CHAPTER 34 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War,

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1 CHAPTER 34 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War, Checklist of Learning Objectives After mastering this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Describe Franklin Roosevelt s early isolationist policies, and explain their political and economic effects. 2. Explain how American isolationism dominated U.S. policy in the mid-1930s. 3. Explain how America gradually began to respond to the threat from totalitarian aggression, while still trying to stay neutral. 4. Describe Roosevelt s increasingly bold moves toward aiding Britain in the fight against Hitler and the sharp disagreements these efforts caused at home. 5. Indicate how the United States responded to Nazi anti-semitism in the 1930s, and why it was slow to open its arms to refugees from Hitler s Germany. 6. Discuss the events and diplomatic issues in the growing Japanese-American confrontation that led up to Pearl Harbor. Multiple Choice Select the best answer and circle the corresponding letter. 1. Roosevelt torpedoed the international London Economic Conference of 1933 because he A. wanted to concentrate primarily on the recovery of the American domestic economy. B. saw the hand of Hitler and Mussolini behind the conference s proposals. C. wanted economic cooperation only between the United States and Britain, not the rest of Europe. D. resented the role of European bankers in bringing on the Great Depression and feared their return to influence. 2. Seeking to withdraw from overseas commitments and colonial expense, the United States, in 1934, promised future independence to A. Puerto Rico. B. the Virgin Islands. C. Cuba. D. the Philippines. 3. Roosevelt s Good Neighbor policy toward Latin America included A. a substantial program of American economic aid for Latin American countries. B. a renunciation of American intervention in Mexico or elsewhere in the region. C. an American military presence to block growing German influence in Argentina and Brazil. D. an American pledge to transfer the Panama Canal to Panama by the year The immediate response of most Americans to the rise of the fascist dictators Mussolini and Hitler was A. a call for a new military alliance to contain aggression. B. a focus on political cooperation with Britain and the Soviet Union. C. support for the Spanish government against fascist rebels. D. a deeper commitment to remain isolated from European problems.

2 5. The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 essentially required that A. United States remain neutral in any war between Britain and Germany. B. no Americans sail on belligerent ships, sell munitions, or make loans to nations at war. C. no belligerent power could conduct propaganda campaigns, sell goods, or make loans within the United States. D. the United States as a neutral power intervene to end the wars in China and Ethiopia and the Spanish Civil War. 6. The effect of the strict American arms embargo during the civil war between the Loyalist Spanish government and Franco s fascist rebels was to A. encourage a negotiated political settlement between the warring parties. B. strengthen the Spanish government s ability to resist Franco. C. push Britain and the Soviet Union to intervene in the Spanish Civil War. D. cripple the democratic Loyalist government while the Italians and Germans armed Franco. 7. The policy of appeasing the Fascist dictators reached its low point in 1938, when Britain and France sold out Czechoslovakia to Hitler in the conference at A. Geneva B. Versailles. C. Munich. D. Prague. 8. The cash-and-carry Neutrality Act of 1939 was cleverly designed to A. guarantee that American policy would not benefit either side in World War II. B. enable American merchants to provide loans and ships to the Allies without violating neutrality laws. C. prepare America for involvement in the war. D. aid Britain and France by letting them buy supplies and munitions in the United States without involving American loans or ships. 9. The destroyers-for-bases deal of 1940 provided that A. the United States would give Britain fifty American destroyers in exchange for eight British bases in North America. B. the United States would give Britain new bases in North America in exchange for fifty British destroyers. C. if America entered the war, it would receive eight bases in Britain in exchange for American destroyers. D. American destroyers would have complete access to eight British naval bases around the world. 10. The twin events that precipitated a clear change in American foreign policy from neutrality to active, though nonbelligerent, support of the Allied cause were the A. Munich Conference and the invasion of Poland. B. Nazis Kristallnacht and Mussolini s backdoor invasion of France. C. fall of Poland and the invasion of Norway. D. fall of France and the Battle of Britain. 11. In the campaign of 1940, the Republican nominee Willkie essentially agreed with Roosevelt on the issue of A. the New Deal. B. the third term. C. Roosevelt s use of power in office. D. foreign policy.

3 12. The Lend-Lease Act clearly marked A. the end of isolationist opposition to Roosevelt s foreign policy. B. an end to the pretense of American neutrality between Britain and Germany. C. a secret Roosevelt plan to involve the United States in war with Japan. D. the beginning of opposition in Congress to Roosevelt s foreign policy. 13. The provisions of the Atlantic Charter, signed by Roosevelt and Churchill in 1941, included A. self-determination for oppressed peoples and a new international peacekeeping organization. B. a permanent alliance between Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. C. a pledge to rid the world of dictators and to establish democratic governments in Germany and Italy. D. an agreement to oppose Soviet communism, but only after Hitler was defeated. E By the fall of 1940, over a year before Pearl Harbor, American warships were being regularly attacked by German destroyers near the coast of A. Spain. B. Ireland. C. Canada. D. Iceland. 15. The key issue that caused the negotiations between the United States and Japan to fail just before Pearl Harbor was A. the refusal of the Japanese to withdraw their navy from Hawaiian waters. B. America s insistence on its right to expand naval power in Asia. C. the Japanese refusal to withdraw from China. D. Japan s unwillingness to loosen its harsh rule in Korea.

4 CHAPTER 35 America in World War II, Checklist of Learning Objectives After mastering this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Indicate how America reacted to Pearl Harbor and prepared to wage war against both Germany and Japan. 2. Describe the mobilization of the American economy for war and the mobilization of manpower and womanpower for both the military and wartime production. 3. Describe the war s effects on American society, including regional migration, race relations, and women s roles. 4. Explain the early Japanese successes in East Asia and the Pacific, and the American strategy for countering them. 5. Describe the early Allied invasion of North Africa and Italy, the strategic tensions with the Soviet Union over the Second Front, and the invasion of Normandy in Discuss FDR s successful 1944 campaign against Thomas Dewey for a fourth term and his controversial choice of a new vice president. 7. Explain the final military efforts that brought Allied victory in Europe and Asia and the significance of the atomic bomb. Multiple Choice Select the best answer and circle the corresponding letter. 1. The fundamental American strategic decision of World War II was to A. attack Germany and Japan simultaneously with equal force. B. concentrate naval forces in the Pacific and ground forces in Europe. C. attack Germany first, while using just enough strength to hold off Japan. D. attack Germany and Japan from the back door routes of North Africa and China. 2. The major exception to the relatively good American civil liberties record during World War II was the harsh treatment of A. American fascist groups. B. Mexican-Americans. C. German-Americans. D. Japanese-Americans. 3. Wartime inflation and shortages of crucial goods were kept partly in check by A. government price controls and rationing. B. government takeover of critical factories and railroads. C. special bonuses to farmers and workers to increase production. D. importation of additional fuel and food from Latin America. 4. The Bracero Program, created by the federal government during World War II, was aimed to A. encourage Mexican American women to join the work force by providing government child care. B. enable Mexican immigrants to take over the homes and farms of interned Japanese Americans. C. relieve the agricultural labor shortage by bringing in temporary workers from Mexico. D. counteract the growing tension between Latinos and Anglos in California and the Southwest.

5 5. Compared to British and Soviet women during and after World War II, American women A. were less likely to work for wages in the wartime economy. B. worked more often in heavy-industry war plants. C. were a higher percentage of the nation s armed forces. D. more often stayed in paid employment following the war s end. 6. The Fair Employment Practices Commission was designed to A. prevent discrimination against blacks in wartime industries. B. prevent discrimination in employment against women. C. guarantee that those who had been unemployed longest would be the first hired. D. guarantee the right of workers to organize and strike if necessary. 7. The wartime migration of rural southern African Americans to northern and western urban factories was dramatically accelerated after the war by the invention of A. the cotton gin. B. the gasoline-powered mechanical combine. C. television. D. the mechanical cotton picker. 8. Besides African Americans, another traditionally rural group, which used service in the armed forces as a springboard to postwar urban life was A. Scandinavian-Americans. B. New England farmers. C. Indians. D. Japanese-Americans. 9. The 1942 battles of Bataan and Corregidor in the Philippines marked the beginning of A. the American comeback from the terrible defeat at Pearl Harbor. B. air warfare conducted from the decks of aircraft carriers. C. brutal tropical warfare in which atrocities were committed on both sides. D. the rebellion of Filipinos and others against cruel Japanese rule. 10. The essential American strategy in the Pacific called for A. securing bases in China from which to bomb the Japanese home islands. B. carrying the war into Southeast Asia from Australia and New Guinea. C. island hopping by capturing only the most strategic Japanese bases and bypassing the rest. D. seizing rapid control of islands near Japan so that the Japanese home islands could be bombed. 11. The U.S. British demand for unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan was A. a sign of the Western Allies confidence in its ultimate victory. B. designed to weaken Japan s and Germany s will to resist. C. a sign of the Western Allies eagerness to reassure the Soviets in the absence of a Second Front. D. developed in close cooperation with the Soviet Union. E. aimed at encouraging German and Japanese dissidents to overthrow their governments. 12. The American conquest of Guam and other islands in the Marianas in 1944 was especially important because it A. halted the Japanese advance in the Pacific. B. was the first time that the United States had reconquered its own territories from Japanese rule. C. indicated that the Japanese would surrender without an invasion of the home island. D. made possible round-the-clock bombing of Japan from land bases.

6 13. The most difficult and brutal European fighting for American forces through most of 1943 occurred in A. France. B. Italy. C. North Africa. D. Belgium. 14. Hitler s last-ditch effort to stop the British and American advance in the west occurred at the Battle of A. Normandy. B. Rome. C. the Bulge. D. El Alamein.