Assembly 50 nations Security Council 11 countries 5 Permanent Seats w/veto power US, Britain, France, China, and USSR
40 Legacy Socio-Economic Miracle High Standard of Living Baby Boom War Economy Education Technological Revolution Weapons Energy International Change Bi-polar World: Cold War Decolonization Civil Rights Movement Demographic Revolution Migration Fear and Paranoia Second Red Scare
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