Grade-8 History Civic

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1 Grade-8 History Civic Ch:- 10 Reforms In Indian Society Short question answer. 1. What do you mean by Polygamy? Ans: Practice of having more than one wife at the same time. 2. Name the organisation CS Naidu 1864 refers to. Ans: Veda Samaj. 3. Who founded the Prarthana Samaj? Ans: Ranade and Bhandarkar In Whom and which Samaj was been founded by Jyotiba? Ans: Satyashodhak Samaj Why did Raja Rammohan Roy decided to reform religion first? Discuss his religious reforms. Ans: Raja Rammohan Roy advocated both religious and social reforms. He felt that since religious beliefs dictated social life, religion needed to be reformed first. Religious reforms: He believed inexistence of one god. Opposed idol-worship and meaningless rituals and sacrifices. Translated Vedas and Upanishad into Bengali. Promote Brotherhood, he asked followers of all religion and castes to worship together. Formed Brahmo Samaj. 2. Discus the role of Ishwar Chandra Vidhyasagar in improving the lot of women. Ans: He was a social reformer people admired him for his simple lifestyles and selfless attitude. He was deeply dedicated to the cause of education in general. He launched a crusade for the betterment of the widows. He also wanted that widows should be allowed to remarry, if they so wished. His efforts led to the passing of the widow Remarriage act of 1856, which permitted widow remarriage. He was also devoted to the cause of education of woman. Helped Drinkwater Bethune to set up a school for girls in Calcutta in He himself opened a large number of school for girls. 3. List the social evils against which Dayanand Saraswati raised his voice. Why was the Arya Samaj founded? Ans: He attacked many social customs such as idol worship and the performance of rituals. He opposed child marriage and encouraged widow remarriage. He also condemned caste difference which spread social inequalities. In 1875, Dayanand Sarswati founded the Arya Samaj which carried his teachings to the masses. People of all faiths could joining all members had to practice the Ten principle of which the most important was the study of the Vedas. 4. Describe the role of Annie Besant as a social reformer. Ans: Annie Besant was member of Theosophical society. Founded by Madam Blavatsky and colonel Olcott in New York set up headquarters in Adyar. She urged Indians to take pride in their culture. She opened many schools for boys and girls and for children of the oppressed classes. She established the Control Hindu School in Benaras. 5. Who was Sri Narayana Guru? How did he contribute to the socio religious reform movement?

2 Ans: He had experienced the oppressive caste system and devoted his life to the upliftment of the untouchables. Going against caste rules, he acquired Sanskrit Education. He built many temples in which there were no images of deities. In the first temple that he built, a stone was placed instead of an idol. He founded an association in 1902 called Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam that popularized. His belief of one caste, One Religion and One God. 6. What according to Sir Syed Ahmad Khan had kept the Muslim community backward? How did he try to reform the then Muslim society? Ans: He was greatest reformer among the Muslims. He believed that social practices such as purdah and Polygamy had kept the community backward. He was also deeply concerned about the educational backwards of the Muslims. He stressed the need for an English education and believed that progress was possible only if Muslims acquired scientific knowledge from west. In 1864, he founded the translation society. He even translated books on science and literature into Urdu. Established many schools in different parts of the country. 7. Write short notes on the following. i. Henry Louis Vivian Derozio. Ans: He taught at the Hindu college of Calcutta from 1826 to He and his followers, called Derozians, spread radical reformist ideas among the people. The movement started by him is known as the Young Bengal movement. He was inspired by the ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity popularized by the French revolution. He encouraged the students to think rationally, challenge the caste system, condemn social evils, and fight for the right of woman to education. He died at age of 22. ii. Kandukuri Veersalingam: Ans: He worked for the education of girls. Due to his efforts for the upliftment of women, he was known as the Vidyasagar of south India. He also started a Telugu journal to spread the message of social reform and caste equality. Chapter-11 THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT FIRST PHASE Short question answer 1. Which century led to a political awakening among the people? Ans: The second half of nineteenth century. 2. Whose viceroy s polices intensified the discontent against British Rule? Ans: Lord Lytton. 3. When was British Indian association formed and by whom? Ans: British India Association was formed by Surendranath Banerjee in When Indian council act was was passed? Ans: The British introduced modern education in India. Give reason. Ans: The British had introduced modern western education to prepare some Indians to work at low posts in the administration. The British also believed that if Indians were exposed to western thoughts and ideas, they would become supporters of British rule in India. They assumed that since educated Indians would be dependent on them for employment, they would always remain loyal to them. 2. A O Hume formed the Indian National Congress. Give reason.

3 Ans: Because he wanted to create an association which would be under the supervision of the British and would let the government know the demands of the Indian people. He wanted to prevent another nationwide outbreak, like the one that took place in Which factors resulted in the growing opposition to the British rule? Ans: British exploited India Seamlessly all sections of society suffered under the British rule. Peasants suffered had to pay heavy taxes. Artisans were ruined by foreign competition. Factory workers paid low wages. Didn t encourage agriculture and industry. Treated India as a source of earning income and profits. Drain of wealth from India. Frequent famines added to the misery of people. 4. India was unified under British rule as one unit. Explain. Ans: British introduced a uniform system of governance throughout the country. Economic life in India became interlinked after introduction of modern industries. A feeling of solidarity and togetherness developed. The railways, telegraph and postal system helped people to come in contact with one another. 5. What was the Ilbert Bill Controversy? In 1883, Lord Ripon s law member, Sir Ilbert, introduced a bill which later came to be known as the Ilbert Bill. It had provision which gave Indian judges the power to try cases involving Europeans. Immediately, the whole European Community started an agitation opposing the bill. These protest forced the government to withdraw the bill. To the Indians it was a proof that they could never expect equality from British government. This controversy was been created hence called as Ilbert Bill controversy. 6. Name some of the early association that were formed in India. What were their demands? Ans: British Indian Association formed by Surendranath Banerjee Bombay Association & Madras native association Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, Indian Association, Madras Mahajan Sabha, Bombay presidency & Demands were: the Government to reduce taxes and discriminatory practices, introduce administration reforms and give Indians A greater role in administration. However these demands were not fulfilled by Britishers. 7. Who were the early nationalists? Write any three demands of the early nationalists. Ans: The party which dominated the congress in first 20 year ( ) is known as early nationalists. Following are the demands of early nationalists. Freedom of speech and expression. Expansion of welfare programs. Promotion of education. Recruitment of Indians to high posts. Holding civic services examination in India also. Stopping Drain of wealth from India to Britain. 8. What methods did the revolutionaries adopt to liberate India from the British? What was the British response? Ans: Following methods used by revolutionaries to liberate India from British. Young man advocated the use of force to expel the British. Formed secret societies to train their members in the use of firearms and explosives. They took to assassinating British officials. Response of British was.

4 They used all means to suppress the revolutionaries. Some were hanged. Some were sentenced to life imprisonment. 9. Write short notes on the following. i. Role of the press in arousing national consciousness. Ans: The Indian press played an extremely national consciousness. The newspapers of the period highlighted the anti Indian policies of British government and asked the people unite and work for a common cause. Both English and vernacular press became a medium to mobilize public opinion and create feeling of national bonding. Government banned newspapers and books to curb the feeling of nationalism and patriotism. Works of scholars and writer like Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Rabindranath Tagore and others were important in arousing national consciousness. ii. The Swadeshi and Boycott Movement. The partition of Bengal gave rise to two new methods of struggle Swadeshi and Boycott Swadeshi means of one s own country. Aimed at popularized goods manufactured in India. This method of boycott asked people to boycott goods manufacture in Britain. This way, the British would stop treating India as a dumping ground for British goods. This way movement spread all parts of country. Huge bonfires of foreign clothes were organized. Students and women played very important role in these movements. They picketed shops selling foreign goods. Chapter-12 THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT SECOND PHASE Short question answer 1. When was home rule movement launched? Ans: In 1916, Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak launched. 2. When was Gandhiji born and where? Ans: Born on 2 nd oct 1869 in Porbandar. 3. When was the national Humiliation day observed? Ans: 6 th April The government of india act of 1919 is popularly known as? Ans: Montagu Chelmsford reforms. 1. Discus the early campaigns of Mahatma Gandhi. What activities did those campaigns initiate? Ans: The early campaigns of Ghandhi ji are: Champarana in Bihar Ahmedabad textile mills Kaira(Kheda) peasants These movements initiated activities such as. Peaceful demonstrations. Boycott of courts and educational institutions. Peaceful defiance of law. Non payment of taxes.

5 Picketing of shops selling foreign goods. 2. Write the short note on the Khilafat Movement. Ans: Khilafat movement was organised by the Ali brothers. Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali in protest against the injustice done to Turkey ofter first world war. Turkey was important to the Indian. Muslims as the Sultan of turkey was also the Caliph and was the head of the Muslims throughout the world. The Khilafat movement leaders put pressure on the British Government to give better treatment to turkey. Muslims joined national movement. Congress leaders joined the agitation and popularized. 3. Why did the Congress start the non corporation movement? What constructive programme was launched as part of the movement? Ans: Angered by the rigid attitude of the British, the congress decided to start a Non corporation movement under the leadership of Gandhiji. Along with boycott and non corporation, a constructive programme was also launched it included the. Popularization of Charkha and Khadi. Promotion of Hindu-Muslim unity. Abolition of untouchability. Spread of education. 4. Discus the second phase of the revolutionary movement in India. Ans: Revolutionary activities revived after the withdrawal of the non corporation movement HRA formed Hindustan Republican Association. Repression of the British failed to stop the revolutionaries assassinated British police office named sounders. HSRA was also formed same year Hindustan socialist republican association. Bhagat singh and Batukeswar Dutt threw a bomb in the central legislative assembly to protest against the public safety bill. Bomb wear harmless but they wanted to start anti-british slogan. Women also took part in the movement actively by helping and supporting revolutionaries. 5. List the main features of the government of India Act of Ans: India was to become a federation if more than half of the princely starts decide to join it. Provincial autonomy was granted. The ministers of the provincial governments were to be responsible to the legislature was also increased. The right to vote remained limited. Only 14% people had voting rights. Dyarchy was abolished at the provincial level but, introduced at the centre. The viceroy became more powerful and was not responsible to the legislature. 6. Why did Gandhiji decide to break the salt law? How did the leaders in other parts of India observe the salt Satyagraha? Ans: The government had a monopoly on the manufacture and sale of salt. People had to by salt from the government so this was an issue which touched the life of every Indian. That is why Gandhiji decided to break the salt law. Salt soon became the symbol of people s opposition to the government. In Tamil Nadu, C Rajagopalchari led a similar march from Trichinopoly to Vedaranyam. In Gujarat, Sarojini Naidu protested in front of the salt depots. Large masses included in the protest every one took actively part. 7. Discuss Subhash Chandra Bose s contribution to the Indian freedom struggle.

6 Ans: Subhash Chandra Bose has played a major role in the struggle to get freedom back in India. In 1943, the leadership of Azad hind of Fauj came in the hands of Subhash Chandra Bose, popularly known as Netaji. He also took help of Japan to organize an anti-british revolt. His slogans of Delhi chalo and Jai Hind won many supporters to his cause. 8. The Simon Commission disappointed the Indians. Give reason. Ans: Because, 1)All members of the commission were Englishmen. 2)The Government refused to accept the demand for self government. 9. Gandhiji withdraw the non corporation movement when it was at its peak. Give reason. Ans: Because, of the incident held at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh this movement was becoming wares and the crowd of peasant was leading protest 22 policeman died fire was set on police station and Mahatma Gandhi was strictly against any violence and he immediately withdraw the movement. Chapter-16 INDIA AND HER NEIGHBOURS Short question answer 1. Where was a meeting of the non aligned countries held in 1961? Ans: Belgrade, Yugoslavia. 2. Name any one country which is not the member of the SAARC? Ans: Mauritius. 3. How often are the SAF games held? Ans: Every two years. 4. With which association are SAF, SAVE and SAPTA associated? Ans: SAARC. 1. List the features of India s foreign policy. Ans: Following are the features: International peace and understanding. Corporation among countries on social economic and environmental issues. The cause of the enslaved people. The destruction of weapons. A reduction in military expenditure. An end to terrorism worldwide. 2. What is non alignment? Ans: Non alignment meant an independent approach towards world issues, without being influenced by either bloc. It does not mean remaining neutral or not getting involved in world affairs. It means remaining aloof from political and military groups. While taking an active part in promoting world peace and understanding. 3. List the five Panchsheel principles. Ans: Five Panchsheel Principles are: Mutual respect for each other s territorial integrity. Mutual non interference in each other s domestic affairs. Equality and mutual benefit. Peaceful co existence. 4. When was the SAARC formed? What are its objectives? Ans: The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation was formed on 8 December Its purpose is to further the cause of peace, stability and economic progress in South Asia, through mutual corporation. Objectives: To promote the welfare of people. To strengthen corporation among member countries in different fields. To ensure economic social and progress. 5. What does the ASEAN seek to achieve?

7 Ans: The ASEAN seek to achieve to ensure peace and stability in the region. To strengthen corporation among member countries in matters of common interests. To work towards economic and cultural progress. 6. After the Second World War, many countries joined one of the two military blocs. Give reason. Ans: Because atmosphere of tension, distrust and fear developed. It was known as the Cold war as many former imperialist colonies were attaining independence at this time, both the superpowers tried to draw these newly independent countries into their respective blocs. They were promised economic and military aid in return for their support to these superpowers. Chapter-14 THE UNITED NATIONAS ORGANISATION Short question answers. 1. When was united nation formed? Ans: On 24 October How many official languages and organs are there for UN? Ans: Which is the most powerful organ of UN? Ans: Security Council. 4. Which policy was practised in South Africa? Ans: Policy of Apartheid. 5. Which organisation was formed immediately after the First world war? Ans: League of Nations. 1. Why was the UN formed? Ans: UN was formed because: To maintain peace in the world. To develop friendly relations among countries. To help countries develop and progress. 2. List the objectives and principles of the UN. Ans: Objectives: Principles of UN: All member countries have sovereign equality, that is all nations are equal. All member countries must the UN charter. All member countries must settle their mutual disputes through peaceful means. All member countries must after unconditional support to the UN. The UN shall ensure that even non-member countries work for world peace. 3. What are the main organs of the UN? Ans: Main organs are: The General Assembly. The Security Council. The International Court of Justice. The Economic and Social Council. The Trusteeship council. 4. What functions does the general Assembly perform? Ans: To admit new members, on the recommendation of the security council. To appoint the secretary general, on the recommendation of security council. To elect the 10 temporary members. To discus reports of the main organs and agencies of the UN and take decision on them. To discuss any matters falling within the charter of UN. To consider and pass the annual budget of the UN. 5. Write names of five permanent members of the Security Council. Ans: The five permanent members are China, France, Russia, UK and USA. 6. What does Security Council?

8 Ans: To maintain peace in the world by examining disputes between countries and trying to settle them peacefully. It can impose economic sanctions against countries that do not act on its directions. It can order military action against a country which is proving to be a threat to world peace. It can ask the general assembly to expel. It recommends name for secretary general and new member for admission in UN. 7. What are the duties of the secretariat? Ans: Prepare the minutes of the meetings: Translates speeches and other documents into the official language of UN. Organises international conference. Prepares reports in issues of international concern. Monitors the extent to which the decisions of the different UN belies are being carried out. 8. Briefly list the achievement of the UN. Ans: UN peace keeping forces have been part of numerous peaces keeping of the world. In 1988, the Noble peace prize was awarded to UN peace keeping forces for its peace keeping operations. It has been successful in ending apartheid in south Africa, It has helped many countries to secure independence. The UN is working to end the nuclear arms and to end the possibility of another world war. The specialized agencies of the UN have made a tremendous contribution to the economic and social development of nations.

3 Who advocated the drain of wealth theory? Dadabhai Naoroji. 4 Who laid the foundation of railways in India? Lord Dalhousie

3 Who advocated the drain of wealth theory? Dadabhai Naoroji. 4 Who laid the foundation of railways in India? Lord Dalhousie r. No. Questions Answers 1 Guru Gobind Singh created Khalsa on, at 30th March 1699, Anandpur 2 Which was the first newspaper in India and when was it The Bengal Gazette, 1780 published? 3 Who advocated