PRESIDENT NIXON & THE WITHDRAWAL FROM VIETNAM. L obj: to consider whether the USA lost the war in Vietnam, or whether the Vietcong won it.

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1 PRESIDENT NIXON & THE WITHDRAWAL FROM VIETNAM L obj: to consider whether the USA lost the war in Vietnam, or whether the Vietcong won it.

2 US Presidents (during Vietnam) Dwight Eisenhower John F Kennedy Lyndon B Johnson Richard Nixon Gerald Ford

3 ENDING THE WAR After the Tet Offensive LBJ concluded the war could not be won military. He reduced the bombing campaign and started to negotiate for peace. March 1968 Paris peace conference lasted 5 years!! ( LBJ also announced he would not seek re-election as President

4 What did each side want? USA wanted South Vietnam to be independent and free from Foreign (Communist) influence North Vietnam wanted the South free from foreign (American) influence Unclear what South Vietnam actually wanted USA democracy pressured by voters N Vietnam dictatorship no votes no pressure

5 President Nixon 1969 elected said he wanted to bring troops home BUT he could not ABANDON Vietnam Idea = win the war and win the peace Reality no intention of stopping the war Aim = Vietnamisation

6 VIETNAMISATION US withdrawal to be replaced by ARVN ARVN trained, given equipment = Vietnamisation (stand on their own 2 feet) US boys are foreign and should not be there bringing them home made him popular.

7 MADMAN Nixon hope to frighten the Vietnamese into a negotiated agreement He wanted to make them believe he could attack them with nuclear bombs He did escalate the war into other countries too!

8 NVA used bases in neighbouring Cambodia to assemble its forces US had been secretly bombing these bases since Nixon went for broke sending 100,000 US & ARVN forces into & invading Cambodia They captured huge amounts of weapons & supplies

9 In Laos Communist forces (Pathet Lao) were trying to take over the country They were supplied by the NVA In 1971 the ARVN invaded Laos supported by US bombing from the air The ARVN were defeated but they did enough to stop a NVA/VC attack on the south.

10 US WITHDRAWAL Oct 1972 USA announced peace was at hand (almost ready!) Suddenly there was confusion The South Vietnamese leader Thieu refused to accept the terms

11 US WITHDRAWAL Xmas 1972 US conducted a huge bombing campaign Dropped more bombs in 11 days then did in Also put pressure on Thieu with financial support promised!

12 US WITHDRAWAL Paris Peace Accords signed 27 th January 1973 Established a ceasefire & withdrawal of US forces POW s would be returned After the North & South would hold talks for a settlement.

13 US WITHDRAWAL Paris Peace Accords signed 27 th January 1973 Established a ceasefire & withdrawal of US forces POW s would be returned After the North & South would hold talks for a settlement. US troops left 29 th March 1973

14 US WITHDRAWAL Thieu decided to end the ceasefire straight away Meant civil war = 56,000 ARVN dead 100,000 NVA PROBLEM US soldiers spent money in south Vietnam now gone the economy collapsed Thieu asked for help but the US congress reduced aid NOT increased it!

15 THE FALL OF SAIGON March 1975 the North invaded the South The ARVN collapsed retreating quickly Thieu resigned 30 th March 1975 Communists chased the US embassy staff out of Vietnam North were vengeful killing 60,000 of Thieu s supporters Vietnam was now one country AND A COMMUNIST ONE

16

17 How did War affect the policy of Containment. Policy of containment was in tatters showed despite US military strength they could not stop the spread of Communism. American policies actually speeded up the domino effect Propaganda disaster Suspicious of involving troops in conflicts they could not easily win.

18 Did the USA lose, or did the Vietcong win? USA LOST Failure of USA to defeat VC Young, inexperienced troops low morale South Vietnam Govt was weak & corrupt Opposition at home VC WON The peasants supported and hid the VC VC ambush tactics Supplied by Russia/China Bravery of North Vietnamese

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