2. Industrialization and Urbanization
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1 2. Industrialization and Urbanization
2 2.1 The Industrial Age, Immigration and Urban Life,
3 2.1 The Industrial Age,
4 2.1.1 Dreamers Workers Corporations
5 2.1.4 Government Emergence of Labor Unions Captains of Industry or Robber Barons?
6 2.1.1 Dreamers
7 Birth of Industry 1876: Thomas Edison (opens invention factory) 1878: Incandescent bulb Edison used direct current, electricity could span 1 or 2 miles
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9 George Westinghouse Used alternating currents, distance transmission more efficient Samuel Insull: electric utility empire
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11 Henry Villard and J.P. Morgan Financiers, start General Electric Company
12 Thomas Edison: The Wizard of Menlo Park first major industrial research laboratory ingenious inventor mass production innovator
13 Phonographs, telephones, telegraphs, incandescent electric lighting, fluoroscopes, kinetoscopes, etc.
14
15 Henry Ford & the Automobile Industry Henry Ford (1890 s): electrical engineer Used a German engine (Daimler s) to power vehicle
16 1909: I will democratize the automobile; everybody will be able to afford one. 1913: First assembly line 1914: Ford sold 248,000 Model T cost $490
17 2.1.2 Workers
18 Machines reduced the need for skilled workers ( ) Employers cut labor costs by hiring women and children
19 Employed women soared from 2.6 million to 8.6 States passed child labor laws: minimum age laws and maximum hours
20 Women Canning Shrimp, 1893
21 Long hours, low pay, and wretched working conditions A family wage for workers was more hope than reality.
22 Child Labor: A Sad Reality
23 Gibson Girl, 1899 Charles Dana Gibson s drawings of healthy, athletic, young women The Gibson Girl Inspired new standards of female fashion. symbolized women s growing independence & assertiveness.
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25 Breaker Boys at South Pittson, PA, 1911
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27 The Strike by Robert Koehler, 1886 Such scenes became more common more in late 19 th century America as industrialism advanced spectacularly and ruthlessly.
28 2.1.3 Corporations
29 How Did Railroads Contribute to Expansion? Positives Negatives Contributions Faster and cheaper travel Easy to run Native American population decrease Unsafe Work: 2,000 died per year Standard Time Credit Mobilier Scandal Cities Form Corruption Grange Movement
30 Railroads = Time Machines?
31 Pullman built railroad cars Pullman built a town for his employees
32
33 Pullman s Town Employees paid rent to live in Pullman homes Bought groceries from a Pullman store
34 Effects of Industry Rise of the Middle Class Belief in Laissez- Faire
35 2.1.4 Government
36
37 The Court Holden v. Hardy (1896) Court upheld a law regulating miners working hours because long workdays increased potential injuries
38 Lochner v. New York (1905) Court voided a law that limited bakery workers to a 60- hour week / 10- hour day
39 Muller v. Oregon (1908) Upheld limiting laundry women to a 10-hour workday For a woman s well-being
40 Interstate Commerce Act 1887: federal government can regulate interstate trade in the public interest
41
42 Sherman Antitrust Act Made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade Did not define a trust, so law was very hard to enforce
43 2.1.5 The Emergence of Labor Unions
44 Long Hours and Dangers 12 hour days x 6 day weeks No vacation / no sick days Injuries were common / no workman s comp
45 died per week Child labor was common Very low wages
46
47
48 Can His Parents Afford to Send Him to School? Can he afford to not attend school?
49 Early labor organization Knights of Labor: open to all 700,000 members (1886)
50 Organized Labor Samuel Gompers founds the American Federation of Labor Known as the AFL
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52
53 AFL Focused on collective bargaining, negotiation between sides : won shorter work days & higher wages
54 Great Strike of 1877 B&O railroad workers: Strike after 2nd wage cut in two months
55 Freight and Passenger traffic stops for 2 weeks President steps in because strike affected interstate commerce
56 Haymarket Affair 1886: 3,000 workers gather to protest police brutality Police arrive; someone throws a bomb 7 police and several protestors die
57 The Haymarket Tragedy Chicago, 1886
58 Eugene Debs Industrial Unions American Railway Union: skilled and unskilled workers Socialist agenda
59 Public Outcry against the Haymarket Assassins
60 Homestead Strike Workers went on strike at Carnegie s steel factory in 1892 because of wage cuts Pennsylvania National Guard called in to break up strike
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62 Pullman Company Strike Pullman company laid off 3,000 employees
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64 Pullman Company President called in National Guard strikers were fired
65 2.2 Immigration and Urban Life,
66 2.2.1 The Modern City Urban Sprawl From New Immigration to Immigration Restriction Housing and Housing Reform
67 2.2.5 Quality of Life Bosses of Courses Leisure and Recreation Newspapers and Other Media
68 2.2.1 The Modern City
69 The Modern City Industrial Development Cities mainly specialized Distinct districts within cities Working class, downtown, suburbs Mass Transportation
70 Mechanization of Mass Transportation Moved people faster and farther By 1870 s: motor driven conveyances Commuter railroads
71 1880 s: cable cars 1890 s: electricpowered streetcars (trolleys) Elevated trains (els)
72
73
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75 2.2.2 Urban Sprawl
76 Urban Sprawl Mass transit allows for a commuting public Growing middle class can pay for streetcar rides into the city for work, shopping, & entertainment Urban core became work zone
77
78 Urbanization Growth of cities Urban Americans increased 10 m -> 54 m from 1870 to 1920
79 2.2.3 From New Immigration to Immigration Restriction
80 Immigration Old & New Old ( ): Northern & Western Europe (mostly) Protestant, literate, non-destitute British Isles, German States, France, Scandinavia, Ireland, etc.
81 New ( ): Southern & Eastern Europe (mostly) Catholic/ Jewish, illiterate, destitute Italy, Russia, Poland, Austria-Hungary, Greece, etc.
82 Immigration Restrictions Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Suspended Chinese Immigration, and prohibited naturalization of Chinese Geary Act (1892): Chinese must carry certificates of residence
83
84 Gentlemen s Agreement (1907) U.S.-Japanese understanding to discourage immigration Japan agreed not to issue passports to emigrants to the United States, except to certain categories of business professionals.
85 The Emergency Quota Act (1921) & the National Origins Act (1924) severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern & Eastern Europe and essentially excluded Asians.
86
87 desirable and undesirable immigrants: based on homeland
88 Americanization Movement Goal: To assimilate new arrivals Undertaken by government and concerned citizens
89 Mixed success: immigrants interacted with the urban environment to retain their identity
90 2.2.4 Housing and Housing Reform
91 Tenements Multifamily urban dwellings Serious shortage of adequate housing in the cities
92 Result: overcrowded and unsanitary conditions NYC s Lower East Side averaged 702 people per acre Among highest population densities in the world
93
94
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98 Housing Reform NY leads with tenement laws in 1867, 1879, and 1901 Laws establish light, ventilation, and safety codes
99 Reformers Jacob Riis and Lawrence Veiller advocated for model tenements with spacious rooms and better facilities
100 2.2.5 Quality of Life
101 Crime Rates and Violence Crime and disorder prevalent in cities Domestic violence, muggings, and gang fights made cities turbulent
102 Nativists were quick to blame immigrants for crime Water quality so bad in tenement districts that brown whiskey cocktail is named the Manhattan.
103
104 Settlement Houses Community centers in slums Started by Jane Addams Hull House (Chicago)
105
106 2.2.6 Bosses of Courses
107 Political Machines Organizations whose main goals were the rewards of getting and keeping power - money, influence, prestige
108 Machine politicians routinely used fraud and bribery to further their ends Also provided relief, security, and services to voters
109 Political Boss Built power bases among urban working classes, especially new immigrants Wanted VOTES
110
111 Controlled jobs, business licenses, and courts Provide support for local business Exchanged favors for votes and money
112 Function of Political Machines Derived power from inner-city neighborhoods Constructed urban infrastructure, like public buildings, sewer systems, schools, bridges, and mass transit lines
113
114 2.2.7 Newspapers and Other Media
115 Newspapers Mass circulation Penny press Joseph Pulitzer s contribution Large Sunday edition Comics Sports section Women s news
116
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118 William Randolph Hearst 1895: filled papers with exaggerated tales of personal scandals, cruelty and crime
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123 Fine Arts Ashcan school of American art painted urban life
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130 Popular Fiction Reading became popular Mark Twain Stephen Crane Jack London
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