Improving America s Image After 9/11: The Role of Public Diplomacy
|
|
- Brittney Cameron
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Improving America s Image After 9/11: The Role of Public Diplomacy Peter van Ham Subject: Public diplomacy has become an essential soft power -tool in the American war on terrorism. The decision to use America s image, credibility and communications assets and skills, may be considered a response in kind to the asymmetrical warfare that commenced on 9/11 Sumary: The US State Department s response to the 9/11 attack on top of the requisite bombing-campaign in Afghanistan and the toppling of Saddam Hussein in Iraq was to conclude that a major part of the problem was America s image. Since 9/11, the Bush Administration therefore initiated a flurry of initiatives to rebrand itself from a global bully to a compassionate hegemon. In an effort to touch the mythical man on the Arab street, special attention is now being paid to so-called public diplomacy. Analysis: The United States are not only fighting a war on international terrorism by classical, military means, but are also engaged in a battle over the hearts and minds of the Muslim world. The gritty videotapes of Osama bin Laden that emerged from a cave in Tora Bora were shown to a global TV-audience, indicating that the media were both the weapons and the battlefield of choice for this postmodern war. Clearly, 9/11 was not an attack on military capabilities but on America s identity as a superpower, whereby the symbolism of devastation was providing its own eloquence. Many Americans were shocked to be confronted with such a violent hatred against their country and everything it stood for: its foreign policies as well as its values. Why do people hate us so much? soon became a key question, not only for ordinary Americans, but for policymakers in Washington as well (1). The US State Department s response to the attack on top of the requisite bombingcampaign in Afghanistan and the toppling of Saddam Hussein in Iraq was to conclude that a major part of the problem was America s image. Since 9/11, the Bush Administration therefore initiated a flurry of initiatives to rebrand itself from a global bully to a compassionate hegemon. In an effort to touch the mythical man on the Arab street, special attention is now being paid to so-called public diplomacy. The argument is that millions of ordinary people ( ) have greatly distorted, but carefully cultivated images of [the US] images so negative, so weird, so hostile that a young generation of terrorists is being created. (2) Public diplomacy has quickly become a central plank of America s approach to the war on terrorism since Washington realizes that you can not kill ideas with bombs, however precision-guided they may be.(3) One of the proponents of public diplomacy in the US Congress, Representative Henry Hyde (R-Ill.), has argued that the role that I would set for our public diplomacy [is] to enlist the populations of the world into a common cause and to convince them that the goals that they seek for themselves freedom, security and prosperity are the same as those the United States seeks. (4) Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael 1
2 Public diplomacy aims at building personal and institutional relationships and dialogue with a foreign audience by focussing on values, and hence differs from classical diplomacy, which primary deals with issues. This distinction is similar to the differences between straightforward advertisement and branding, since the former aims at promoting a commodity or service, and the latter aims at developing an emotional relationship with a customer. Public diplomacy efforts often bear a resemblance to branding (or better: brand asset management) and especially the practices of location and corporate branding. (5) In America s new struggle for sympathy and support across the globe, media, public relations (PR) and marketing specialists are no longer a sideshow to hard-nosed, classical power-politics and diplomacy. Brand thinking and brand asset management now dominate American life, changing the nature and dynamics of US politics. Thus US Secretary of State Colin Powell defined American diplomacy as follows: We re selling a product. That product we are selling is democracy. (6) A clear indication of this change in approach was the appointment of Charlotte Beers, former chairman of advertising agencies J. Walter Thompson and Ogilvy & Mather, to Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs in October 2001.(7) Just as the Pentagon has enlisted the help of Hollywood s creative thinkers to brainstorm possible terror events and solutions, Beers has asked former Madison Avenue colleagues to help her rebrand and sell Uncle Sam to a hostile Muslim world.(8) This requires skills and sensitivities that diplomats usually lack. Little wonder, therefore, that much of America s public diplomacy activities are currently outsourced to private consultancy and PR-agencies. From soft power to public diplomacy America s public diplomacy works on the assumption that despite the obvious political differences between the US and (a few) Muslim countries, American and Muslim culture do not clash, but are compatible. This distinction between hostile, extremist Islamic governments and political groupings, and the silent majority of a wider and larger Muslim community around the world, is a central tenet of America s approach. It assumes that although ordinary Muslims may be opposed to US policies in the Middle East, they continue to be drawn to American values like individual choice and freedom. This view reduces a complex set of political concerns and often confronting interests and values to mere problems of poor communication. It also allows for the claim that the peoples of the world, especially those ruled by unelected regimes, comprise our true allies. We are allies because we share common aspirations freedom, security, prosperity and because we often face common enemies, namely the regimes that rule over them. (9) Public diplomacy s task is to appeal to the core values of foreign audiences by using new techniques that are frequently directly derived from commercial practice. Since these efforts go beyond spreading information, a natural relationship is evolving with professionals in the PR and strategic communication-sectors. In order to be successful, public diplomacy like commercial marketing and PR needs to identify target audiences in each country and/or region, and tailor strategies and tools to reach these audiences in a variety of different ways. Public diplomacy seeks to challenge the world views of foreign audiences and to bridge the gap between areas of cultural apartheid. At the same time, the US aims to sell itself differently, and more attractively. This does not mean that the US is treated in the same way as selling a normal, commercial product. Instead, it implies that the Brand USA is managed, rather than rebranded. Brand management involves the process of cautious, often measured supervision of existing perceptions. In this sense, the US is considered a corporate brand, since the US (or America ) is not itself the primary brand, but the manager of a series of related subbrands (its art, sports, media, technology, as well as foreign policy). 2
3 Given the emotional power of images and stories, the American media industry is considered an especially valuable ally in this new approach. Commercial TV-programs, Hollywood movies and other cultural products (from poetry and other art, to cuisine and folklore) are all supposed to communicate a better and more durable understanding of the country s essence.(10) Since mainstream American TV-programs and movies are usually patriotic in content and message, they are expected to reinvigorate the Brand USA by their continued glorification of individual freedom and endless opportunity. It is generally assumed that audiences in the Middle East, Asia and elsewhere take much of their ideas of what the US is all about from American TV-series and movies. The impact of these images and messages may well be greater than any description of the US and its values offered through governmental channels. As one advertising mogul formulated it, I think, short term, that we can sell American values to the Arab street. (11) Public diplomacy in action How does American public diplomacy work in practice? Following the logic of marketing, American public diplomacy has tried to come up with a strategy to reposition Brand USA to make optimal use of the available brand assets. Obviously, some of these assets can be controlled by governmental bodies (e.g. public information, exchange programmes), but others (especially the media) have proven difficult or impossible to manage from above. Several Advisory Committees, Task Forces and Hearings have spurred the debate about public diplomacy and its uses.(12) One of the key recommendations has been to immediately develop a coherent strategic and coordinating framework making public diplomacy a genuine priority. This has proven to be difficult enough, given the multitude of agencies, offices and working groups who all feel themselves responsible for communicating the US message with foreign audiences. In July 2002, a start was made to shake up America s public diplomacy. After years of cutbacks, the US Congress passed a bill allocating significantly more funds to public diplomacy efforts, and already authorized funding for several new programs, such as a 24-hour TV network aimed to compete with the al-jazeera TV-station, which is mainly broadcasting to the Muslim world (see below). At the same time, the White House set up a new Office of Global Communications (OGC), taking over the initiative from Mrs. Beers and giving the public diplomacy effort both more exposure and political weight. As its name indicates, this Office intends to coordinate the Administration s foreign policy messages and supervise the Brand USA around the globe. A few months later, it was announced that the OGC would oversee a PR-blitz against Iraq using advanced marketing techniques to pursuade crucial target groups that Saddam Hussein should be ousted. But since public diplomacy goes way beyond printed books and aims to apply the most up-to-date communication techniques and methods, specialized agencies and consultancies have been signed up to come up with new ideas and projects that the US government hesitates to undertake itself. In October 2001, The Rendon Group (a strategic communications firm) obtained a multimillion dollar contract from the Pentagon and now manages America s image in 79 countries using a wide range of tools such as focus groups, websites and the spinning of information to global media. The firm s CEO (John Rendon) describes himself as an information warrior and a perception manager, which is as close to a good description of the basic tasks of public diplomacy and branding as it gets.(13) Private firms are also used to cover the whole gamut of technology and media to reach the Muslim world. These firms are now engaged in classical propaganda, ranging from 3
4 leaflet bombs picturing women beaten by the Taliban (with the message Is this the future you want for your children and your women? ), to actions like dropping wind-up radios that can only tune into a single channel: Voice of America.(14) Newer initiatives include setting up Radio Sawa ( Radio Together ), and programmes like Good Morning Egypt and Next Chapter. Radio Sawa is an Arab-language broadcasting service aimed at younger people, mixing western popmusic, sports and weather, sandwiched by twicean-hour newscasts. Shows like Good Morning Egypt screen interviews with ordinary Americans to counterbalance some of the stereotypes US TV-programs and movies tend to offer. Next Chapter is a hip, MTV-inspired show broadcast in Farsi to Iran (and simulcast on the radio and over the Internet).(15) These are shows aimed to portray the US as an open, tolerant society where all religions are practiced on the basis of equality. Arab language websites and print publications are also part of this effort.(16) Conclusion: Public diplomacy has become an essential soft power -tool in the American war on terrorism. The decision to use America s image, credibility and communications assets and skills, may be considered a response in kind to the asymmetrical warfare that commenced on 9/11. Like the terrorists who hit western societies at their weakest spots using surprise and an imaginative choice of weapons, the US has decided to undermine the basis of popular support for these terrorist activities through equally innovative means. By communicating directly with Muslim populations, the US aims to put pressure on governments who directly or indirectly support terrorist groups. It thereby aspires to connect with audiences other policies can t reach. American public diplomacy adds a more sophisticated approach to the military method of winning the war on terrorism. Public diplomacy is, unlike a real war, never finished. It is considered an on-going process of communication based on the conscious positioning of oneself as a brand. The jury is still out on the chances of winning the hearts and minds of the global Muslim population.(17) But it should also be clear that without forceful efforts to convince a sceptical Muslim populace of America s credibility, honesty and good intentions, the battle may be won, but the real war will most certainly be lost. Peter van Ham Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael Endnotes (1) America s favorability rating also dropped significantly among Western allies: by more than a third in Great Britain and Poland, and by more than half in France, Germany, Italy, Russia and Turkey in less than one year. See America s Image Further Erodes-, Nine Country Survey by the Pew Center for the People and the Press, 18 March 2003 ( [8 May 2003]. (2) Charlotte L. Beers, Prepared Testimony Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on Public Diplomacy and Islam, 27 February (3) American Public Diplomacy in the Islamic World, Remarks of Andrew Kohut to The Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearing (Washington DC), 27 February (4) Henry J. Hyde, The Message is America: Rethinking U.S. Public Diplomacy, Hearing before the Committee on International Relations, House of Represenatives, 14 November 2002 (Serial No ), p. 3. (5) On these issues, see Simon Anholt, Foreword, Journal of Brand Management, vol. 9, nos. 4-5 (April 2002), and Peter van Ham, Branding Territory: Inside the Wonderful Worlds of PR and IR Theory, Millennium, vol. 31, no. 2 (2002). (6) Brand U.S.A., Foreign Policy, no.127 (2001), p. 19. (7) Mrs. Beers left this position in March 2003, officially for health reasons. See the statement by US Secretary of State Colin Powell at (12 March 2003). The former US Ambassador to Marocco, Margaret Tutwiler, is due to be her successor. (8) Jim Rutenberg, Hollywood Seeks Role in the War, The New York Times, 20 October (9) Hyde, The Message is America, p. 2. 4
5 (10) Samuel Blumenfeld, Hollywood et le Pentagone, frères d armes contre Al-Qaida, Le Monde, 11 September (11) Statement of John W. Leslie, Jr., Chairman, Weber Shandwick Worldwide, to The Message is Americahearing. (12) An Independent Tak Force on Public Diplomacy was set up by the Council on Foreign Relations; the US Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy is a long-standing bipartisan panel created by Congress and appointed by the President; Hearings have been conducted by the Committee on International Relations in the House of Representatives in November 2001 (see note 2). (13) Franklin Foer, Flacks Americana: John Rendon s Shallow PR War on Terrorism, The New Republic, 20 May (14) Mark Leonard, Velvet Fist in the Iron Glove, The Observer, 16 June (15) Lynette Clemetson and Nazila Fathi, U.S. s Powerful Weapon in Iran: TV, The New York Times, 7 December (16) Simon Dumenco, Stopping Spin Laden, New York Magazine, 12 November (17) See for some critical comments, Thomas Rid, Die Öffentlichkeitsarbeit der USA im Mittleren Osten, SWP-Aktuel, no. 16 (April 2003). 5
Remarks of Andrew Kohut to The Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearing: AMERICAN PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD FEBRUARY 27, 2003
1150 18 th Street, N.W., Suite 975 Washington, D.C. 20036 Tel (202) 293-3126 Fax (202) 293-2569 Remarks of Andrew Kohut to The Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearing: AMERICAN PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN THE
More informationBuilding America s public diplomacy through a reformed structure and additional resources
Building America s public diplomacy through a reformed structure and additional resources A 2002 Report of the U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy public diplomacy THE CULTURAL, EDUCATIONAL, AND
More informationTelevision Series Transcript Public Diplomacy
Television Series Transcript Public Diplomacy >> "GREAT DECISIONS 2004" IS PRODUCED BY THE FOREIGN POLICY ASSOCIATION AND THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK NEIL D. LEVIN GRADUATE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL
More informationMembers of the Subcommittee on National Security, Emerging Threats and International Relations
SUBCOMMITTEE ON NATIONAL SECURITY, EMERGING THREATS, AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Christopher Shays, Connecticut Chairman Room B-372 Rayburn Building Washington, D.C. 20515 Tel: 202 225-2548 Fax: 202 225-2382
More informationSoft Power and the War on Terror Remarks by Joseph S. Nye, Jr. May 10, 2004
Soft Power and the War on Terror Remarks by Joseph S. Nye, Jr. May 10, 2004 Thank you very much for the kind introduction Bob. It s a pleasure to be with the Foreign Policy Association. I m going to try
More informationThe Transnational Threats Project at CSIS, in cooperation with the Center on Global Counterterrorism Cooperation. 5 June 2008
Panel Discussion UN TERRORIST DESIGNATIONS AND SANCTIONS: A FAIR PROCESS AND EFFECTIVE REGIME? The Transnational Threats Project at CSIS, in cooperation with the Center on Global Counterterrorism Cooperation
More informationPEW RESEARCH CENTER FOR THE PEOPLE AND THE PRESS & THE INTERNATIONAL HERALD TRIBUNE GLOBAL OPINION LEADER SURVEY FINAL TOPLINE NOV DEC.
PEW RESEARCH CENTER FOR THE PEOPLE AND THE PRESS & THE INTERNATIONAL HERALD TRIBUNE GLOBAL OPINION LEADER SURVEY FINAL TOPLINE NOV. 12 - DEC. 13, 2001 Q1 Has the terrorist attack in the US and subsequent
More informationPIPA-Knowledge Networks Poll: Americans on Iraq & the UN Inspections II. Questionnaire
PIPA-Knowledge Networks Poll: Americans on Iraq & the UN Inspections II Questionnaire Dates of Survey: Feb 12-18, 2003 Margin of Error: +/- 2.6% Sample Size: 3,163 respondents Half sample: +/- 3.7% [The
More information12 Fixing. Public Diplomacy for Arab and Muslim Audiences. William A. Rugh
Hoover Press : Garfinkle/Terrorism DP0 HGARWT1200 rev1 page 145 12 Fixing Public Diplomacy for Arab and Muslim Audiences William A. Rugh The phrase American public diplomacy means, as it has meant for
More informationU.S. House Committee on Armed Services Subcommittee on Terrorism, Unconventional Threats
U.S. House Committee on Armed Services Subcommittee on Terrorism, Unconventional Threats "Strategic Communication and Countering Ideological Support for Terrorism" Statement of Duncan MacInnes Principal
More informationLook Beyond Borders Client: Amnesty International Poland Brand: Amnesty International Start Date: 17/5/2016 End Date: 31/8/2016
Look Beyond Borders Client: Amnesty International Poland Brand: Amnesty International Start Date: 17/5/2016 End Date: 31/8/2016 Countries in which effectiveness was proven Albania, Austria, Belgium, Croatia,
More informationCOREPER/Council No. prev. doc.: 5643/5/14 Revised EU Strategy for Combating Radicalisation and Recruitment to Terrorism
COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Brussels, 19 May 2014 (OR. en) 9956/14 JAI 332 ENFOPOL 138 COTER 34 NOTE From: To: Presidency COREPER/Council No. prev. doc.: 5643/5/14 Subject: Revised EU Strategy for Combating
More informationNATIONAL SECURITY: LOOKING AHEAD
This discussion guide is intended to serve as a jumping-off point for our upcoming conversation. Please remember that the discussion is not a test of facts, but rather an informal dialogue about your perspectives
More informationCharlotte L. Beers. American Public Diplomacy and Islam. Committee on Foreign Relations
Charlotte L. Beers Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs United States Department of State Hearing on American Public Diplomacy and Islam Thursday, February 27, 2003 Committee on Foreign
More informationThe New Public Diplomacy
The New Public Diplomacy Soft Power in International Relations Edited by Director Clingendael Diplomatic Studies Programme Netherlands Institute of International Relations, Clingendael A 447377 Contents
More informationicd - institute for cultural diplomacy
2011: Hard Vs. Soft Power in Global and National Politics: Innovative Concepts of Smart Power and Cultural Diplomacy in an Age of Interdependence, Digital Revolution, and Social Media The 2011: Hard Vs.
More informationUNIT SIX: CHALLENGES OF THE MODERN ERA Part II
UNIT SIX: CHALLENGES OF THE MODERN ERA Part II ARMS PROLIFERATION Spread of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) (nuclear, chemical & biological weapons) throughout the world.* This is seen as dangerous
More informationUnit 5: empowering women globally
Susan Retik lost her husband David on American Airlines Flight 11, which was flown into the North Tower of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. At the time, they had two children, and Susan was
More informationCongressional Testimony
Congressional Testimony FOREIGN ASSISTANCE, SUPPORT FOR EXTREMISM AND PUBLIC OPINION IN MUSLIM MAJORITY COUNTRIES Written Testimony of Kenneth Ballen President Terror Free Tomorrow: The Center for Public
More informationTHE UNITED STATES IN THE MILLENNIAL GENERATION
THE UNITED STATES IN THE MILLENNIAL GENERATION 1993-2008 ELECTION OF 1992 REPUBLICAN: George H.W. Bush DEMOCRAT: Bill Clinton PRESIDENT WILLIAM J. CLINTON - # 42 Democrat from Arkansas Commonly known just
More informationCourse: Government Course Title: Power and Politics: Power, Tragedy, and H onor Three Faces of W ar Year: Spring 2007
Document Title: Styles of W riting and the Afghanistan Model A uthor: Andrew Yeo Course: Government 100.03 Course Title: Power and Politics: Power, Tragedy, and H onor Three Faces of W ar Year: Spring
More informationThe European Union Strategy for Combating Radicalisation and Recruitment to Terrorism
COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION The European Union Strategy for Combating Radicalisation and Recruitment to Terrorism Justice and Home Affairs Council meeting, Brussels 1 December 2005 1. Terrorism is a
More information2010 Arab Public Opinion Poll
2010 Arab Public Opinion Poll Conducted by the University of Maryland in conjunction with Zogby International With special thanks to the Carnegie Corporation of New York Shibley Telhami, Principal Investigator
More informationContinuing Conflict in SW Asia. EQ: What are the causes and effects of key conflicts in SW Asia that required U.S. involvement?
Continuing Conflict in SW Asia EQ: What are the causes and effects of key conflicts in SW Asia that required U.S. involvement? Directions Today, we will be looking at the causes of important ongoing conflicts
More informationJoint Press briefing by Foreign Secretary Shri Shivshankar Menon And U.S. Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Mr.
Joint Press briefing by Foreign Secretary Shri Shivshankar Menon And U.S. Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Mr. Nicholas Burns 07/12/2006 OFFICIAL SPOKESPERSON (SHRI NAVTEJ SARNA): Good evening
More informationCRS Report for Congress
Order Code RL32607 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web U.S. Public Diplomacy: Background and the 9/11 Commission Recommendations Updated May 1, 2006 Susan B. Epstein Specialist in Foreign
More informationStatement of U.S. Senator Sam Brownback (R KS) before the Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs United States Senate October 6, 2009
Statement of U.S. Senator Sam Brownback (R KS) before the Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs United States Senate October 6, 2009 Thank you, Senator Dodd, and Senator Shelby. I am grateful
More informationDomestic policy WWI. Foreign Policy. Balance of Power
Domestic policy WWI The decisions made by a government regarding issues that occur within the country. Healthcare, education, Social Security are examples of domestic policy issues. Foreign Policy Caused
More informationU.S. Image Still Poor in the Middle East Pew Global Attitudes surveys of 50 nations in 2002 and 2003 found that the U.S. Favorable Opinion of the U.S.
Testimony of Andrew Kohut United States House of Representatives International Relations Committee Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations November 10, 2005 Thank you for the opportunity to help this
More informationWar Gaming: Part I. January 10, 2017 by Bill O Grady of Confluence Investment Management
War Gaming: Part I January 10, 2017 by Bill O Grady of Confluence Investment Management One of the key elements of global hegemony is the ability of a nation to project power. Ideally, this means a potential
More informationAfter the Cold War. Europe and North America Section 4. Main Idea
Main Idea Content Statements: After the Cold War The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and the Cold War came to an end, bringing changes to Europe and leaving the United States as the world s only superpower.
More informationOperation Enduring Freedom Update
OUSD(P) OFFICES LEADERSHIP PUBLIC STATEMENTS RELATED LINKS SPECIAL REPORTS Operation Enduring Freedom Update Topic: Operation Enduring Freedom Update Under Secretary Feith News Briefing at the Foreign
More informationTITLE: The Decline of America s Soft Power: Why Washington Should Worry SOURCE: Foreign Affairs v83 no3 p16-20 My/Je 2004 The magazine publisher is
TITLE: The Decline of America s Soft Power: Why Washington Should Worry SOURCE: Foreign Affairs v83 no3 p16-20 My/Je 2004 The magazine publisher is the copyright holder of this article and it is reproduced
More informationBefore the UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM HEARING ON PROMOTING RELIGIOUS FREEDOM DURING THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST TERRORISM
Before the UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM HEARING ON PROMOTING RELIGIOUS FREEDOM DURING THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST TERRORISM Testimony of Patrick Merloe Senior Associate, National
More informationconfronting terrorism in the pursuit of power
strategic asia 2004 05 confronting terrorism in the pursuit of power Edited by Ashley J. Tellis and Michael Wills Regional Studies South Asia: A Selective War on Terrorism? Walter K. Andersen restrictions
More information2010 Annual Arab Public Opinion Survey
EMBAGOED UNTIL 10:00 AM, THURSDAY AUGUST 5TH Anwar Sadat Chair for Peace and Development University of Maryland with Zogby International 2010 Annual Arab Public Opinion Survey Survey conducted June-July
More informationModerator s Guide for The Case for Democracy: The Power of Freedom To Overcome Tyranny & Terror by Natan Sharansky with Ron Dermer
Moderator s Guide for The Case for Democracy: The Power of Freedom To Overcome Tyranny & Terror by Natan Sharansky with Ron Dermer Intro: Brief background of Mr. Sharansky Mr. Sharansky currently serves
More informationNo Consensus for Urgency on Iraq, Though Most Support a First Strike
ABC NEWS POLL: IRAQ AND THE WAR ON TERRORISM 10/6/02 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Monday, Oct. 7, 2002 No Consensus for Urgency on Iraq, Though Most Support a First Strike In a mixed message for George W. Bush,
More informationLIMITE EN COUNCIL. Brussels, 14 November 2008 THE EUROPEAN UNION 15175/08 LIMITE JAI 597 ENFOPOL 209 COTER 78. "A" ITEM NOTE from : COREPER
COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION Brussels, 14 November 2008 15175/08 LIMITE JAI 597 ENFOPOL 209 COTER 78 "A" ITEM NOTE from : COREPER to : COUNCIL No. prev. docs. 14781/1/05 REV 1 JAI 452 ENFOPOL 164 COTER
More informationGuided Reading Activity 32-1
Guided Reading Activity 32-1 DIRECTIONS: Recalling the Facts Use the information in your textbook to answer the questions below. Use another sheet of paper if necessary. 1. What conservative view did many
More informationGeorgia Studies. Unit 7: Modern Georgia and Civil Rights. Lesson 3: Georgia in Recent History. Study Presentation
Georgia Studies Unit 7: Modern Georgia and Civil Rights Lesson 3: Georgia in Recent History Study Presentation Lesson 3: Georgia in Recent History ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How did the policies and actions of
More informationOBSERVATIONS: UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY YEAR 2000 AND BEYOND, NATO AND EUROPEAN ISSUES YEAR 2000 & BEYOND
Marvin LEIBSTONE Washington, D.C., USA OBSERVATIONS: UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY YEAR 2000 AND BEYOND, NATO AND EUROPEAN ISSUES YEAR 2000 & BEYOND Distinguished guests, as you would imagine any over-arching
More informationThe Decline of America's Soft Power
May/June 2004 COMMENT The Decline of America's Soft Power Joseph S. Nye, Jr. Joseph S. Nye, Jr., is former Assistant Secretary of Defense and Dean of Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government.
More informationCOUNTRIES INTANGIBLE WEALTH, A COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN GLOBALISATION?
COUNTRIES INTANGIBLE WEALTH, A COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN GLOBALISATION? W, Havas Design, HEC Paris, Ernst & Young and Cap present a unique ranking of countries: (Survey undertaken by the Harris Interactive
More informationGlobal Opinions on the U.S.-China Relationship
Global Opinions on the U.S.-China Relationship Richard Wike Director of Global Attitudes Research Pew Research Center Funded largely by the Pew Charitable Trusts Non-profit, non-partisan fact tank in Washington
More informationCHAPTER 40 The Resurgence of Conservatism,
CHAPTER 40 The Resurgence of Conservatism, 1981 1992 Checklist of Learning Objectives After mastering this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Describe the rise of Reagan and the New Right in the 1980s,
More informationFrom King Stork to King Log: America s Negative Message Overseas
From King Stork to King Log: America s Negative Message Overseas Anthony H. Cordesman October 26, 2015 There are so many different views of America overseas that any effort to generalize is dangerous,
More informationFour conventional models. Communist or state model. Government controls the press. Social responsibility model. Press functions as a Fourth Estate
The cultural and social struggles over what constitutes free speech have defined the nature of American democracy. In 1989, when Supreme Court Justice William Brennan was asked to comment on his favorite
More informationGlobal Interdependence. Chapter Present
Global Interdependence Chapter 36 1960-Present 1 Space The Impact of Science + Technology: Soviets launched 1 st satellite + had the 1 st man to orbit Earth 1969, US astronauts landed on the moon Later
More informationGCSE HISTORY (8145) EXAMPLE RESPONSES. Marked Papers 1B/E - Conflict and tension in the Gulf and Afghanistan,
GCSE HISTORY (8145) EXAMPLE RESPONSES Marked Papers 1B/E - Conflict and tension in the Gulf and Afghanistan, 1990-2009 Understand how to apply the mark scheme for our sample assessment papers. Version
More informationSSUSH25 The student will describe changes in national politics since 1968.
SSUSH25 The student will describe changes in national politics since 1968. a. Describe President Richard M. Nixon s opening of China, his resignation due to the Watergate scandal, changing attitudes toward
More informationPreventing Violent Extremism A Strategy for Delivery
Preventing Violent Extremism A Strategy for Delivery i. Contents Introduction 3 Undermine extremist ideology and support mainstream voices 4 Disrupt those who promote violent extremism, and strengthen
More informationThrough Different Lenses
Name: Period: September 11 th Through Different Lenses Instructions: Throughout this year, we will be analyzing events as historians, citizens, geographers, economists, and cultural anthropologists our
More informationOpening Statement Secretary of State John Kerry Senate Committee on Foreign Relations December 9, 2014
Opening Statement Secretary of State John Kerry Senate Committee on Foreign Relations December 9, 2014 Mr. Chairman, Ranking Member Corker Senators good afternoon, thank you for having me back to the Foreign
More informationGlobal Perspectives Barometer Global Perspectives Barometer Dossier 33. For the complete survey results visit
Global Perspectives Barometer Dossier 33 Global Perspectives Barometer 0 Globalization, Power and Efficient Elites What will the global power structure look like in 0 years time? How has it changed in
More informationAddress by Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO on the occasion of the visit to the Flemish Parliament
Address by Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO on the occasion of the visit to the Flemish Parliament A New Multilateralism to Tackle New Challenges Brussels, 9 June 2016 The Honourable Mr Jan Peumans,
More informationThe War Against Terrorism
The War Against Terrorism Part 2 Dr. János Radványi Radványi Chair in International Security Studies Mississippi State University with Technical Assistance by Tan Tsai, Research Associate Diplomacy and
More informationRUSSIAN INFORMATION AND PROPAGANDA WAR: SOME METHODS AND FORMS TO COUNTERACT AUTHOR: DR.VOLODYMYR OGRYSKO
RUSSIAN INFORMATION AND PROPAGANDA WAR: SOME METHODS AND FORMS TO COUNTERACT AUTHOR: DR.VOLODYMYR OGRYSKO PREPARED BY THE NATO STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE Russia s aggression against
More informationThe Terror OCTOBER 18, 2001
The Terror OCTOBER 18, 2001 Philip C. Wilcox Jr. Font Size: A A A The author, a retired US Foreign Service officer, served as US Ambassador at Large for Counterterrorism between 1994 and 1997. The Bush
More informationFact Sheet. The National Security Need for Public Diplomacy. Matthew Wallin. October Robert Gates 1. Judith McHale 2
Fact Sheet The National Security Need for Public Diplomacy Matthew Wallin October 2012 Both Democrats and Republicans agree: public diplomacy is a vital element of our national security. This fact sheet
More informationEvents Events Navigator Awards Executive Luncheon Series Archives
Events Events Navigator Awards Executive Luncheon Series Archives Executive Luncheon Series Counter-Terrorism Strategies in the Post 9-11 Era International Cooperation (what works and what doesn't) November
More informationThe Israel-Lebanon War of 2006 and the Ceyhan-Haifa Pipeline
- Iakovos Alhadeff The Israel-Lebanon War of 2006 and the Ceyhan-Haifa Pipeline By Iakovos Alhadeff Release Date : 2014-09-13 Genre : Politics & Current Affairs FIle Size : 0.65 MB is Politics & Current
More informationThe rise of right-wing extremism in Europe
EUROPEAN COMMISSION Cecilia Malmström EU Commissioner for Home Affairs The rise of right-wing extremism in Europe 'We are the Others' conference/berlin 27 May 2013 SPEECH/13/464 Mr President, Ladies and
More informationThe American Public on the 9/11 Decade
The American Public on the 9/11 Decade A Study of American Public Opinion September 8, 2011 PRIMARY INVESTIGATORS: SHIBLEY TELHAMI, STEVEN KULL STAFF: CLAY RAMSAY, EVAN LEWIS, STEFAN SUBIAS The Anwar Sadat
More informationDIASPORA POLICY IN LITHUANIA: BUILDING BRIDGES AND NEW CONNECTIONS
DIASPORA POLICY IN LITHUANIA: BUILDING BRIDGES AND NEW CONNECTIONS Ambassador Gintė Damušis Director, Department of Lithuanians Living Abroad Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania How
More informationAmerican Government Chapter 6
American Government Chapter 6 Foreign Affairs The basic goal of American foreign policy is and always has been to safeguard the nation s security. American foreign policy today includes all that this Government
More informationCHAPTER 26 THE UNITED STATES IN TODAY S WORLD
CHAPTER 26 THE UNITED STATES IN TODAY S WORLD SECTION 1 THE 1990s AND THE NEW MILLENNIUM Clinton Becomes President 1992 Ross Perot Reform Party The New Democrat Clinton vowed to move away from traditional
More informationCourse Overview Course Length Materials Prerequisites Course Outline
HST203: Modern World Studies Course Overview Course Length Materials Prerequisites Course Outline COURSE OVERVIEW In this comprehensive course, students follow the history of the world from approximately
More information1/13/ What is Terrorism? The Globalization of Terrorism. What is Terrorism? Geography of Terrorism. Global Patterns of Terrorism
What is Terrorism? The Globalization of Terrorism Global Issues 621 Chapter 23 Page 364 1/13/2009 Terrorism 2 Unfortunately, the term terrorism is one that has become a part of our everyday vocabulary
More information10/15/2013. The Globalization of Terrorism. What is Terrorism? What is Terrorism?
The Globalization of Terrorism Global Issues 621 Chapter 23 Page 364 What is Terrorism? 10/15/2013 Terrorism 2 What is Terrorism? Unfortunately, the term terrorism is one that has become a part of our
More informationMost Support Allied Attack Even Without U.N. Support
ABC NEWS/WASHINGTON POST POLL: IRAQ AND THE U.S. - 2/9/03 EMBARGO: 6:30 P.M. BROADCAST, 8 P.M. PRINT/WEB, Monday, Feb. 10, 2003 Most Support Allied Attack Even Without U.N. Support Most Americans say they
More informationWhite Paper of the Interagency Policy Group's Report on U.S. Policy toward Afghanistan and Pakistan INTRODUCTION
White Paper of the Interagency Policy Group's Report on U.S. Policy toward Afghanistan and Pakistan INTRODUCTION The United States has a vital national security interest in addressing the current and potential
More informationUnderstanding Beijing s Policy on the Iranian Nuclear Issue
Regional Governance Architecture FES Briefing Paper February 2006 Page 1 Understanding Beijing s Policy on the Iranian Nuclear Issue LIANGXIANG JIN Beijing s Policy on the Iranian Nuclear Issue FES Briefing
More informationPreparing for NATO s 2014 Summit Under the Spell of the Ukraine Crisis
Report Preparing for NATO s 2014 Summit Under the Spell of the Ukraine Crisis Friday, 20 June 2014 Press Centre Nieuwspoort, The Hague In light of the upcoming NATO summit in Wales (in September of this
More informationThe 80 s The 90 s.. And beyond..
The 80 s The 90 s.. And beyond.. The growing conservative movement swept Ronald Reagan into the White House in 1980 Who promised to: Lower taxes Reduce the size of government And INCREASE defense spending.
More informationTestimony of Joseph S. Nye, Jr. University Distinguished Service Professor Harvard University
Testimony of Joseph S. Nye, Jr. University Distinguished Service Professor Harvard University Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs U.S. House of Representatives March 4, 2010 Restoring America s Reputation
More informationTestimony for Hearing of the HASC Subcommittee on Terrorism, Unconventional Threats and Capabilities
Testimony for Hearing of the HASC Subcommittee on Terrorism, Unconventional Threats and Capabilities on Strategies for Countering Violent Extremist Ideologies February 12, 2009 by Michael Doran Visiting
More informationAmerica's Image Slips, But Allies Share U.S. Concerns Over Iran, Hamas No Global Warming Alarm in the U.S., China
Page 1 of 5 06.26.06 Receive notification of releases. Enter your email address: America's Image Slips, But Allies Share U.S. Concerns Over Iran, Hamas No Global Warming Alarm in the U.S., China Released:
More informationUnit 7 Station 2: Conflict, Human Rights Issues, and Peace Efforts. Name: Per:
Name: Per: Station 2: Conflicts, Human Rights Issues, and Peace Efforts Part 1: Vocab Directions: Use the reading below to locate the following vocab words and their definitions. Write their definitions
More informationConservative Principles, Political Reality, and the War on Terrorism
No. 847 Delivered May 26, 2004 August 02, 2004 Conservative Principles, Political Reality, and the War on Terrorism Larry M. Wortzel, Ph.D. For 10 years, between 1991 and September 11, 2001, Islamic extremists
More informationStatute International Union of Virtual Media (IUVM)
In the name of God the Compassionate the Merciful Statute International Union of Virtual Media (IUVM) The Technology of Information has had an enormous impact on the lives of not only people but on Nations
More informationWhat Role Does Othering Play In Maintaining The Illusion Of Imagined Communities?
What Role Does Othering Play In Maintaining The Illusion Of Imagined Communities? It appears that all societies need to invent differences between themselves and others. Explore possible reasons for this
More informationSSUSH25. Key Supreme Court Cases and the US Presidents from Nixon-Bush. The Last PowerPoint presentation of the semester
SSUSH25 Key Supreme Court Cases and the US Presidents from Nixon-Bush The Last PowerPoint presentation of the semester Supreme Court Cases of the 70 s Regents of UC vs. Bakke (1978) Established the Bakke
More informationPresident Jimmy Carter
President Jimmy Carter E. America Enters World War II (1945-Present) g. Analyze the origins of the Cold War, foreign policy developments, and major events of the administrations from Truman to present
More informationUnit 8. 5th Grade Social Studies Cold War Study Guide. Additional study material and review games are available at at
Unit 8 5th Grade Social Studies Cold War Study Guide Additional study material and review games are available at www.jonathanfeicht.com. are available at www.jonathanfeicht.com. Copyright 2015. For single
More informationThe Roots of Hillary Clinton s Foreign Policy
The Roots of Hillary Clinton s Foreign Policy Oct. 18, 2016 The candidate has not shifted her strategy to respond to the changing reality in the international system. By George Friedman This is an election
More informationStability and Statebuilding: Cooperation with the International Community
Statement By His Excellency Dr Rangin Dadfar Spanta Foreign Minister of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Stability and Statebuilding: Cooperation with the International Community Finnish Institute of
More informationLegitimacy and the Transatlantic Management of Crisis
Legitimacy and the Transatlantic Management of Crisis Erik Jones The United States-led coalition in Iraq is suffering from a crisis of legitimacy. The evidence is everywhere around us. It can be seen in
More informationGlobal Studies Seminar A
Global Studies Seminar A Essay assignment Religious Extremism and Ethnic Nationalism Question 1: Identify at least one religious extremist group in the world. What are its goals, methods, and characteristics?
More informationTerrorism in Africa: Challenges and perspectives
African Training and Research Centre in Administration for Development Hanns Seidel Foundation The Governance of National Security: Challenges and Prospects New Strategies to Address Growing Security Threats
More informationTO: FROM: RE: Overview effective ineffective
June 2007 TO: Interested Parties FROM: Third Way (Jon Cowan, Matt Bennett and Sharon Burke) brilliant corners Research & Strategies (Cornell Belcher and Jason McKnight) RE: Reframing the National Security
More informationStates & Types of States
States & Types of States Political Geography Nation: a group of people with a common culture - Tightly knit group of people possessing shared cultural beliefs & unity: genous - Ancestry or historical events
More informationIntroduction. Definition of Key Terms. Special Conference. Measures to suppress the financing of terrorism
Forum: Issue: Student Officer: Position: Special Conference Measures to suppress the financing of terrorism Sinan van der Hoeven Co-Chair Introduction Throughout the history of humanity we have always
More informationThe 1990s and the New Millennium
Section The 990s and the New Millennium The Democrats gain control of the White House by moving their party s platform toward the political center. The 990s and the New Millennium Clinton Wins the Presidency
More informationTHE U.S.-CHINA POWER SHIFT
THE U.S.-CHINA POWER SHIFT Bruce Stokes Director, Global Economic Attitudes Pew Research Center Funded largely by the Pew Charitable Trusts Non-profit, non-partisan fact tank in Washington Research areas
More informationReview for U.S. History test tomorrow
Review for U.S. History test tomorrow What did President Nixon cover up in 1973? What political party was Nixon affiliated with? Burglary of Democrat National Headquarters : Republican What was the name
More information30 June 1 July 2015, Hofburg, Vienna
CIO.GAL/105/15 10 July 2015 ENGLISH only Chairmanship s Perception Paper Outcomes and Recommendations from the 2015 OSCE-wide Counter-Terrorism Expert Conference on Countering the Incitement and Recruitment
More informationHow an Afghanistan-Pakistan Study Group Could Help
POLICY BRIEF How an Afghanistan-Pakistan Study Group Could Help BY JORDAN TAMA SEPTEMBER 2011 In June 2011, the House Appropriations Committee unanimously approved an amendment introduced by U.S. Representative
More informationThe War in Iraq. The War on Terror
The War in Iraq The War on Terror Daily Writing: How should the United States respond to the threat of terrorism at home or abroad? Should responses differ if the threat has not taken tangible shape but
More information