(l point) Soft-drlnk bottling Bread products

Transcription

1 2OIO SCORING GUIDELINES Ouestion I According to Alfred Weber's theory of industril loction, three fctors determine the locti.on of mnufcturing plnt. the loction of rw mterils, the loction of the mrket, nd trnsporttion costs Prt A (2 points) Using n exmple of specific industry other thn the one portryed on the mp bove, explin under wht conditions n industry would locte ner the mrket. Exmples of pproprite industries (l point) Softdrlnk bottling Bred products Explntion (l point) Weight/bulk re glned in processing/mnufcturing; therefore the industry loctes close to the mrket in order to minimize trnsporttion costs. l'/ofe: The industry identified must mtch the explntlon. Prt B (2 points) Using n exmple of specific industry other thn the one portryed on the mp bove, explin under wht conditions n industry would locte ner rw mterils. Exmples of pproprite industries (l point) Copper smelting Lumber products used for pper or furniture Explntion (l point) Weight/bulk re lost in processing/mnufcturing; therefore the industry loctes close to the source of rw mterils in order to minimize trnsporttion costs. l'/ote: The industry identified must mtch the explntion. Prt C (2 points) Using the mp bove nd Weberin theory, explin the geogrphy of ethnol plnts in the United Sttes Fctor for plnt loction (1 point) Plnts re locted close to the key rw mteril of corn in order to minimize trns'oorttron costs. Explntion (1 point) Ethnol is weight/bulklosing industry. Corn is bulky; thus plnts re built close to the supply of rw mteril in order to minimize trnsporttion costs nd mximize profit. l/ofe: "Explin" ln this cse should men "tell why." The explntion should be linked to Weber's theory nd discuss the weightioss sltution, or the second point is not wrded. O 2010 The College Bord. Visit the College Bord on the Web:

2 2OII SCORING GUIDELINES Ouestion 3 Industril loction models re used to explin geogrphic ptterns of economic ctivrty. The mps bove show utomobile fctorres built before nd fter 1986 in the United Sttes. Prt A (2 points) Identify TWO chnges m the geogrphy of utomobile fctory construction shown by the mps. 1. Interntionlbsed chngre in the qeogrphy of plnt constructlon. Increse in the number/investment of foreignowned utomobile plnts OR b. Increse in both smll nd especrlly lrgersize, foreignowned utomobile plnts ltrofej Students cnnot ern 2 points for listing two interntionlbsed chnges. 2. Domesticbsed chnqe in the qeoqrph:/ of 'olnt construction.. Increse in the number/investment of utomobile plnts in the South or Southest prt (Sun Belt) of the United Sttes b. Increse in number/investment of utomobile plnts built wy fiom the trditionl core of the Americn mnufcturing belt (Rust Belt) c. Decrese in the number of Amerlcnowned utomobile plnts d. Decrese in the number/investment of utomoblle plnts west of the Mississippi River 4,/ofes. Students cnnot ern credit by simply counting the chnge in number of plnts per stte.. Students my ern 2 points for identlfying TWO domesticbsed chnges. Prt B (4 points) Identify nd explin TWO fctors relted to industril loction tht my hve contributed to the chnges. Identifiction (l point ech) Explntion (1 point ech) 1. Lowcost lbor (not lowskilled or uneducted workforce) More nonunionized lbor in the South (or Southest or Sun Belt). Righttowork sttes in the South (or Southest or Sun Belt). 2. Mrket. More foreignowned compnies to minimlze shipping costs (cheper trnsporttion costs). o More foreignowned compnles to void pying federlly imposed triffs. o United Sttes represents one of the world's lrgest mrkets for utomobile consumption. 3. Deindustriliztion (North only) o Shifting or reloction of utomobile plnts becuse of high lbor costs (unions) in the North. o Obsolete infrstructure in the North (or Rust Belt). o Outsourcing domesttc compnies shifting from sttes ln the North to IMexico. O 2011 The College Bord. Vlsit the College Bord on the Web:

3 4. Government policies HUMAN GEOGRAPHY 2OTT SCORING GUIDELINES Question 3 (continued) Economic nd development incentives proindustril policies. Connection to preexisting infrstructure systems e g., ccess to interstte highwys, ril spurs, wter/sewge/electricity. Stte nd locl txes lower in the South, higher in the North. Vrinces on zonins nd environmentl regultions. 5. Chep lnd. Accessible nd vilble sites rn the South cost less thn ccessible nd vilble sites in the North. 6. Avilble infrstructure o Costefficient interstte highwy systems in the South (or Southest or Sun Belt). r Costefficient ril system in the South (or Southest or Sun Belt).. Allows quick nd inexpensive ssembly of supplies for the mnufcture of utomobiles nd efficient distribution of utomobiles to cr delerships. o Fcilittes iustintime production. 7. Chep energy Abundnt, inexpensive supplies of energy in the South. South (or Southest) ls below the ntionl verse for $/twn. A/ofe: No identifiction or explntion points should be wrded for the mention of rw 2011 The College Bord. Visit the College Bord on the Web: wr,vw.collegebord.org

4 2OO7 SCORING GUIDELINES Ouestion 3 Economic restructuring is trnsforming the world economy. Prt A Define nd discuss the key fetures of the new interntionl division of lbor (lso known s globl dj.vision of lbor). (2 points) "... the reorgniztion/reloction of economic ctivities (e.9., jobs) from ntionl to globl scle." Economic interdependence/ globliztion Trnsporttion/communictions Comprtive dvntge Outsourcing/of f shoring Profit drive Trde greements Foreign mngement Dependence of the cole (MDC) on lowercost production fiom the lessdeveloped countries (LDCs) for mssproduced soods. Timespce compression vi communictions nd trnsporttion efficiencies leds to seprtion of production nd consumntion. Advntges to loctions tht combine lower operting costs (lbor, txes, relxtion of environmentl regultions, speciliztion efficiencies) resulting in trde/sle opportunities. Specilized jobs contrcted to compnies/loctions in order to chieve comprtive dvntqes. Trnsntionl/multintionl corportions need to reduce costs. Forml greements such s NAFTA nd compny/country pcts tht reduce trde brriers (triffs, borders). Upper mngement is from MDCs nd not the locl economv. Prt B Explin n impct of the new interntionl division of lbor on the socioeconomic structure of the United Sttes. (2 points) Unemployment Deindustriliztion Profit Internl migrtion Job iosses ffect the middle ciss. The remining mngement nd service jobs increse the income qp. Regionl unemployment requires retooling/reeduction into tertiry/quternry sector iobs. Drive for profits vi divrsron to LDCs hs combined with consumerism to swell retil jobs. However, these jobs re lrgely t the prt time/nonbenefit level. Mlgrtion from res of unemployment to res of em'olovment (Rust Belt to Sun 2007 The College Bord. All rights reserved. Visit pcentrl.collegebord.com (for AP professionls) nd (for students nd prents)

5 2OO7 SCORING GUIDELINES Ouestion 3 (continued) Lbor reltions Consumption Decrese in membership in nd influence of lbor unions. Avilbility of lessexpensive goods chnges the stndrd of livinq. Prt C Explin n impct of the new interntion] division of lbor on the socioeconomic structure of developing countries such s Mexico, Chin, nd Indi. (2 points) Added job opportunities Gender Child lbor Wge gp Migrtion Environmentl Regionl growth Cultures chnge Positive ddition to personl nd ntionl income tht rises societl sttus, fmily income, etc. Entry of women into work force mens dded income for household support, which improves the stndrd of living nd lowers popultion qrowth rte. Use of child lbor discourges further eduction. Incresed wge gp between the locl "hves" nd "hve nots." Migrtion of ntionls to specilized mnufcturj.ng res improves personl economic positions but wekens fmily nd trditionl culturl tiescostl Chin, mguildors or Mexico. Relxtion/lx enforcement invi.tes new helth ilments/problems. Loction of new jobs fosters regionl growth nd concentrtion of welth, pollution, etc. Uneven nture of growth cretes sptil gp between "hve" nd "hve not" res. Westerniztion of production, mngement, etc., chnges the socil nd culturl reltionships (e.g., women in the workplce, lnguge, culturl disruption). O 2007 The College Bord. AII rights reserved. Visit pcentrl.collegebord.com (for AP professionls) nd (for students nd prents)

6 2OO4 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 1 This question is concerned with the mnifesttion of chnging globl economies on the lndscpe. A. Define Mquildor= (2 points) 1 point for ny 2 bulleted items, 2 points for 34bulleted items o Foreign owned plnts locted in Mexico (outsourcing) o Advntge of chep lbor (swetshops cn serve s synonym for chep lbor) o Export of ssembled products to the US (export processing zones) o Import of product components (not cceptble: mnufcturing without ssembly nd use of rw mterils) B. Refer to the mp to explin the sptil distribution of mquildors within Mexico: (2 points) 1 point for loction on the border of the US (e.g., Ariz., Clif., New Mexico, Texs) & IVlexico, 1 point for explntion why mquildors re locted on the border Acceptble: o Close to mjor cities/ points of entry to the US o Ese of trnsporttion into the US o Mexicn government originily insisted tht mquildors be withln 35 miles of the US border Not cceptble: o Low cost lbor o Ocen ports o Physicl environmentl fctors C. Discuss FOUR fctors tht explin why Mexico hs emerged s n importnt loction in the globl system of industril orgniztion: (4 points) 1 point for ech fctor Lbor: o Inexpensive lbor costs in Ivlexico: New/globl interntionl division of lbor PoliticL/Economic: o NAFTA o Wek environmentl regultions in Mexico r Tx incentives/ No Mexicn triffs on imported prts or for exported products o Mexico's stble government r Mexico's stble economy r ' Mexico's proximity to US mrket o Mexico's expnding middle clss/ urbniztion/skilled lbor o Exploittion of less developed countries/ coreperiphery model o Rise of trnsntionl corportions o Use of oil s leverge in interntionl mrket (equity for interntionl lons). US shift to tertiry economy o Tourism s source of foreign currency Copyright O 2004 by College Entrnce Exmintion Bord. All rights reserved. Visit pcentrl.collegebord.com (for AP professionls) nd (for AP students nd prents).

7 2OO4 SCORING GUIDELINES Ouestion 1 {cont'd.) Loction/Infrstructure Mexico/US: e Trnsporttion connections between US nd Mexico o US trnsporttion structure Not Acceptble: o Lndlocked countries/lnd bridge to South Americ o Abundnt lbor source o Climte o ' Mintining globl inequlity of income (dependency theory rgument) 2004 by College Entrnce Exmintion Bord. AII rights reserved. Vislt pcentrl.collegebord.com (for AP professionls) nd vwvw.collegebord.com/pstudents (for AP students nd prents)