Bank paper (2000); Social Capital, Local Capacity Building and Poverty Reduction, Asian Development Bank paper (1999); 'Indigenous Organizations, Prot

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1 About the authors Anthony 1. Bebbington, Assistant Professor of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder. Publications include Globalized Andes? Peasant Organizations, Livelihoods and Landscape, Latin American Studies Association conference paper, (2000); 'Capitals and Capabilities: A Framework for Analyzing Peasant Viability, Rural Livelihoods and Poverty,' World Development (1999); 'Technology and Rural Development Strategies in a Small Farmer Association: Lessons from Bolivia for Rural Policy and Practice,' with Quisbert, 1. and Trujillo, G., Public Administration and Development (1996). Mary C. Brinton, Professor of Sociology, Cornell University. Publications include Women's Working Lives in East Asia, Mary C. Brinton, ed. (forthcoming); 'Women's Labor in East Asian Economies,' Women's Working Lives in East Asia, Mary C. Brinton, ed. (forthcoming); 'From High School to Work in Japan: Lessons for the United States?' Social Service Review (1998); Women and the Economic Miracle: Gender and Work in Postwar Japan (1993). Jeffrey Praed Broadbent, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Minnesota. Publications include 'The Japanese Network State in US Comparison: Does Embeddedness Yield Resources and Influence?,' Occasional Paper, Asia/ Pacific Research Center, Stanford University (2000); 'The Evolution of Japan's Environmental Policy Regime: International and Domestic Pressures on a Broker State,' Environmental Politics and Policies in the Industrialized Countries, Uday Desai, ed. (forthcoming); Environmental Politics in Japan: Networks of Power and Protest (1998). Christopher Candland, Associate Professor, Wellesley College. Publications include Politics in a Global Age: Continuity and Change in the Industrial Relations of Late-Industrializing Economies, Christopher Candland and Rudra Sil, eds. (2000); 'Institutional Impediments to Human Development in Pakistan,' The Post-Colonial States of South Asia: Democracy, Development, and Identity, Amita Shastri and A. Jeyaratnam Wilson, eds. (2000); Can Corporate Codes of Conduct Promote Labor Standards?: Evidence from Thai Footwear and Apparel Industries, with Junya Yimprasert (1999); 'New Social and New Political Unionism: Labor, Industry, and the State in India and Pakistan,' Labour Worldwide in the Era of Globalisation, Peter Waterman and Ronaldo Munck, eds. (1998). Thomas F. Carroll, Professor of Economics and Urban/Regional Planning, Emeritus, George Washington University. Publications include Induced Social Capital and Federations of the Rural Poor, with Anthony Bebbington, World 269

2 Bank paper (2000); Social Capital, Local Capacity Building and Poverty Reduction, Asian Development Bank paper (1999); 'Indigenous Organizations, Protests and Human Rights in Ecuador,' Human Rights: Positive Policies in Asia and the Pacific Rim, John D. Montgomery, ed. (1998). Xiangming Chen, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Illinois at Chicago. Publications include 'The Geoeconomic Reconfiguration of the Semiperiphery: The Asia-Pacific Transborder Regions in the World System,' Questioning Geopolitics: Political Projects in a Changing World System, , Georgi M. Derlugian and Scott L. Greer, eds. (2000); 'Regional Integration, Networked Production, and Technological Competition: The 'Greater China' Economic Circle Through and Beyond 1997,' Science, Technology and Innovation Policy: Opportunities and Challenges for the Knowledge Economy, Pedro Concei9ao, David V. Gibson, Manuel V. Heitor, and Syed Shariq, eds. (2000); 'Teamwork in China: Where Reality Challenges Theory and Practice,' with James Bishop and Dow Scott, Management and Organizations in the Chinese Context, IT. Li, Anne Tsui, and Elizabeth Weldon, eds. (2000); 'To Team Or Not To Team?' with Warren Barshes, The China Business Review (2000). Jonathan Fox is Professor of Social Sciences and Chair of the Latin American and Latino Studies Program at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Publications include 'The World Bank Inspection Panel: Lessons from the First Five Years,' Global Governance (2000); 'State-Society Relations in Mexico: Historical Legacies and Contemporary Trends,' Latin American Research Review (2000); The Struggle for Accountability: The World Bank, NGOs and Grassroots Movements, with co-editor L. David Brown (1998); Decentralization and Rural Development in Mexico: Community Participation in Oaxaca's Municipal Funds Program, with co-author Josefina Aranda (1996). John Gershman is a graduate student in political science at the University of California, Berkeley and a visiting fellow at the Institute for Popular Democracy in the Philippines. John M. Heffron, Professor of History, Soka University of America. Publications include 'Nation-Building for a Venerable South: Moral and Practical Uplift in the New Agricultural Education, ,' The Limits of Southern Exceptionalism: Southern Education in the Twentieth Century, Wayne I Urban, ed. (1999); 'The Lincoln School and Teachers College: Elitism and Educational Democracy,' Schools of Tomorrow, School of Today: What Happened to Progressive Education? Susan F. Semel and Alan R. Sadovnik, eds. (1999); '''to form a more perfect union": The Moral Example of Southern Baptist Thought and Education,' Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation (1998); 'Defining Values,' Values in Education: Social Capital Formation in Asia and the Pacific, John D. Montgomery, ed. (1997). 270

3 Alex Inkeles, Senior Fellow, Hoover Institution, Professor of Sociology, Emeritus, Stanford University. Publications include One World Emerging? Convergence and Divergence in Industrial Societies (1998); National Character: A Psychosocial Perspective (1997). Abdul Hye Mondal, Senior Research Fellow, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies. Publications include 'Technological Competitiveness of Leather and Leather Goods Manufacturing in Bangladesh,' Towards Industrial Competitiveness in Bangladesh: Addressing the Technological Factor (forthcoming 2000); The Employee Concerns and Related Issues Involved in the Proposed Transfer of the Transmission Network of the Bangladesh Power Development Board to the Power Grid Company of Bangladesh Limited, Research Report, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (1999); 'The Impact of Science and Technology Policies on Human Values in Bangladesh,' Human Rights: Positive Policies in Asia and the Pacific Rim, John D. Montgomery, ed. (1998). John D. Montgomery, Director, Pacific Basin Research Center, Soka University of America, and Ford Foundation Professor of International Studies, Emeritus, Harvard University. Publications include 'Administration of Human Rights,' Public Administration and Development (1998); Aftermath: Tarnished Outcomes of American Foreign Policy (1986); The Politics of Foreign Aid: American Experience in Southeast Asia (1962); Forced to Be Free, The Artificial Revolution in Germany and Japan (1957). Charles H. Norchi is Senior Fellow in International Security Studies at Yale University and Visiting Professor at Sarah Lawrence College. He has contributed to the following books: The Pivotal States: A New Frameworkfor U.S. Policy in The Developing World; Naval Strategy and Policy in the Mediterranean; Human Rights: Positive Policies in Asia and the Pacific Rim. Benjamin Quinones, Jr. is Programme Coordinator, Asian and Pacific Development Centre, Kuala Lumpur. Publications include Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation: Case Studies in Asia and the Pacific, with Joe Remenyi (2000); Creating the Vision: Microfinancing the Poor in Asia Pacific, with Joe Remenyi and I. Getubig (1997). Hans Dieter Seibel is Rural Finance Adviser, International Fund for Agricultural Development, Rome. Publications include Linking Informal to Formal Microfinance: the transformation of Dhikuti in Nepal, with Uttam Dhakwa (1997); Financial Systems Development and Microfinance (1996). Bill Taylor, Assistant Professor, Department of Public and Social Administration, City University of Hong Kong. Publications include 'Labour Management in Japanese manufacturing plants in China,' International Journal of Human Resource Management (2000); 'Labour Regulation in Foreign Funded Firms 271

4 in Socialist China: the relation between the origin of capital and the control of labour,' with Catherine Chiu, Regionalism and sub-regionalism in East Asia, Glen Johnson, Glenn Drover and Julia Tao, eds. (2000); 'Patterns of Control within Japanese manufacturing plants in China: doubts about Japanisation in Asia,' Journal of Management Studies (1999); 'Japanese Employment system and the development of China: a critique of Anita Chan's claims of convergence,' Ritsumeikan Journal of Asia Pacific Studies (1999). Haunani-Kay Trask, Professor of Hawaiian Studies at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa. Publications include From a Native Daughter: Colonialism and Sovereignty in Hawai'i (1999), and two poetry books, Light in the Crevice Never Seen (1999) and Born in Fire (forthcoming). Zhou Yongming, Assistant Professor of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is author of Anti-Drug Crusades in Twentieth-Century China: Nationalism, History, and State-Building (1999). 272

5 Index Aga Khan network, 137 Agricultural Credit Policy Council (Philippines), 198 Ahon Sa Hirap, 202, 205 Alim Mulla Naseer-u-Din, 138 Andaman Islanders (Radcliffe-Brown), 169 Ariyaratne, A. T., 120, Asia-Pacific transborder subregion barriers to consensus in, economic development in, political situation in, , subregions of, 53 Asian Tigers, economic growth of, ASPROLPA (Bolivia), 225 association, as social capital, 23 Association for the Work of Employees' Political Ideology (AWEPI) (China), 103 authoritarianism, and social capital, 7 Bangladesh effects of social capital in, 264 efficacy ofngos in, , NGO activities in, , relationship of governments to NGOs in, 234, rural development projects in, 233, , 256 Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC),235 activities of, benefits achieved by, , 264 cooperative ventures of, described, 237 educational programs of, 239 history of, 237 studies of, banking commercial, 202 development, 201 Grameen, , , private rural, Belgium, social attitudes in, 37 Bhave, Vinoba, l39 Bhutto, Benazir, 138 Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 136 biological diversity, U.N. convention on, 168 Bodhirak, Pra, 142, 143 Bohai Rim Subregion, 53, South Korean investment zones in, 57, 58 Bolivia agricultural policies in, 226 dairy industry in, 225 land reform in, 210, 212 municipalization in, Popular Participation Law, 222 privatization in, 225 Bourdieu, Peter, 45 Brinton, Mary, 10 Britain, social attitudes in, 38 Bush, George, 153 Campbell, John, 9 Caiiari people, 219 Candland, Christopher, 10 capital defined, 20 studies of, 19 various types distinguished, Carroll, Thomas, 9 Center for Agriculture and Rural Development (Philippines), 202, 205 China business organizations in, 100 capitalism in, civil society in, 98 economic development of, 48 economic reforms of 1978, 102 effects of social capital in, entrepreneurship in, 97-98,99-100,106 foreign-owned enterprises in, , 261 labor arbitration in, 116 labor organizations in, market economy in, 107, profit-making enterprises in, rise of bourgeoisie in,

6 social capital accumulation in, 116, ,260 social organizations in, 99 characteristics of, 101 social stratification in, trade unions in, functions of, Chinese emigration of, 46, 47 kinship networks of, 46 Civilian Conservation Corps, 40 Cleveland, Grover, 149 Clinton, Bill, 152, 153 coalition building, 180 Coleman, James, 45 communication, as social capital, 23 CONAIE (Ecuador), Confidence Gap, The (Lipset and Schneider), 38 conflict resolution, methodology of, cooperation intergroup, , leadership and, 262 Japanese view of, state-society, 259 Cooperative Rural Bank of Bulacan (Philippines), 203 Cotacachi, municipal relations with OSGs in, culture consequences of, patterns of, as social capital, 22 Culture's Consequences (Hofstede), 27, 32 Dalian, transnational economic projects in, 54,56 democracy predictors of continuity in, 25 stability of, Deng Xiaoping, 107 Denmark, social attitudes in, 37 Dewey, John, 251 Dongguan economic development in, Dn:ze, Jean, 143 economic capital, effects of, economic growth, social capital and, Ecuador dairy industry in, 225 indigenous corporations in, 209 indigenous peoples of, 210 land reform in, 210 NGOsin, 217 OSG-affected reforms in, politics of culture in, 216 state attitudes toward OSGs, 219 education, as social capital, 26, entrepreneurship, in China attitudes toward, 107 future of, growth of, 97-98,99-100,106 organizations of, professional entrepreneurs, 109 relations with state, , in state-owned enterprises, Estrada, Joseph, 198 ethnic social capital, consequences of, guanxi, 51 in transborder setting, Evans, Peter, 112 Factory Directors Association of the Suzhou Electronic Industry, 102, 103 Fair Election Monitoring Alliance (Bangladesh), 247 faith-based social capital, case studies of, consequences of, , 262 faith as component of, 144 politics of, Federation of Industry and Commerce (China), 100 Fisher, Irving, 19 freedom of the press, 30 Freedom House ratings, 24 Fujian, economic development in, 50 Fujimori, Alberto, 210 FUNORSAL (Ecuador), 225 Fuzhou, economic development in, 51 Gabbay, S., 45 Gandhi, Indira, 161 Gandhi, Mohandas, 139 Gates, Bill, 101 Glidden, Timothy, 153 GNP, individualism and,

7 Goodman, David S. G., IlO Grameen banking, , , Greater Southeast China Subregion defined,48 economic development of, history of social capital in, political situation in, 51 Taiwan investment zones in, Grootaert, Christiaan, 176 groups outside direction of, 13 psychosocial characteristics of, 23 as reservoirs of social capital, 2,8, Il-12 uses of social capital by, 5-6, Guamote, municipal relations with OSGs in, 221 Guangdong, economic development in, 50 guanxi, 51 Hall, Peter, 38 Hawaii colonial history of, cultural values of, 152 Federal stance toward, native protest in, sovereignty issues in, 149, ,259 tourism in, ,259 Hofstede, Geert, 27-28, 32, 251 Hong Kong, economic development of, 48 human capital, effects of, Human Capital-Investment: An International Comparison (OECD), 20 Ilio Coalition, 151 Inchon, Chinese influence in, 56 income distribution, individualism and, India intellectual property policy of, 162 Patent Act of 1970, 161, 162 indigenous peoples corporations made up of, federations of, 2Il-212, rights of, 167 Individual Labourers Association (China), individualism collective action as curb to, 246 as social capital, Individualism Index, 28 Indonesia development atmosphere in, 132 religious social capital in, 130, 131, Inglehart, Ronald, 25,31-32 Inner Wheel Multipurpose Cooperative (Philippines), 203, 205 institutional capital, 22 intellectual property decisionmaking regarding, Indian government stance toward, international investment and, ,163 Onge view of, public purpose and, treaties regarding, 169 Italy, religious social capital in, 130 Jamaat-i-Islami (Pakistan), 131,262 characteristics of, , 144 history of, structure of, 136 Japan cooperation ethic in, 82, 84 corporate system in, 82-84, 92 educational system of, effects of social capital in, 264 Employment Security Law of, 67, government ministries in, 88 health insurance in, labor groups in, 88 labor market policies in, labor politics in, 81-93, political parties in, 88 political reciprocity network in, quasi-governmental bodies, Ji'an, transnational economic projects in, 54 Jiangsu Entrepreneurs Advanced Forum, Il3 Jiangsu Provincial Entrepreneurs Association, IlO Jilin, 53 Jinnah, Mohammed Ali, 136 Ka Lahui Hawaii, 154 constitution of, raison d'etre of, Kahoolawe, Kerala, religious-based reforms in, Khittah 1926, 134 Khuttajitto, Pra Prajak, 141 Kohli, Atul, Il2 275

8 Kokua Hawaii, 150 Koreans, in China, labor market Japanese, educational system and, 65,66,74-78 historical, personal connections and, 64 United States, 63 educational system and, Lanka Jathika Sarvodaya Shramadana Sangamaya (Sri Lanka), 129, 131, 138 modus operandi of, origins of, 139 philosophy of, 144 Law Society (Canada), 24 leadership, social capital and, 6, 7 Lee, Yoonmi, 9,40 Leshy, John, 154 Levi-Strauss, Claude, 251 Liaoning, transnational economic projects in, Liliuokalani, 149 Lipset, Seymour, 38 Little Andaman Island, 163 Lu, Minghong, 9 Mafia, 24 Making Democracy Work (Putnam), 39 Mao, Chin-ju, 9 Mao Zedong, 118 Marcos, Ferdinand, 196 Marshall, Albert, 19 Marshall, Catherine, 10 Masculinity Index, 28 materialism, measurement of, 33 Mawlana Sayyid Abu'I-A'la Mawdudi, 135 McKinley, William, 149 Mediating Sustainability (B1auert and Zadek), 226 Merton, Robert, 253 Mexico, development projects in, 178, 181, 182, 183, 184, 187, 188 microfinance corporate players in, , 198 deregulation and, for poverty alleviation, Middle East Electricity Grid, 45 Migdal, Joel, 112 Modernization and Postmodernization (Inglehart), Mondal, Abdul Hye, 10 motivation, measures of, Nahdlatul Ulama (Indonesia), 131 characteristics of, , 144 community involvement of, 134, 138 structure of, Narayan, Deepa, 176 National Association of Factory Directors and Company Managers (AFDCM) (China), 103 Suzhou branch of, ,108,111 National Credit Council (Philippines), 198 Nature of Capital and income (Fisher), 19 Nicobar people, 164 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) as agents of change, 130 government-organized, 104 indigenous corporations, indigenous federations, , religious-based, 131 and social capital, 131 Norchi, Charles, 9 North Korea, economic ties to China, 55 Objectives Resolution (Pakistan), Onge people, 163 botanical knowledge of, 163 economy of, 165 future of, , intellectual property views of, protection of rights of, social organization of, 164, OSGs (Organizations of Second Grade; federations), 210 assessment of, attitudes toward, consolidation of, dimensions of social capital in, external linkages of, foci of, 218 networks within and among, 214 policy role of, , positive effects of, prerequisites for action of, 227 state support of, 219 types of,

9 Pakistan development atmosphere in, religious social capital in, 130, 131, People's Congress and Political Consultative Conference, 109, llo People's Credit and Finance Corporation (Philippines), 198, 205, 206 People's Trust and Development Fund (Philippines), 198 Peru agricultural policies in, 226 cooptation of social capital in, 220 future of rural development in, 227 land reform in, 210, 212 terrorist groups in, 220 Philippines Agriculture Modernization act, 198 development projects in, 178, 181, , ,187 microfinance projects in, Poverty Alleviation Act (1997), 198 policy defined, 253 Japanese perception of, as negative social capital, as positive social capital, transborder manifestations of, 256 postmaterialism, measurement of, 33 Power Distance Index, 28, 30 Private Enterprise Associations (China), PRODEPINE (Ecuador), 227 characteristics of, 209 power struggles over, Producers Rural Bank of San Jose City (Philippines), 203, 206 property, legal concept, PROSHIKA (Bangladesh), 235 activities of, advocacy by, 247 benefits achieved by, , 264 cooperative ventures of, cultural programs of, described, educational programs of, 239 structure of, 237 studies of, Protect Kahoolawe ohana, psychosocial social capital, 23, 26 Public and Its Problems, The (Dewey), 251 Putnam, Robert, 38, 39, 45, 130 Qingdao, transnational economic projects in, 57 Quinones, 9 Qulliat a1-khomsa, 134 Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred, 164 Reagan, Ronald, 153 representative government, individualism and, 29 Roosevelt, Franklin, 40 rural development in Bangladesh, banking and, Ecuadorean, 2ll-229 federations and, World Bank projects, 178, 209 Santi Asok (Thailand), 13l, 138 characteristics of, 142 modus operandi of, 142, philosophy of, social setting of, Sarvodaya movement, 129, 131, 138 modus operandi of, origins of, 139 philosophy of, 144 Schneider, William, 38 schools feeding into labor market, 65 in Japan, 66-73,74-78 institutional social capital of, 67, legal mandate of, Schultz, Theodore, 19 Sen, Amartya, 143 Shandong, transnational economic projects in, Sharif, Nawaz, 138 Shen Tukun, 103, 104, 108 Shining Path, 220 Shue, Vivienne, ll2 Sivaraksha, Sulak, 141,143 Smith, Adam, 19 social capital and added value, 22 antecedents of, 3 beneficiaries of,

10 as capital, 20 categories of, 22-23, community and, 117 components of, 1-2,20-22 at community level, consequences of, 82 cooptation of, ,220 crisis as catalyst for, 7-8 cultural context of, 265 cultural use of, deregulation and, distinguished from other types of capital, distribution of, 188 effects on political outcomes, elitism and, 246 enabling environment for, , as engine for development, 174 ethnic dimensions of, ethnicityand, 45-46,47-48 evaluation of measures to increase, exchange value of, 263 faith-based, , in federation system, gender dimensions of, 183 group activities in, 2, horizontal, 176 incentives for reinvestment of, individual use of, individualism as, intersectorial, 177 and leadership, 6 macro-level, 195 management of, manipulation of, , 228, 258 measures of, 23-24,32-34 in modern context, negative, NGOs and, 131 obstacles to formation of, as organization asset, organizational, outcomes of, 24-25, 27 and policy, as policy resource, , policy uses of, 1, 4-10, and politics, 81-93, political uses of, 9,12-13 potential uses of, prehistory of, 251 protest as generator of, and public policy, 66 public-interest use of, repression and, 156 research on, 115 as resource for the poor, 173, self-seeding capability of, social uses of, 8 sources of, 233 stability of, and state-society relations, 266 strategic environment of, 3-5 study of, 2-3,9-14 as threat to vested interests, transnational, trust and cooperation as, 252 workplace manifestations of, ,126 World Bank and, social institutions, as social capital, 22 social mobility, individualism and, 29 Social Security, 40 South Korea, Chinese in, 56 Sri Lanka development atmosphere in, 132 religious social capital in, 129, 130, 131, social service in, 139 Srimuang, Chamlong, 142, 143 state-society cooperation, 180 Stein, A., 45 Sto. Rosario Credit Cooperative (Philippines), 204 Suharto, 133, 134 Sukarno, Ahmed, 133, 134 Suzhou entrepreneurship associations in, state-owned enterprises in, trade associations in, 108 Suzhou Association for Factory Directors and Company Managers, Suzhou Economic Committee, 106, 108 Suzhou Enterprise Management Association, 104, 106, 107 Suzhou Entrepreneurs Association, 102 current status of, evolution of, 107 formation of, influence of,

11 Taiwan, economic development of, 48 Taylor, Bill, 9 Thailand development atmosphere in, 132 religious social capital in, 130,131, Tocqueville, Alexis de, 23 trade unions, Chinese, 118 characteristics of, ll8-120 fimctions of, research on, strengths and weaknesses of, transnational integration, formal, 44 subregional, 44 transnational social capital economic growth spurred by, elements of, interaction with policymaking, kinship networks and, manifestations of, role of, Trask, Haunani-Kay, 10 trust, measures of, 32 TUCAYTA (Ecuador), 219 Tumen, transnational economic projects in, 54 Tumen River Subregion, 53, 54, 55, 57 Tupac Amaru, 220 Uncertainty Avoidance Index, 28 Vicos project, 212 Vinayataro, Samana, 143 Wahid, Abdurrahman, 134 Wank, David, 46 Weber, Max, 22 Weihai,56 transnational economic projects in, 57 well-being, measures of, 32 Woolcock, Michael, 176 Works Progress Administration, 40 World Bank, 264 policy regarding social capital, rural development projects in Ecuador, 209 rural development projects in Mexico, 178 rural development projects in Philippines, 178 Xiamen, economic development in, 51 Yanbian Prefecture, 54 transnational economic projects in, Yanji, transnational economic projects in, Yantai, transnational economic projects in, 57 Yunus, Muhammad, 199 Zhou Enlai, 118 Zia u1 Haq, 136, 137, 138,