10/15/2013. The Globalization of Terrorism. What is Terrorism? What is Terrorism?
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1 The Globalization of Terrorism Global Issues 621 Chapter 23 Page 364 What is Terrorism? 10/15/2013 Terrorism 2 What is Terrorism? Unfortunately, the term terrorism is one that has become a part of our everyday vocabulary, but how do we define the term terrorism? LET S FIND OUT: In groups of two students, complete The Problem of Defining Terrorism on pages 365 and /15/2013 Terrorism 3 1
2 10/15/ Geography of Terrorism The causes of terrorism can often have geographic origins Patterns can be mapped Nations harbor terrorists Nations sponsor terrorism o Geopolitics o Globalization o Economic disparity o Religious differences o Cultural differences 10/15/2013 Terrorism 5 Global Patterns of Terrorism Modern terrorism began in 1968 when an Israeli plane was hijacked by Palestinian terrorists. But terrorism has changed in today s world: 1. Terrorists understand the role mass media plays (Internet, media releases) 2. Little care is given to avoid death and injury to ordinary people. o No warnings issued o Maximum death is the goal 10/15/2013 Terrorism 6 2
3 10/15/2013 Terrorism 7 10/15/2013 Terrorism 8 Is Terrorism Common? Hundreds of terrorist acts occur each year, but receive little attention: They cause little death and/or little damage Have we become desensitized to the violence? There are many terrorist groups still active in the world: Some are presently inactive (like the IRA); Others are active and wreaking havoc worldwide o See Figure 23-3 on page 368 o Al-Qaeda (65 Nations) o Hamas (Israel) o Hezbollah (Lebanon) 10/15/2013 Terrorism 9 3
4 Is it Increasing or Decreasing? That depends on how it is measured. Do you count only international terrorism? Do you ignore incidents involving attackers and victims within one country? Problems arise with how politicians and the media choose to use these statistics to either exaggerate or underplay the incidents of terrorism. 10/15/2013 Terrorism 10 10/15/ Objectives of Terrorism Terrorism isn t, in itself, a goal; it is a method used to achieve a goal. An aspect of asymmetrical warfare (fought between opponents who are not militarily equal; the weaker party resorts to terrorist acts) There are four basic objectives of terrorism: 10/15/2013 Terrorism 12 4
5 Objectives of Terrorism 1. A group wants to achieve a specific goal: Overthrow a government Force a foreign army to leave a country Obtain money Release of prisoners 2. To cause widespread fear and anxiety, hoping to break down the normal social order of the target population. 3. To provoke the target government to overreact and introduce excessively harsh counterterrorism measures, which may cause the population to oppose the government Sound familiar? 4. Governments may use terrorist methods to force obedience from the general population (state terrorism) 10/15/2013 Terrorism 13 10/15/2013 Terrorism 14 State Terrorism Terrorist acts carried out by governments: Political opponents are murdered Torture used to intimidate and to gather information Opponents disappear State terrorism has declined with governments showing more respect for human rights Myanmar USA (Iraq, Afghanistan) 10/15/2013 Terrorism 15 5
6 State-Sponsored Terrorism Sometimes, a nation doesn t commit terrorism, but provides a safe haven for terrorist groups (Al-Qaeda members spent time in both Afghanistan and Pakistan) USA has been accused of supporting terrorist regimes in Chile and Argentina, among other places. 10/15/2013 Terrorism 16 10/15/2013 Terrorism 17 Rational Motivation Rational Motivation: Terrorism becomes the last resort after other methods of achieving goals were not effective. Psychological Motivation True believers in the cause Opponents are evil Absolute beliefs and disagreements lead to smaller factions Cultural Motivation Fear of culture and religion coming under threat Terrorism becomes the defense of one s culture or faith, which is one s DUTY 10/15/2013 Terrorism 18 6
7 10/15/2013 Terrorism 19 Freedom Fighter or Terrorist? Depends on which side you support. The US once considered Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress to be terrorists. As the politics of a country change, so does the label of terrorist or freedom fighter. Osama Bin Laden, when fighting the Soviets in the 1980s, was worthy of moral and financial support. That changed, of course, yet he changed very little. Consider: Fought for his faith against powerful foreign enemies, using whatever methods he had at his disposal. 10/15/2013 Terrorism 20 Changing Nature of Terrorism Not just guns & bombs anymore. Chemical Terrorism Nerve gases Anthrax spores Bioterrorism Nuclear Threats Acquisition of an atomic bomb (Pakistan, India, North Korea) Construction of a nuclear weapon Construction of a hybrid (dirty) bomb with nuclear wastes Exploding a nuclear power plant 10/15/2013 Terrorism 21 7
8 10/15/2013 Terrorism 22 10/15/2013 Terrorism 23 War on Terror It is difficult to declare war on a methodology not an enemy. Wars end in: Negotiation Surrender Destruction of one side In wars against terror: There is no country to negotiate with Catching/killing all terrorists is impossible. Evidence suggests that recent efforts in the Middle East created more terrorists than they stopped. Counterterrorism Networks of spies Electronic surveillance Invasions of privacy? 10/15/2013 Terrorism 24 8
9 Fighting Terrorism Arrests may be possible for domestic terrorists Negotiated settlements Assassinations There are legal and moral complications in this for governments. Invasion of a country to disable the terrorist group and the government which supports it. Al-Qaeda & the Taliban in Afghanistan Has led us to a lengthy asymmetrical war Meanwhile, the allies try to help rebuild the country 10/15/2013 Terrorism 25 Fighting Terrorism GWB s axis of evil North Korea Iraq (invaded in 2003) Iran Little evidence to support the US invasion Who funds terrorism? Expatriates Governments Sympathizers Financial globalization makes it easy to move money; technological globalization makes it easier to track it 10/15/2013 Terrorism 26 Fighting Terrorism Better protect likely targets: Increased airport security Protecting nuclear plants City water systems Major sports facilities Problems Can everything be protected? Will the public stand for it? Some anti-terrorist laws violate civil liberties Being held without charges Wire taps To eliminate terrorism, we have to eliminate its causes: Economically Socially Geopolitically Environmentally Religiously Culturally 10/15/2013 Terrorism 27 9
10 28 10/15/2013 Terrorism 29 Images 10/15/2013 Terrorism 30 10
11 10/15/2013 Terrorism 31 10/15/
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