U. S. History Topic 9 Reading Guides Industry and Immigration

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1 1 U. S. History Topic 9 Reading Guides Industry and Immigration Lesson 1: Innovation Boosts Growth Key Terms: Use the textbook or quizlet.com to define the following term entrepreneur free enterprise laissez faire protective tariff patent Thomas Edison Bessemer process suspension bridge time zone mass production cash crop

2 2 Text 1: American Industry Grows What natural resources helped to fuel economic development? What technological innovation changed the oil industry in the mid-1800s, and how did it change that industry? Summarize the impact of immigration on the U.S. workforce and the growth of industry during the nineteenth century. What idea was promoted by Horatio Alger s stories? How did the federal government help fuel economic development? How did each of these steps individually help both businesses and the country grow? 3. 4.

3 3 Topic 9; Lesson 1 (cont.) Text 2: Innovation Drives Economic Development According to your textbook, what innovations were developed by the following? Thomas Edison George Westinghouse Alexander Graham Bell Gugliemo Marconi Henry Bessemer Glanville Woods Gustavus Swift Orville and Wilbur Wright In your opinion, which single innovation had the biggest impact on the nation and why? Cite evidence from the text to support your conclusion. How did the telephone and telegraph change the lives of Americans? According to your textbook, what developments were created by the Bessemer process? Explain how the electric streetcar changed the demographics of 19 th century cities.

4 4 How did railroads and factories cause a spiral of growth during the Industrial Revolution. Identify details that explain and support this idea. Text 3: Industrialization in the South Use this Venn diagram to compare and contrast industrialization and agriculture in the old and new South. Consider factors such as what the South did with raw materials like cotton, wood, and iron ore; what kinds of crops southern farmers grew; and what transportation systems linked major southern cities. What issues did the South face that caused the southern economy to fall behind that of the northern economy?

5 5 Topic 9; Lesson 1 (cont.) What caused the decline in cotton prices following the Civil War? Why did the South s dependence on one crop cotton so hurtful to the region s economy? During the Industrial Revolution, many people moved away from farms and into cities. What caused this migration? What effects did moving into the city have on the people who chose to do this? Using examples from your text, what were at least two benefits of industrialization to the United States? What were at least two problems that it caused?

6 6 U. S. History Topic 9 Reading Guides Industry and Immigration Lesson 2: Big Business Rises Key Terms: Use the textbook or quizlet.com to define the following term corporation monopoly cartel John D. Rockefeller horizontal integration trust vertical integration Social Darwinism Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) Sherman Antitrust Act Text 1: Corporations Find New Ways of Doing Business How did the industrialization of the mid-1800s change the way businesses operated? Before After

7 7 Why were corporations an optimal form of business for many following the Civil War? Use evidence from the text to support your claim. What were some ways big businesses used to gain an advantage in maximizing profits in their respective fields? What was the purpose of cartels? In what ways are horizontal integration and vertical integration similar? In what ways are they different?

8 8 Topic 9; Lesson 2 (cont.) Text 1: (cont.) For each type of integration, give an example from the text of a corporation that used the strategy, and explain how the corporation used it. Vertical Horizontal How did vertical integration affect production costs? How can corporations be good for American consumers? How can they be bad for consumers? Use evidence to support your answers. Text 2: The Pros and Cons of Big Business Summarize the difference between a robber baron and a captain of industry Text 3: The Changing Relationship Between Government and Business In what ways did the federal government attempt to regulate business in the late 1800s?

9 9 In what ways was the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) limited? What was the ICC the first federal government entity to do? How did the Supreme Court affect both the ICC and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act? How did the ICC represent the changing relationship between the U. S. government and business? What central points does the text make about the ongoing relationship among business, government, and consumers?

10 10 U. S. History Topic 9 Reading Guides Industry and Immigration Lesson 3: The Organized Labor Movement Key Terms: Use the textbook or quizlet.com to define the following terms sweatshop company town collective bargaining socialism Knights of Labor Terence V. Powderly Samuel Gompers American Federation of Labor (AFL) Haymarket Riot Homestead Strike Eugene V. Debs Pullman Strike Text 1: Workers Endure Difficulties Summarize what it was like to work in a sweatshop in the late 1800s. Include details from the text.

11 11 Why did many children hold factory jobs at the end of the 1800s? How did working at young ages affect these children? For what reasons did social workers push for child labor laws in the late 1800s? What were the benefits of company towns and company stores to the businesses that ran them? Why could it be called wage slavery? Cite evidence to support your conclusions. Text 2: The Growth of Labor Unions What complaints did factory workers have in the late 1800s? Use details from the text to explain the relationship between the Knights of Labor and the socialist movement in Europe.

12 12 Topic 9; Lesson 3 (cont.) Text 2 (cont.) How were the goals and actions of the Knights of Labor similar to those of the American Federation of Laborers (AFL)? How were the goals and membership different? Text 3: Labor Unions Lead Protests Why did public opinion begin to turn against unions after the Haymarket demonstration in Illinois and the Homestead Strike in Pennsylvania? Support your answer with evidence from the text. What argument did the railroads use in court to persuade the government to end the Pullman workers strike? Explain the argument. What was the outcome and the long term effect of the Pullman Strike? In your opinion, were workers justified in striking against Pullman? Explain why or why not, using details from the text s explanation of events leading up to the strike to support your answer.

13 13 U. S. History Topic 9 Reading Guides Industry and Immigration Lesson 4: The New Immigrants Key Terms: Use the textbook or quizlet.com to define the following terms new immigrants steerage Ellis Island Angel Island Americanization melting pot nativism Chinese Exclusion Act Text 1: New Immigrants Seek Better Lives How were the new immigrants that came to the United States between 1870 and 1900 different from earlier immigrants? How were these new immigrants treated by native-born Americans? Why?

14 14 Explain what a push factor is and what a pull factor is; then use the graphic organizer below to record each reason that immigrants came to the United States in the correct column either Push or Pull. How did the United States encourage people to move west? How did private companies aid in this movement? Why? Text 2: Optimism and the Immigrant Experience What issues did potential immigrants have to consider when deciding to move to America? 3. Why were first- and second-class passengers able to enter into the United States right away, while third-class (steerage) passengers had to pass through Ellis Island?

15 15 Topic 9; Lesson 4 (cont.) Text 2 (cont.) In order to pass through Ellis Island, what did an immigrant had to prove? Most immigrants who entered the United States through Angel Island were from? Describe the difference between what immigrants would experience in processing at Ellis Island as opposed to Angel Island? What might account for this difference? Text 3: Social Issues Affecting Immigrants What advantages did city ghettoes provide immigrants? What was the focus of Americanization programs? For what reasons did nativist Americans want to restrict immigration? Economic reasons Society reasons Religious reasons Take a look at the cartoon on p. 338 in the text (p. 5 of 8 in Text 5 in Pearson Realize). Answer the question, What do the shadows behind the well-dressed men represent?

16 16 What were some unintended consequences of the Chinese Exclusion Act? Text 4: Immigrants Affect Society Lucky 13!: In what ways did immigrants play a part in transforming American society?

17 17 U. S. History Topic 9 Reading Guides Industry and Immigration Lesson 5: A Nation of Cities Key Terms: Use the textbook or quizlet.com to define the following terms urbanization rural-to-urban migrants skyscraper Elisha Otis mass transit suburb Frederick Law Olmsted tenement cholera Text 1: Americans Migrate to Cities How did urbanization contribute to the growth of the middle class? What opportunities did cities provide for women? Why would immigrants from the same countries wind up working in the same factories?

18 18 What technological innovations contributed to farmers migrating to the city in the late nineteenth century? What push factors drove farmers to give up their farms and move to the city? What pull factors might have attracted farmers to city life? Text 2: Technology Improves City Life What innovations helped make the construction of skyscrapers possible? How did skyscrapers help fuel urban growth? What advantages did the electric street car have over older forms of public transportation? What issues did electric streetcars that made them impractical in some cities? How did Boston deal with the above issues?

19 19 Topic 9; Lesson 5 (cont.) Text 2 (cont.) How did the electric streetcar change urban areas? Why did many working-class people remain in cities even though suburbs with better living conditions were available? Which invention or innovation do you think had the most important impact on daily life in U.S. cities? Support your answer with details from the text. Text 3: Urban Living Creates Social Issues What were the three major issues that affected cities in the late 1800s? 3. Summarize tenement life. Use details from the text to support your description. What purpose did Jacob Riis want to accomplish when he wrote How the Other Half Lives?

20 20 What conditions in cities led to the outbreaks of epidemics such as cholera? What steps did cities take to solve the issue of cholera? What did cities do to make urban areas safer?

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