Ruled by foreign powers China, France, Japan Independence led by Ho Chi Minh Educated in France, Russia, and China communist Followers: the Vietminh
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2 Ruled by foreign powers China, France, Japan Independence led by Ho Chi Minh Educated in France, Russia, and China communist Followers: the Vietminh
3 French back in 1946 Install Bo Dai emperor Ho Chi Minh wants Truman s help; ignored Vietminh begin war against French U.S. supports French with weapons & money
4 1954 Domino theory Dien Bien Phu; French surrender GENEVA ACCORDS Split Vietnam Communist North (Ho Chi Minh) Non-communist South (Ngo Dinh Diem) Reunified in 1956
5 Elections cancelled by Diem Why? Vietcong (South Vietnamese communists) begin attacking
6 Diem very unpopular Catholic Anti-Buddhist laws Coup (November, 1963) overthrew Diem US didn t try to stop it
7 Gulf of Tonkin Incident (Aug. 1964) U.S.S. Maddox fired upon Aug. 4 second attack Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Johnson asks Congress for authority to retaliate Congress gives full authority The Blank Check
8 Passed the House Passed the Senate 98-2 Find out years later it was a lie there was no attack
9 Operation Rolling Thunder Heavy bombing of North Vietnam Goal: bomb North Vietnam to give up Focus on Ho Chi Minh trail Why isn t it working?
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11 Ground commander Tells Johnson Enemy defeated by 1967 Need 120,000 troops
12 600, , , , , , ,000 23,000 Troops in Vietnam 184, , , , Troops in Vietnam
13 Civil War Guerilla War Enemy blends in Ambush Hit and run attacks Use of tunnels Vietcong supported by Chinese & Soviets
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15 Eliminate hiding places Napalm (burn down jungle) Agent orange (defoliate jungle)
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17 Pacification Remove loyal villagers Eliminate the Viet Cong Allow the villagers to return
18 Most apathetic war since 1941 Tired of corruption Most villagers don t care communist or not Becomes war of attrition Viet Cong don t have to win, just outlast Americans
19 Who is eligible? year old men deferments? College Medical National Guard Conscientious objectors avoid the draft? Flee Burn draft card Have connections Who is left?
20 Average age of draftees = 19 Many unsure of purpose Westmoreland: victory is close! credibility gap
21 First televised war 1967 Sec. of Defense Robert McNamara resigns Clark Clifford: new Sec. of Defense war is unwinnable February 28, 1968 anti- Vietnam editorial
22 War is expensive no tax increase, deficits grow Anti-war movement intensifies criticized by hawks for not doing enough
23 Who is protesting? Students for a Democratic Society College aged people Called Doves How are they protesting? Refuse to go Burn draft cards Marches Music
24 1965 Anti-war protests: University of Michigan teach-ins Bay Area (Berkeley, Stanford) hotbed of antiwar movement Many universities received government $ for research Some students anti-rotc October 21, 1967 Over 100,000 march at the Pentagon
25 Opposed to mainstream conformist culture Clothing Unisex clothes Jeans Tie-dye Beads Led to term hippie Long hair, beards
26 Music Folk music Bob Dylan Joan Baez Rock Beatles Rolling Stones Jefferson Airplane Jimi Hendrix Janis Joplin Grateful Dead
27 Woodstock Festival August 1969 Three day festival Celebration of youth culture Woodstock
28 Role of drugs marijuana Psychedelics LSD, acid Timothy Leary Turn on, tune in, drop out Looking for new consciousness
29 Free love Break the restraints of marriage Sex, drugs, and rock and roll Utopian lifestyle How is it similar or different from the 1840 s? Is there a difference between anti-war and counter culture?
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31 President Nguyen Van Thieu re-elected New constitution Democratic reforms Still very corrupt Johnson up for reelection
32 December 1967 Westmoreland war is almost won enemy has no strength left Tet: Vietnamese New Year January 30, 1968 (Tet) Massive attack by Vietcong Attack on every major city and installation in South Vietnam simultaneously Tet Offensive
33 Peace talks begin(go nowhere) "New agreement of sorts from the Paris peace talks. After a six hour talk, both sides finally agreed on corned beef on rye for lunch! Couldn t agree on shape of table!
34 Ancient capital (Hue) destroyed ARVN (government army) retakes lost cities and towns Government loses support U.S. bombing intensifies in South Vietnam Vietcong everywhere Westmoreland wants more troops Johnson denies request
35 Johnson criticized by Hawks and Doves Challenged in New Hampshire primary by Eugene McCarthy March 31, 1968: Johnson announcement The Democratic Party splinters Hawk and Dove
36 Democratic Party splits Three seek nomination Hubert Humphrey Eugene McCarthy Robert Kennedy
37 Hubert Humphrey Johnson s V-P Status Quo support from Old Guard and hawks Eugene McCarthy Minnesota Senator Opposed to war Supported by youth and doves Robert Kennedy New York Senator Opposed to war Supported by youth and doves Won CA primary (6/4) Kennedy interview Last best hope? Kennedy Funeral
38 Democratic Convention in Chicago Youth International Party (Yippies) protest Abbie Hoffman/Jerry Rubin Humphrey earns nomination Violence between Doves and police Democratic Convention Humphrey gets nomination
39 Abbie Hoffman s opinion of authority Mayor Daley s response
40 Chicago Seven Hoffman, Rubin, and five others on trial for inciting a riot Yippies disrupt trial Sentenced to five years in prison Sentence overturned
41 Three candidate race for president in 1968 Hubert Humphrey Richard Nixon George Wallace
42 Hubert Humphrey end war on our terms Peace with honor Richard Nixon End war on our terms Restore Law and Order Hated anti-war protesters Appealed to silent majority Average, hardworking Americans, not protesting generally white George Wallace Anti-civil rights VP candidate: nukes in Vietnam The only four letter words hippies don t know are w-o-r-k and s-o-a-p
43 If you are an anti-war activist who is your best choice? Nixon 43.4% of popular vote 301 Electoral Votes Humphrey 42.7% of popular vote 191 Electoral Votes Wallace 13.5% of popular vote 45 Electoral Votes
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45 VIETNAMIZATION Turn war over to South Vietnamese U.S. gradually draws down forces As U.S. forces decrease, South Vietnam expected to pick up more and more
46 600, , , , , , ,000 23, ,000 Troops in Vietnam 389, , , , , ,000 16,
47 secret bombings on communist bases (Laos & Cambodia) 1970 Nixon orders secret invasion of Cambodia
48 Renews antiwar protests Kent State May 4, 1970 Four killed Jackson State May 14, 1970 Two killed You see these bums, you know, blowing up campuses storming around about this issue. Richard M. Nixon
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51 Story broke in : Lieutenant William Calley led platoon into village of My Lai ordered killing of over 350 elderly men, women, and children. Village behavior: daily routines no gunfire
52 Calley stood trial 1971: sentenced to life in prison (hard labor) Nixon reduced to 4 ½ months at Fort Benning, Georgia 1974: Nixon commuted entire sentence
53 1970: Congress repealed Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Took away President s ability to wage unlimited warfare Some soldiers begin to turn against officers ( fragging )
54 Realpolitik realistic politics deal with country based on strength, not philosophy Henry Kissenger s idea Détente Ease tensions of Cold War Started with China then Soviet Union Nixon played USSR/China against each other Pressure North Vietnam to end war linkage policy
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56 End of Vietnam War SALT Treaty Limited production of nuclear weapons Eased tension in Europe U.S. recognizes East Germany East Germany recognizes West Berlin
57 Henry Kissinger for the United States Le Duc Tho for North Vietnam
58 October, 1972: Kissinger peace at hand The deal: Remove all American troops Coalition government in South Vietnam North Vietnamese troops remain Thieu won t sign Nixon promises support if broken Broke off talks Renewed bombing of Hanoi
59 December Soviet/Chinese pressure January 27, 1973 Treaty of Paris ENDS U.S. involvement U.S. troops removed American Prisoner s of War (POW s) returned Coalition government in South Vietnam
60 Fighting resumes President Thieu asks President Ford for help Congress refuses aid
61 April 30, 1975 Communists surround Saigon Loyalists surround American embassy trying to escape Fall of Saigon
62 Single, independent, communist Vietnam 58,000 American soldiers killed Millions of Vietnamese killed Destruction of Vietnam Saigon = Ho Chi Minh City Loyalists flee to Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the U.S.
63 Cambodia Khmer Rouge in power (communists) Kill 2 million Cambodians (genocide) Let by Pol Pot
64 Pentagon Papers 1971 Classified documents about Vietnam 26 th Amendment 1971 Lowers voting age from 21 to 18 War Powers Act 1973 President: authority to use military without consulting Congress must notify Congress within 48 hours must return troops within 60 days (if Congress doesn t approve)
65 Vietnam Syndrome Treatment of veterans Ignored Abused Problems with recovery Vietnam Memorial built in 1982
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