News in Review. Resource Guide. October 2007

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2 News in Review Resource Guide October 2007

3 Credits Resource Guide Writers: Jill Colyer, Sean Dolan, Peter Flaherty, Jim L Abbé Copy Editor and Desktop Publisher: Susan Rosenthal Production Assistant: Carolyn McCarthy Resource Guide Editor: Don Quinlan Supervising Manager: Karen Bower Host: Carla Robinson Senior Producer: Nigel Gibson Producer: Lou Kovacs Video Writers: Mark Harrison, Jennifer Harwood, Nigel Gibson Director: Fred Parker Editor: Brian Groberman Switcher: Joe Musitz Audio: Terry Goulding Camera: Stephanie Dunthorne Frame Storer: Liz Percival Visit us at our Web site at our Web site at where you will find News in Review indexes and an electronic version of this resource guide. As a companion resource, we recommend that students and teachers access CBC News Online, a multimedia current news source that is found on the CBC s home page at Close-captioning News in Review programs are close-captioned. Subscribers may wish to obtain decoders and open these captions for the hearing impaired, for English as a Second Language students, or for situations in which the additional on-screen print component will enhance learning. CBC Learning authorizes the reproduction of material contained in this resource guide for educational purposes. Please identify the source. News in Review is distributed by CBC Learning, P.O. Box 500, Station A, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5W 1E6 Tel: (416) Fax: (416) cbclearning@cbc.ca Copyright 2007 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation

4 Contents In This Issue THE VAN DOOS HEAD FOR AFGHANISTAN... 6 Introduction...6 Video Review...8 Statistical Analysis...10 The Fighting Van Doos...12 War Update: Timeline Activity: Debate...18 THE TRIALS OF STEVEN TRUSCOTT Introduction...19 Video Review...21 The Crime...22 Truscott Timeline...24 The Champions...26 The Judgment...28 Determining Compensation...30 THE ACT THAT MADE US CANADIAN Introduction...31 Viewing Activity...33 Timeline of Canadian Citizenship...34 Citizenship Profiles...36 Could You Pass the Citizenship Test?...39 Citizenship: Background and Current Issues...41 Designing and Staging a Citizenship Ceremony...44 GOING GREEN TO FIGHT GLOBAL WARMING Introduction...45 Video Review...46 Greening Transportation...48 Students Go Green...50 Greening Our Cities...53 Activity: How Green Are You?...55 News in Review Index CBC News in Review October 2007 Page

5 In This Issue... NiR Study Modules Using print and video material from archival issues of News in Review, teachers and students can create thematic modules for independent assignments, and small group study. Related CBC Videos Other videos available from CBC Learning; see the back cover for contact details. THE VAN DOOS HEAD FOR AFGHANISTAN (Start: 00:25; Length: 13:13) In late summer soldiers from Canada s Royal 22nd Regiment, commonly known as thevan Doos, began arriving in Afghanistan. They had barely settled in when they were rocked by the deaths of three soldiers in two bomb attacks. Because the Van Doos are based in Quebec, where anti-war feeling runs high, the tragedy also had a political dimension. In this News in Review story we ll look at the deployment of the Van Doos and how Quebecers reacted to the tragic news. NiR Study Modules Omar Khadr: Canadian in Guantanamo September 2007 Afghanistan: The Dead and the Wounded February 2007 Canada s Bloody War in Afghanistan November 2006 Toronto Arrests: 18 Face Terror Charges September 2006 London Bombers: Alienation and Terror September 2006 Afghan Fighting: Canadians Under Attack May 2006 Afghanistan: Canadians Prepare for War March 2006 London Bombs: A Summer of Terror November 2005 Dying for Peace: Our Soldiers in Kabul March 2004 Canada Returns to Afghanistan November 2003 Canada s Forces Go to Afghanistan March 2002 Afghanistan: Telling the Story February 2002 Routing the Taliban, December 2001 Terrorist Attack: The Retaliation November 2001 Related CBC Videos Afghanistan: Captives of the Warlords Saudi Arabia and the War in Afghanistan THE TRIALS OF STEPHEN TRUSCOTT (Start: 13:51; Length: 13:24) In 1959, 14-year-old Stephen Truscott was sentenced to hang for the murder of a 12-year-old girl near Clinton, Ontario. His death sentence was commuted, but it wasn t until late August of this year that an Ontario court finally acquitted him of the murder charge. In this News in Review story we ll look at the Stephen Truscott story and at the latest chapter of one of the most famous murder cases in Canadian history. NiR Study Modules DNA Evidence: Science and Justice March 1995 The Trials of Guy Paul Morin, March 1993 Native Justice in Manitoba, October 1991 Donald Marshall, September 1990 Related CBC Videos Steven Truscott: His Word Against History + Update Steven Truscott Story: The Moment of Truth CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 4

6 THE ACT THAT MADE US CANADIAN (Start: 27:28; Length: 14:26) This summer ceremonies were held to mark the 60th anniversary of the Canadian Citizenship Act. Before that Act in 1947, both native-born and naturalized citizens in this country were considered British not Canadian. In this News in Review story we ll look back at that historic day and meet the first person to be born a Canadian. We ll also meet some new Canadians as they prepare for their own citizenship ceremony. NiR Study Modules The Maple Leaf Flag: Waving the National Symbol, May 1998 The Flag: Maple Leaf Forever? April 1995 Related CBC Videos Expulsion: The Story of Acadia Landed: Six New Lives in Canada Pier 21: The Journey to New Beginnings GOING GREEN TO FIGHT GLOBAL WARMING (Start: 42:06; Length: 17:02) As politicians continue to argue over the best way to fight the threat of global warming, a lot of Canadians aren t waiting to do something about the problem. They re trying to cut down on greenhouse gases by going green. In this News in Review story we ll look at a school with a sod roof and no furnace. We ll also show you how a city turned a moonscape into a forest, and how another is trying to become a bike paradise. NiR Study Modules Dangers of Global Warming, May 2007 A Call for Action on Climate Change March 2007 The Big Melt: Canada s Changing Arctic September 2006 After Kyoto: Trying to Cool the Planet February 2006 Kyoto: The Battle Lines Are Drawn December 2002 Canada s Long, Hot Summer September 2002 Ice Station SHEBA: The Warming Arctic September 1998 Cutting Emissions: New Fuels for Cars February 1998 Global Warming: A Progress Report May 1995 Disappearing Ozone: Danger in the Sun? March 1992 The Clean Air Act, December 1990 Related CBC Videos Build Green Cooling the Planet Earth Energy Sections marked with this symbol contain content suitable for younger viewers. CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 5

7 THE VAN DOOS HEAD FOR AFGHANISTAN Introduction Focus In the summer of 2007, Quebec s Royal 22nd Regiment nicknamed the Van Doos took over frontline duties in Afghanistan. This News in Review story examines the renewed debate over the Afghan mission as the deployment of the Van Doos puts the war effort to the top of the political agenda in the province of Quebec and the rest of Canada. The War Debate Sergeant Steve Dufour was making his way into Molson Stadium in Montreal to see a CFL pre-season game between the Alouettes and their arch rivals, the Toronto Argonauts. The game was part of a publicity campaign designed to drum up public support for the Canadian Forces (CF), with troops invited to the game. With the deployment of the famed Van Doos the francophone Royal 22nd Regiment just months away, efforts were underway to galvanize public support in Quebec behind the Afghan mission. Dufour, a veteran CF soldier who served in Bosnia, was approaching the stadium when he noticed the protesters. As he got closer, a young woman, a university student from McGill, suddenly let loose an angry rant aimed directly at him. The soldier maintained his composure and let the student voice her protest. Then he responded to the woman s concerns calmly and directly before ending the debate, saying, Can you go to school if you want? Well, a little girl [in Afghanistan] will be found [dead] if she says she wants to go to school (The Globe and Mail, August 4, 2007). For Dufour, it was as simple as that: he was fighting for the right of a little girl to go to school. The confrontation between Dufour and the university student is a microcosm of the dissonance present in Quebec over Canada s participation in the war in Afghanistan. More than two thirds of Quebecers disapprove of Canada s involvement in the Afghan conflict a fact that took on added prominence as the Van Doos took over frontline combat duties in the summer of Winter of Discontent The mission in Afghanistan was a source of debate for much of The casualty count of summer 2006, which drove the death total to almost 50, left Canadians feeling numb. So when the pollsters started calling shortly after Christmas, it was no surprise that, at times, the majority of Canadians voiced their opposition to the mission in some shape or form. Couple the public opinion issue with a series of newspaper articles that suggested that Canadian forces in Afghanistan were handing prisoners over to Afghan authorities even though they suspected that the prisoners were going to be tortured, and it soon became clear that the news was working against the war effort. Meanwhile, the opposition parties started circling the wagons. Jack Layton and the NDP hammered Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Defence Minister Dennis O Connor over their handling of the prisoner-abuse allegations. Liberal leader Stéphane Dion tried to force Harper to come up with a firm commitment to not extend the mission beyond Eventually Harper had to provide answers on both fronts. First he put a rigorous prisoner-exchange policy in place with Afghan authorities and then he agreed to not extend the mission beyond 2009 unless all parties agreed to an extension. In an effort to bring even more clarity to the war message, Harper shuffled his cabinet in August. He placed Peter MacKay into the defence portfolio. Political pundits claimed this move was part of a government plan designed to help sell the war to Canadians. Opposition in Quebec While the problem of national public opinion was weighing on Harper s CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 6

8 mind, he knew he had an even bigger problem looming in the summer of Quebec s famed Royal 22nd Regiment, the Van Doos, was slated to take on frontline duties in Kandahar. While the Van Doos had seen action in Afghanistan when Canada was stationed in Kabul, the Kandahar mission was much more dangerous. With the death count at over 40 going into the spring fighting season, Harper had to work with the military to drum up support in Quebec no easy task in a province that has traditionally opposed Canadian wars on foreign soil. Nonetheless, the federal government worked with the CF in Quebec to raise awareness of the war effort. First, CF personnel were invited to a CFL game. Then the army held a send-off parade in Quebec City. Both events were met with counter-protests by opponents of the Afghan conflict. Around the same time, CF personnel visited the National Assembly in Quebec City. Most of the Quebec National Assembly greeted them with a standing ovation except for a number of members of the Parti Québécois. The PQ snub brought the war debate into renewed focus as Quebecers prepared to deal with the dangers the Van Doos would face in Kandahar. Early Casualties It didn t take long for the war to try the patience of Quebecers. Just weeks after the arrival of the Van Doos, Private Simon Longtin was killed by a roadside bomb while travelling with a Canadian convoy in Kandahar. The death of Longtin occurred in the same week that seven soldiers were injured in two separate roadside bombing incidents and on the same road where five Canadian soldiers from the Royal Canadian Regiment were killed in the previous month. Before the dust could settle on the Longtin incident another group of Van Doos hit an IED (improvised explosive device) that killed two more soldiers along with their Afghan translator and seriously injured a Radio Canada cameraman. This raised the total of Canadian dead to 71 by the end of September Conclusion Despite concerns that the deployment of the Van Doos could be a public-relations disaster for the Harper government, the summer ended with Quebecers demonstrating a deeper understanding of the Afghan mission. Even the public opinion polls shifted albeit marginally and not on a par with the rest of Canada away from the 70 per cent opposition mark. Meanwhile, a world away, on the dusty roads of Kandahar, the Van Doos continue to fulfill their mandate, leaving the squabbling over the mission to the pundits and politicians. Questions 1. Do you think Steve Dufour handled his confrontation with the protester effectively? Explain. 2. What challenges did the Harper government face as the deployment of the Van Doos approached? 3. How did some Quebecers show their opposition to the war in Afghanistan? 4. Did the opposition to the war grow or fade with the deployment of the Van Doos? Explain. 5. Outline your general view on the Canadian mission to Afghanistan. CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 7

9 THE VAN DOOS HEAD FOR AFGHANISTAN Video Review Watch the video and answer the questions below. 1. What percentage of Quebecers are against the war in Afghanistan? 2. What is the correct name of the Van Doos regiment? 3. Identify one example of how Quebecers have shown their opposition to the war. 4. Why did the head of NATO travel to Quebec prior to the deployment of the Van Doos? 5. Describe Quebec s attitude to Canadian involvement in foreign wars. 6. (a) How did the first of the Van Doos die in Afghanistan? (b) What effect did the deaths of the soldiers have on the debate in Quebec over Afghanistan? 7. Describe Patrice Roy s experience the day the convoy he was travelling in hit an improvised explosive device (IED). 8. What political move did Prime Minister Harper make to ensure Quebecers were receiving a clear message from the government regarding the war in Afghanistan? CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 8

10 9. What does Harper mean when he says he wants consensus before he extends the mission in Afghanistan? 10. Identify the positions of Stéphane Dion, Gilles Duceppe, and Jack Layton regarding the war. 11. What message did Afghan President Hamid Karzai give to Quebecers and Canadians regarding Canada s participation in the war in Afghanistan? 12. Outline your own position on Canada s military participation in Afghanistan. CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 9

11 THE VAN DOOS HEAD FOR AFGHANISTAN Statistical Analysis Review the following statistical information and complete the activities that follow. Chart #1: International Troops in Afghanistan Country Deaths Troops Committed United States United Kingdom Canada 71^ 2500 Germany Spain France Netherlands Italy Romania Denmark Sweden Estonia Australia Norway Czech Republic Portugal Finland 1 70 Poland 1 60 Total Source: icasualties.org (as of September 26, 2007) ^ Does not include the death of diplomat Glyn Berry Activity #1 1. Review the data regarding the five nations at the top of the list. Take the total number of deaths for each country and divide that number by the total number of soldiers serving in Afghanistan. United States United Kingdom Canada Germany Spain 2. Next multiply that number by 100 to calculate the percentage of troops killed in the war for each country. United States % United Kingdom % Canada % Germany % Spain % CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 10

12 3. Which nation has sustained the highest percentage of deaths in relation to the number of troops serving in Afghanistan? 4. Is this type of calculation a fair one to make? Explain your answer. Chart #2: Canadian Deaths in Afghanistan How they died Total Improvised Explosive Device Combat Suicide Attack Friendly Fire Accident Self-inflicted 1 1 Under Investigation 1 1 Total Deaths * 27 72* *Includes the death of diplomat Glyn Berry Source: CBC News In Depth: In the Line of Duty Canada s Casualties, cbc.ca Activity #2 1. Review the data in Chart #2 and explain how the war has changed for Canadian troops since In what type of situations have Canadians been most vulnerable? 3. What is the deadliest form of attack used by insurgents? 4. If you were the Canadian military commander, what measures would you take to best protect Canadian troops? Be specific and explain your decision. CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 11

13 THE VAN DOOS HEAD FOR AFGHANISTAN The Fighting Van Doos Archives For an audio-visual history of this famed Canadian unit, visit the CBC Archives at www. cbc.ca/archives and review the file Canada s Fighting Van Doos. If you can understand French, you might wish to extend your visit and go to Radio-Canada at radio-canada. ca/idd / guerres_conflits/ 22e_regiment/ and explore the file Les militaires du Royal 22e Régiment. Further Research To learn more about the pivotal Battle at Ortona, visit news/background/ ortona/newsreels. html. The Royal 22nd Regiment is one of the most recognized fighting units in the Canadian Forces. Formed in 1914 shortly after the outbreak of the First World War, the francophone regiment based in Valcartier, Quebec, has earned a reputation for discipline, reliability, and courage that makes it the envy of many army regiments around the world. The Beginning The Van Doos started as the 22nd Battalion, a battle group of French Canadian men that came into existence after 50 prominent francophones in Quebec City and Montreal lobbied the federal government for an exclusively French-speaking unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Brought together in the fall of 1914, the 22nd soon became known as the Van Doos, an anglicized mispronunciation of the number 22, which is vingt-deux in French. By spring 1915, the Van Doos were shipped to England for further training; later that year they saw action in the Somme offensive at Courcelette in France. While the Van Doos sustained over 200 casualties at Courcelette, they reached their objective and, along with two other battalions, managed to kill Germans and take close to 800 prisoners. Their success in the Somme offensive led to other assignments at Vimy Ridge, Hill 70, Lens, Amiens, Passchendaele, and Arras. Over men served with the 22nd Battalion in the First World War. Of that number, close to were killed, and over half were wounded. Georges Vanier One of the most famous Van Doos of the First World War era was Major Georges Vanier, who led a beleaguered 22nd into battle east of Arras. Vanier put himself in the front lines with his men something virtually unheard of in the First World War. He was shot in the chest during this engagement and nearly died when a mortar shell exploded near his stretcher as he was being carried off the battlefield. Vanier survived and later went on to earn the Military Cross, a promotion to the rank of Major-General, and, from 1959 to 1967, served as the first French-Canadian Governor General of Canada. In the post-war era, the 22nd Battalion disbanded and was re-organized into the 22nd Regiment. Eventually they became the Royal 22nd Regiment. Officially the correct rendering of the unit s name is the French version, Royal 22e Regiment. The Second World War The Van Doos next major military engagement did not take place until the Second World War. Originally sent to England in December 1939, the Royal 22nd Regiment did not see combat action until 1943 (although they did have the honour of guarding Buckingham Palace, home of King George the first time a foreign army had been given the opportunity). At that point they were shipped to the Mediterranean to help open the Italian front. The Van Doos fought fiercely at Santa Maria and Ortona in some of the most dramatic Canadian engagements in the Second World War. By the end of the Italian campaign, almost Van Doos had become casualties of war, with nearly 400 dying and over wounded in action. From Europe to Afghanistan The Van Doos also served with distinction in Korea and have been deployed in a variety of peacekeeping CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 12

14 Further Research To learn more about this most distinguished military unit, consider a visit to the official regimental Web site at com. Note that the site is in French only but does contain updates about the unit in Afghanistan. operations around the world, including Cyprus, East Timor, and Bosnia. Members of the Royal 22nd Regiment are currently serving in Afghanistan. Close to Van Doos were deployed in the summer of 2007 with the primary goals being to provide safe working environments for Canada s provincial reconstruction teams, to push the Taliban out of Kandahar province, and to train the Afghanistan National Army to take over frontline combat duties. Interesting Facts The Van Doos motto is je me souviens, which means I remember. It is also the official motto for the province of Quebec. The Van Doos mascot is a Tibetan goat named Batisse. Vive la Canadienne is a folk song that is the official quick march song of the Van Doos. The nickname Van Doos comes from an English mispronunciation of the French number 22. La Citadelle in Quebec City is the official regimental headquarters of the Van Doos. Source: CBC Archives: Canada s Fighting Van Doos, cbc.ca Analysis 1. How and when were the Van Doos founded? 2. Who was Georges Vanier? Why was he so highly regarded? 3. Where did the Van Doos serve during the Second World War? 4. Where are the Van Doos currently serving? 5. What are their goals in their current mission? CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 13

15 THE VAN DOOS HEAD FOR AFGHANISTAN War Update: 2007 Did you know... One of the toughest problems for Canadian forces is helping Afghan police forces hold a territory after it has been cleared of the Taliban. Poorly equipped and modestly trained, these police are easy targets for the Taliban. Often Canadian units have to be resent into areas that have been previously cleared of Taliban. The Afghan police are paying a terrible price in trying to bring order to their nation. In 2007, it was noted that the previous 18 months had seen the deaths of police officers. In July 2007, 71 were killed in the zone that Canada was trying to pacify. IEDs In 2007, the weapon of choice for the Taliban and other insurgent groups became the improvised explosive device (IED). The IEDs used in Afghanistan are usually made of explosive materials that are triggered either when a vehicle or person comes in contact with them (similar to a landmine) or by remote control. Of the 27 Canadians killed in 2007, IEDs accounted for all but five of the deaths. To some military analysts, the significant drop in actual combat deaths (down from 13 to just two in one year) and the movement by insurgents to tactics such as IEDs show that the approach used by U.S. and NATO troops may be working. Going into the fall of 2006, coalition armies were employing the ink-spot theory to combat insurgents. The ink-spot theory assumes that, if coalition troops can drive insurgents out of contested areas, and development aid can be infused into the community, then the local populace will rally around the foreign-backed Karzai government because of the aid they would be receiving. The ink spot of Panjwaii, one of the most dangerous districts in all of Afghanistan, was brought under Canadian and NATO control after Operation Medusa a fierce, 15-day battle with the Taliban that saw Canadian troops suffer 15 deaths. After Medusa In the year after Operation Medusa, aid has been brought into the region, but the Panjwaii district is far from secure. Many analysts believe that this is because Canadian and NATO troops are spread too thin. With military successes in 2006, and the goal of opening new ink spots in 2007, Canadian troops are not only trying to maintain law and order in Panjwaii but they are also trying to move deeper into Kandahar province to bring new areas under their control. As a result, insurgents have managed to infiltrate the Panjwaii ink spot to plant IEDs, the deadly weapon mentioned earlier. More Ink Spots Meanwhile, Canada and its NATO partners soldier on in their application of the ink-spot theory, hoping that more troops will be deployed by other NATO member nations. The most recent military successes include: December 2006 Canada took part in Operation Baaz Tsuka near the village of Zangabad, driving Taliban insurgents out of the region and into the hinterland. Within a month, the main road leading into Zangabad was reopened, and over 400 families returned to their homes and began farming. The Canadian International Development Agency ( ) and UNICEF ( brought aid into the area shortly thereafter. March 2007 Canada took part in the British-led Operation Achilles in Helmand province. Canadians positioned themselves along the Helmand provincial border, hoping to capture Taliban insurgents fleeing the province for safe haven in Kandahar. The operation was a major military success. These successful operations were accompanied by good news in one other significant area. In May, NATO forces managed to kill Mullah Dadullah, the Taliban s most powerful military leader and the architect of the suicide bombing campaign that had plagued the Afghan war landscape for much of From a CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 14

16 military standpoint, NATO commanders felt that the ink-spot theory was working and collateral successes like the death of Mullah Dadullah were evidence that the strategy was sound. Training the ANA With the deployment of the Van Doos in the summer of 2007, the military focus shifted from active engagement with insurgents to training the Afghan National Army (ANA) to assume more frontline duties. With soldiers combat ready, the Van Doos hope to drive that number up as high as they can (perhaps to 2 000) by the time their tour is over. While this plan is ambitious, Canadian military officials are hoping that a more active ANA, combined with the opening of even more ink spots, will create the stability needed for Canada s Provincial Reconstruction Team to bring more aid to the Afghan people. Questions 1. What is an IED? How effective a weapon is it? 2. What is the ink-spot theory? Using evidence from the article, demonstrate whether or not the theory is working. 3. Describe two (2) of the military successes of the 2007 war in Afghanistan. 4. How has the focus of the military shifted with the deployment of the Van Doos? 5. Do you think that Canada will be able to achieve success in Afghanistan? Explain. CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 15

17 THE VAN DOOS HEAD FOR AFGHANISTAN Timeline 2007 Did you know... Heroin from Afghanistan is a major threat to law and order on Canada s streets. It is estimated that 60 per cent of the heroin found in Canada is from Afghanistan. Background Dates September 11, 2001 Terrorists attack the United States, knocking down the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center and striking the Pentagon. October 10, 2001 The U.S. and Britain begin war with the Taliban in Afghanistan. Canadian soldiers join them in early July 2003 Canada deploys close to troops to Kabul. May 17, 2005 Canada agrees to redeploy its soldiers to Kandahar province after the mission in Kabul ends. August 2005 Canadian troops begin to shut down the Kabul base and begin the Kandahar mission. May 17, 2006 Parliament votes to extend the mission in Afghanistan to February September 2, 2006 Operation Medusa begins in Panjwaii. October 2, 2006 The International Red Cross says Canada has not broken any rules in the taking of prisoners in Afghanistan With 44 Canadian soldiers killed in Afghanistan since 2002, the Canadian government faced a fresh set of challenges in January 30, 2007 The Canadian government announces that there is no plan to extend the mission in Afghanistan beyond February 22, 2007 Liberals announce the mission will definitely end in 2009 if they are elected. February 26, 2007 Prime Minister Harper promises Afghanistan $200-million in aid. April 8, 2007 Six Canadians are killed by an IED near Kandahar. April 23, 2007 News reports put into question Canada s handling of prisoners in Afghanistan. May 3, 2007 Canada signs a prisoner transfer agreement with Afghanistan to ensure prisoners would not be tortured by Afghan authorities. May 13, 2007 Mullah Dadullah, a senior Taliban commander, is killed by NATO and Afghan troops. May 22, 2007 Harper visits Afghanistan and hints that Canada may stay past June 21, 2007 A handful of Parti Québécois MLAs refuse to stand and applaud when officers from the Royal 22nd Regiment attend a session in Quebec s National Assembly; Canadian Forces personnel are invited to attend a CFL game in Montreal to bring more attention to Canada s military efforts in Afghanistan. June 22, 2007 A sendoff parade is held for the Royal 22nd Regiment in Quebec City; Harper says Canada will not stay in Afghanistan beyond 2009 unless all parties agree to continue the mission. June 24, 2007 News reports claim NATO and U.S. forces have killed over 200 Afghan civilians in the first six months of July 3, 2007 Canada gives $30-million to develop the legal system in Afghanistan; nine days later another $8-million is added. CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 16

18 July 4, 2007 Six Canadians are killed by an IED in a roadside bombing. July 15, 2007 The Van Doos begin their deployment to Afghanistan. August 14, 2007 Harper moves Foreign Affairs Minister Peter MacKay into the defence portfolio, Industry Minister Maxime Bernier moves into foreign affairs, and Defence Minister Gordon O Connor moves to national revenue. MacKay becomes the new voice of the Afghan mission. August 19, 2007 The Van Doos suffer their first death. Three days later two more soldiers die and a Radio-Canada cameraman is seriously injured. August 24, 2007 The Ontario government endorses a public effort to rename the highway from CFB Trenton to Toronto the Highway of Heroes. September 24, 2007 A Canadian soldier is hit and killed by an enemy mortar shell while repairing an army vehicle near Kandahar. Source: cbc.ca; ctv.ca Activity Use the information in the timeline to write a newspaper article about the war in Afghanistan. Length of article: 250 words CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 17

19 THE VAN DOOS HEAD FOR AFGHANISTAN Activity: Debate Quote The presence of Canada is needed till Afghanistan is able to defend itself. That day is not going to be in Afghan President Hamid Karzai, (Toronto Star, September 19, 2007) Form a group of three. Your teacher will assign one of the following six debate topics and which position you will be taking based on the statements listed below. You will debate another group of three students once the statements have been assigned and you ve had a chance to prepare your arguments. Review the material found in this News in Review story. Consult other News in Review material from previous stories if you need more background information. You may also want to consult cbc.ca (In Depth: Afghanistan ) for additional information. Debate Statements 1. If Canadian troops are willing to continue the mission in Afghanistan, then the people of Canada should stand behind them, even if it means extending the mission beyond February The war in Afghanistan is too costly, and Canada should withdraw its troops immediately. 3. Canada needs to participate in the war in Afghanistan if the Afghan people hope to achieve true independence. 4. If Canada leaves Afghanistan too soon, the Taliban will take over again and the Afghan people will return to oppression. 5. Canadian troops are making real progress both militarily and in terms of reconstruction. The troops should stay, even if it means extending the mission to beyond February Afghanistan will never embrace democracy, and Canadians are kidding themselves if they think they can persuade the Afghan people to accept democratic governance. You and your team will either be for the statement (the pro side) or against the statement (the con side) in this debate. Prepare your debate based on the structure listed below. Make sure everyone in your group gets a chance to speak. Suggested Debate Format Activity Opening statement Pro Opening statement Con Point #1- Pro Rebuttal Con Point #2 Pro Rebuttal Con Point #3 Pro Rebuttal Con Point #1- Con Rebuttal Pro Point #2 Con Rebuttal Pro Point #3 Con Rebuttal Pro Closing statement Con Closing statements Pro Total Time 1 minute 1 minute 2 minutes 1 minute 2 minutes 1 minute 2 minutes 1 minute 2 minutes 1 minute 2 minutes 1 minute 2 minutes 1 minute 2 minutes 2 minutes 24 minutes CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 18

20 THE TRIALS OF STEVEN TRUSCOTT Introduction Focus On August 28, 2007, the Ontario Court of Appeal (www. ontariocourts. on.ca/appeal.htm) overturned the 1959 conviction of Steven Truscott for the murder of 12-year-old Lynn Harper. News in Review looks back at the original trial and Truscott s lengthy battle to clear his name, and at some of the people who helped him in that battle. We also look at the implications of the court s decision in recognizing Truscott s wrongful conviction. Further Research To learn more about other cases being pursued by the Association in Defence of the Wrongly Convicted the go to its official Web site at The acquittal of Steven Truscott, more than 48 years after his trial and conviction for murder, resolved one of Canada s lengthiest miscarriages of justice. In 1959, at the age of 14, Truscott was convicted of the rape and murder of a 12-year-old girl. Following a brief trial, he was sentenced to be hanged a sentence that made him the youngest person ever to be sentenced for execution by a Canadian court. Truscott s sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, and he served 10 years before being paroled. Following his release, he assumed a new name and lived, worked, and raised a family in Guelph, Ontario. But Truscott never stopped protesting his innocence in the murder of Lynne Harper. While maintaining his anonymity, he continued to work to clear his name. Truscott had several defenders, and they ensured that the Truscott story remained in the public eye over the years. The first book in his defence, Isabel LeBourdais The Trial of Stephen Truscott, appeared in It was instrumental in pushing the federal government to ask the Supreme Court to review the Truscott trial. The most recent book, Julian Sher s Until You Are Dead (2001), followed after a CBC documentary that criticized the conduct of officials at the time of the trial in That documentary led to a huge outpouring of support for Truscott and to a pledge by Justice Minister Ann MacLennan to review any allegations of wrongful conviction that Truscott s lawyers brought to the government. By this time, several prominent cases of wrongful conviction had already been in the headlines, and it seemed increasingly likely that Truscott s case was another example. With public sympathy more and more on his side, Steven Truscott himself stepped back into the limelight. With the aid of lawyer James Lockyer and other members of the Association in Defence of the Wrongly Convicted, Truscott filed an official request with the Justice Minister for a review of his case. Following an official inquiry, the Justice Minister referred the case to the Ontario Court of Appeal. It took nearly six years from the filing of his request, but Steven Truscott finally won his day in court. The appeal resulted in Truscott s acquittal and a vindication for all those who had supported him over the years. The only sour note was the court s inability to declare him factually innocent. In other words, while the court found that the evidence available was certainly insufficient to convict him, it did not prove that he did not, after all, commit the crime. The Ontario government was quick to issue an apology. Attorney General Michael Bryant announced: For that miscarriage of justice, on behalf of the government, I am truly sorry. It is a decision that will not be appealed by the Crown it is over (Toronto Star, August 29, 2007). He also announced that the government would be looking into providing Truscott with financial compensation. A Toronto Star editorial (August 29, 2007) summed up the meaning of the Truscott case for Canadians. The judgment... brings to a close a disturbing chapter in Canada s history that shows once again how fallible our justice system can be. Truscott now joins David Milgaard, Donald Marshall, Guy Paul Morin, James Driskell, Thomas Sophonow, and others whose convictions have been overturned, CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 19

21 sometimes years after the fact, as lessons to police, lawyers, and judges that they must always remain vigilant against miscarriages of justice. The Truscott case is the best answer to those who still advocate the death penalty. To Consider 1. Of what crime was Steven Trustcott accused when he was 14 years old? 2. Who was instrumental in helping Trustcott clear his name? 3. What was the final decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal? 4. What actions did the Attorney General of Ontario take? 5. On August 28, 2007, Tim Shufelt wrote in The Globe and Mail: There is no official avenue in the Canadian legal system to declare Mr. Truscott, or anyone else before the courts, innocent. The closest verdict is an acquittal, meaning guilt could not be proven beyond a reasonable doubt, but not necessarily that innocence was proven. The decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal reflects this fact. Do you believe this will result in any lingering doubts as to the innocence of Steven Truscott? 6. How much confidence do you have in the Canadian legal system? Explain. CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 20

22 THE TRIALS OF STEVEN TRUSCOTT Video Review Quote They finally got it right after all these years. I m so used to fighting. Now we don t have to fight anymore. Steven Truscott in the Toronto Star, August 29, 2007 Answer the questions in the spaces provided. 1. How many years did it take to clear Steven Truscott? 2. How old was Truscott when he was convicted in 1959? 3. How old was Lynne Harper, the murder victim? 4. What sentence did Truscott first receive? 5. When was he released from prison? 6. In what year did the federal justice minister order a court review of Truscott s case? 7. When was Truscott finally cleared by the Ontario Court of Appeal? 8. Who is James Lockyer? 9. How long did it take Isabel LeBourdais to get her book into print? 10. Where was her book first published? 11. What did the book call for the government to do to address the injustice to Truscott? 12. How did the Supreme Court of Canada rule in its review of the Truscott case? 13. Did Isabel LeBourdais get to celebrate Truscott s victory with him? CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 21

23 THE TRIALS OF STEVEN TRUSCOTT The Crime Further Research Read more about the Steven Truscott trial at www. cbc.ca/news/ background/ truscott/index. html. Did you know... According to Julian Sher, author of Until You Are Dead, police have subsequently looked into 10 to 15 persons of interest since doubts were raised about Truscott s guilt (The Globe and Mail, August 29, 2007). Did you know... Penistan himself later wrote a paper that he called an agonizing reappraisal of his evidence at the trial, questioning its accuracy. This was forwarded to the lead police inspector. The document was not given to the defence; as a result it was unavailable for the 1966 review of the Truscott case by the Supreme Court. The crime of which Steven Truscott was accused shocked the small town of Clinton, Ontario, and his trial attracted attention across Canada. The Murder The victim, 12-year-old Lynne Harper, lived on a nearby base where her father was in military service. She was last seen alive on the evening of June 9, At that time she was seen riding on the crossbars of a classmate s bicycle. That classmate was Steven Truscott, a 14- year-old who was in the same combined grade 7-8 class on the base. Her father reported her missing late that same night. Her partially nude body was found by searchers two days later in a local woodlot called Lawson s Bush. She had been raped and strangled with the blouse she had been wearing. The Accused From the beginning of their investigation, the police focused on Steven Truscott as the chief suspect. He was interrogated several times, once without either of his parents present. He was never warned that anything he said might be used as evidence against him. No one suggested that his family might wish to hire a lawyer. On July 11 he was taken into custody for further questioning. At 2:30 a.m. on the 12th he was charged with murder. No other suspect was ever seriously investigated by police before his arrest. Truscott freely admitted having given Lynne Harper the bicycle ride. He said that he had dropped her off at the highway so that she could hitchhike. After he left her, he turned back to see her getting into a car with either a bright license plate or a plate with a bright sticker on it. That, he said, was the last he saw of her that evening. The Evidence The evidence on which Truscott was convicted was almost all circumstantial, and the bulk of it has been discredited in the years since the trial. The most damning evidence was medical, provided by John Penistan, the doctor who examined Lynne Harper s body and performed her autopsy. Penistan, analyzing the contents of her stomach, claimed to be able to place the time of death between 7:00 and 7:45 p.m. precisely the time when she was with Steven Truscott. Pathologists now are in agreement that stomach contents cannot be used to pinpoint time of death with that amount of accuracy. A second doctor, David Brooks, examined Truscott and testified that he found lesions on his genitals that were likely caused by raping Lynne Harper... a very inexpert attempt at penetration (The Globe and Mail, February 7, 2007). It is now clear, however, that the lesions were instead caused by a skin condition. In 2002, Brooks himself told investigators reviewing the case that some parts of his testimony were absolute garbage. (Ibid.) Witness testimony from two children who have subsequently been branded as liars was also important in convicting Steven Truscott. Years later one of them confessed to friends that she had lied in court; the second changed his story several times over subsequent years. Evidence and eyewitness testimony that Truscott was telling the truth was discounted by investigators, and some key evidence was withheld from his defence team and from the jury. CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 22

24 Did you know... The Truscott sentence was one of the critical milestones in Canada s decision to eliminate the death penalty as a punishment for crime. Truscott was only a few weeks away from execution when his sentence was commuted. The Verdict and Sentence Authorities decided that the nature of the crime warranted trying Steven Truscott as an adult. The murder trial lasted less than two weeks. It took the all-male jury only six hours to arrive at a verdict: guilty, with a request for mercy. The presiding judge, Ronald Ferguson, refused the request. He sentenced Truscott to be hanged before the end of the year. The federal government led by Prime Minister John Diefenbaker refused to countenance the hanging of a 14-yearold boy. When Truscott lost his appeal in the Ontario Court of Appeal, the federal cabinet immediately commuted his sentence to life imprisonment. He served 10 years, first in a training school and then in a penitentiary, before his parole in For Discussion Some of the notoriety of the Truscott affair was the result of a 14-year-old being tried and convicted in an adult court, and then sentenced to hang. Do you think Truscott s wrongful conviction would have generated as much public interest had he been sentenced as a juvenile or received an initial sentence of life in prison? Explain your ideas in a well-written paragraph. CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 23

25 THE TRIALS OF STEVEN TRUSCOTT Truscott Timeline Further Research Another timeline can be found on the CBC Web site at news/background/ truscott/timeline. html. Here is a timeline of major events in Steven Truscott s struggle for justice June 9, 1959 In Clinton, Ontario, the parents of 12-year-old Lynne Harper report her missing to police. She was last seen riding with 14-year-old Steven Truscott on the crossbars of his bicycle. June 11, 1959 Lynne Harper s body is found in a shallow grave in a local woodlot. She has been raped and strangled; her blouse is tied around her neck. June 12-13, 1959 The police arrest Truscott and charge him with murder. June 29, 1959 A magistrate rules that Truscott is to be tried as an adult. As a result, he now faces a possible death sentence. September 16-30, 1959 Truscott s trial takes place in Goderich, Ontario. After six hours of deliberation, the jury finds him guilty, but with a plea for mercy. The presiding judge, Justice Ronald Ferguson, sentences Truscott to hang. His execution is set for December 8, Truscott is the youngest person to be sentenced to death in Canadian history. November 20, 1959 Truscott s execution is postponed to February 16, This is done to provide time for his lawyers to appeal his conviction. January 20, 1960 A panel of five judges on the Ontario Court of Appeal dismisses Truscott s appeal. January 21, 1960 Prime Minister John Diefenbaker s federal cabinet commutes Truscott s sentence to life imprisonment. February 1960 Truscott is transferred to the Ontario Training School in Guelph. He will remain there to serve his sentence until he turns 18. At that time he will be transferred to an adult correctional facility. February 26, 1960 The Supreme Court of Canada denies leave for Truscott s lawyers to appeal his case to them January 18, 1963 Truscott turns 18 and is transferred to Collins Bay Penitentiary January 1966 The Trial of Steven Truscott by Isabel LeBourdais is published in England because she was unable to find a Canadian publisher willing to risk handling it. The author s position is that Truscott s trial was a travesty of justice. The publication causes a storm of controversy, and several federal politicians take an interest in the case. March 23, 1966 The federal government refuses to allow members of Parliament including NDP leader Stanley Knowles to visit Truscott in prison. April 26, 1966 Under pressure, the federal government refers the Truscott case to the Supreme Court of Canada ( for a rehearing. October 1966 A two-week hearing is held in the Supreme Court. This is the first case in which the Supreme Court hears live testimony by witnesses. May 4, 1967 By a vote of 8-1, the Court upholds the conviction of Steven Truscott. In a lengthy dissent, the lone justice to vote against the conviction, Emmett Hall, eloquently argues that Truscott failed to receive a fair trial. CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 24

26 1969-present October 21, 1969 Truscott is paroled. The National Parole Board ( orders that he live under an assumed name. For three decades he lives in Guelph, working as a millwright. He marries, and he and his wife Marlene raise three children. October 1971 Bill Trent publishes The Steven Truscott Story, questioning the conduct of Truscott s trial and his conviction Trent publishes a second book, Who Killed Lynne Harper? He further questions the conduct of the police investigation of the murder and suggests several possible suspects who did not receive proper attention Truscott asks for the assistance of lawyer James Lockyer of the Association in the Defence of the Wrongly Convicted to help him clear his name. Lockyer had already helped David Milgaard and Guy Paul Morin in their successful fights to overturn their wrongful convictions. March 2000 CBC s the fifth estate broadcasts a documentary about the trial of Steven Truscott showing that the original police investigation was incomplete and that some evidence indicating Truscott s innocence was withheld from the defence. October 2001 Julian Sher, an investigative producer with the fifth estate, publishes a new book on the Truscott case titled Until You Are Dead. November 29, 2001 James Lockyer and his co-counsel begin the process that will ultimately result in Truscott s acquittal. They request that the federal justice minister overturn the original conviction and order a new trial. January 25, 2002 The federal government appoints Fred Kaufman, a retired Quebec Court of Appeal judge, to review the Truscott case. Kaufman had previously presided over a judicial inquiry into the wrongful conviction of Guy Paul Morin. October 28, 2004 After receiving Justice Kaufman s report, Canadian Justice Minister Irwin Cotler asks the Ontario Court of Appeal to review the original Truscott conviction. January 31 - February 14, 2007 A five-judge panel of the Ontario Court of Appeal hears arguments from Truscott s lawyers that demand his conviction be overturned. The Crown argues that the original conviction should stand. August 28, 2007 The Ontario Court of Appeal announces its verdict. The conviction is quashed and Truscott is acquitted of the murder of Lynne Harper. No new trial will be held. Michael Bryant, the Ontario Attorney General, apologizes to Truscott and announces that he has asked Sydney Robins, a former Court of Appeal judge, to advise him on compensation Activity Review the timeline carefully and select what you believe are the three most significant events in the long journey of Steven Truscott. Explain your choices carefully. CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 25

27 THE TRIALS OF STEVEN TRUSCOTT The Champions Further Research A 1966 interview with Mrs. Truscott, on This Hour Has Seven Days, is available in the CBC archives at archives.cbc. ca/idc /arts_ entertainment/ twt/. Did you know... Justice Ronald Ferguson, the judge who presided over the Truscott trial, was so angered by LeBourdais book that he asked the justice minister (who, at that time, was Pierre Trudeau) to prosecute her. Further Research You can watch the fifth estate program on the Internet at www. cbc.ca/fifth/ truscott/. From the very beginning of his ordeal, Steven Truscott had his defenders. His lawyers worked tirelessly to free him, taking his case to the Ontario Court of Appeal and attempting to get the Supreme Court of Canada to review the case. Unfortunately, they lost in the former, and the latter refused to hear the case. His family supported him. His mother visited him monthly while he was in prison and clearly believed his claim of innocence. According to Julian Sher, author of Until You Are Dead, even Truscott s fellow prisoners supported him. He quotes Ted McGuin, who served time with Truscott: It s like nobody touched him because... we all believed in his innocence. He went to a tougher court than any court in this country, and he was found innocent in our court ( on=article&articleid=532&rssid=4). Isabel LeBourdais It was Isabel LeBourdais who first made the Truscott case truly notorious. LeBourdais, whose own son was only eight months older than Truscott, was appalled that a 14-year-old could be sentenced to hang. Outraged, she began to investigate the case out of curiosity. She sought out and met with the lawyers who had handled the case and with all 12 of the jury members. LeBourdais soon became convinced that Truscott had been wrongfully convicted. She began writing what she thought would be a magazine article. Eventually all of her arguments resulted in a book, The Trial of Steven Truscott. Unable to find a Canadian publisher, LeBourdais gave the book to Victor Gollancz in England. Its publishing created a furor in Canada and ultimately caused the federal government to ask the Supreme Court to review the original trial. By a vote of 8-1, the Court affirmed the original verdict. But LeBourdais had aroused public interest in Truscott s cause, and his innocence or guilt remained a popular topic of discussion. LeBourdais book sold well in Canada and around the world. Other books Bill Trent s The Steven Truscott Story and Who Killed Lynne Harper? both appeared in the 1970s and kept Truscott s case in the public eye. Linden MacIntyre and the fifth estate Truscott lived quietly in Guelph, Ontario, under an assumed name until March 2000, when the CBC program the fifth estate broadcast a documentary with reporter Linden MacIntyre reviewing the evidence from the Truscott trial and criticizing inconsistencies in testimony and police methodology. The documentary also pointed the finger at a far more likely suspect as the real perpetrator of the crime. Public reaction to the documentary was overwhelmingly in support of Truscott. On March 29, Progressive Conservative justice critic Peter MacKay raised the matter in Parliament. At that time, Justice Minister Anne McClellan asserted that she would review any allegations of wrongful conviction submitted by Truscott or his lawyers. In October 2001, yet another book arguing Truscott s innocence was published. Until You Are Dead, by Julian Sher, chronicled the 40-year struggle to clear Truscott s name. CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 26

28 James Lockyer and the Association in Defence of the Wrongly Convicted In 1997, Truscott had been impressed with the work of the Association in Defence of the Wrongly Convicted that had led to the freeing of David Milgaard and Guy Paul Morin. Both men had been jailed for murders they did not commit, and both were freed when DNA evidence exonerated them. Truscott approached lawyer James Lockyer, who had led the teams working on the Milgaard and Morin cases, and asked for help in clearing his name. In November 2001, Truscott and Lockyer filed a 700-page official request for a review with the Justice Minister. In January 2002, the Minister asked Fred Kaufman, formerly of the Quebec Court of Appeals, to assess the case. Kaufman took 19 months to review the case, and presented Justice Minister Irwin Cotler with a four-volume report in the spring of The following October the minister sent the case to the Ontario Court of Appeal for consideration. It would be January 2007 before the Ontario Court of Appeal began what would be the last act in Truscott s wrongful conviction saga. It took the near-heroic assistance of writers, investigative reporters, and lawyers to finally bring the case to its final conclusion. For Discussion In his report on the Truscott trial, Justice Kaufman stated that a miscarriage of justice had likely occurred. In turn, the federal Justice Minister stated that he had found there was a miscarriage of justice in this case, and ordered the Ontario Court of Appeal to review the case (The Globe and Mail, October 29, 2004). Given these statements by two well-informed authorities, why do you think the Ontario Ministry of Justice decided to fight Truscott s appeal? CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 27

29 THE TRIALS OF STEVEN TRUSCOTT The Judgment Further Research The full text of the Ontario Court of Appeal decision in the Truscott case is available from the Association in Defence of the Wrongly Convicted at org/. The CBC televised all of the 2007 Ontario Court of Appeal proceedings in the Steven Truscott case. The proceedings are currently available on the Web at background/ truscott/video. html. Quote The Truscott case is a prime example of the need for a fair, accessible process for reviewing convictions in circumstances where the trial process was deeply flawed or where new evidence has become available which might exonerate a convicted person. Rob Normey, a Constitutional Law specialist, LawNow, August-September 2002 Steven Truscott s appeal of his 1959 conviction opened on January 31, There were three possible outcomes to the appeal. The court could uphold the 1959 conviction. The court could order a new trial. The court could vote to acquit Truscott of the murder. A panel of five judges, led by former Ontario chief justice Roy McMurtry, heard arguments from lawyers representing both Truscott and the Crown. Some of the justices expressed concern over the difficulty of coming to a final resolution after so many years had passed. James Lockyer, leader of Truscott s legal team, had an answer ready: The court will have to be inventive and creative in a case as old as this... to get to the truth of the case (The Globe and Mail, February 1, 2007). Truscott s lawyers made several key arguments over the next few weeks: Two of the eyewitnesses used to uphold the case against Truscott turned out to be serial liars. Evidence that Lynne Harper had fought with her parents and stormed out of the house intent on hitchhiking to a friend s was suppressed by the Crown. The scientific evidence used to convict Truscott especially the pinpointing of the time of death by examination of the victim s stomach contents had been discredited by modern science. One of the autopsy reports written by the examining physician indicated that the time of death was probably about 12 hours after Truscott was with Harper. Truscott had a skin condition that caused the genital lesions that, at the trial, were described as the result of a very inexpert attempt at penetration (The Globe and Mail, February 28, 2007). The police failed to consider any other suspects in the case, including individuals who had already been accused of exhibitionism and child molestation. The Crown argued throughout the trial that none of the evidence brought by the defence was really new. All of it, they said, was either irrelevant or available to earlier defence teams who decided not to use it in the trial or in the Supreme Court Appeal of When the hearing closed on February 14, both sides agreed on one point: a retrial would be impossible. Too much time had passed, and most of the previous judges and lawyers were dead. Acquittal On August 28, 2007, the Court of Appeal issued a unanimous 300-page ruling. The main points included: Truscott s 1959 conviction was a miscarriage of justice that had to be overturned. The court could not declare, as the defence hoped, that Truscott was factually innocent. The court is not satisfied that the appellant has been able to demonstrate his factual innocence.... The court is not satisfied that an acquittal would be the only reasonable verdict of a new trial (The Globe and Mail, August 29, 2007). Given the length of time that had passed since the murder, a new trial would be both unfair and practically impossible. CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 28

30 Quote He s got the highest rank of acquittal, the highest rank of innocence you can get. One way of looking at it is that Steven Truscott is as innocent of Lynne Harper s murder as I am. There s no DNA evidence to show that I didn t do it. James Lockyer, Toronto Star, August 29, 2007 Most of the evidence presented by the defence claiming unfair tactics by the police and the prosecution was not provable. In much of its ruling, the court followed James Lockyer s recommendation to be inventive and creative. It imagined a hypothetical retrial and systematically demolished the evidence that the prosecution would bring in order to seek a conviction. The justices felt that, given the new evidence especially the pathology related to time of death any jury would have reasonable doubt of guilt. It took more than 48 years, but justice in the Truscott case was finally served. To Consider 1. Briefly summarize the key elements in the 2007 Ontario Court of Appeal decision. 2. Do you personally agree or disagree with this decision? Explain fully. Quote I have more faith in the court system today than I did yesterday. Steven Truscott, The Globe and Mail, August 29, 2007 CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 29

31 THE TRIALS OF STEVEN TRUSCOTT Determining Compensation Quote My own view is that Steven should get every penny he can out of the government after what he has been through. Think of the damage done to him: the loss of his childhood and living under this awful shadow for so many years. James Lockyer, The Globe and Mail, August 29, 2007 Further Research A good discussion of wrongful conviction and compensation in Canada is on the CTV Web site at ArticleNews/ story/ CTVNews/ / wfive_ VictimsofJustice_ / ? hub=wfive. Quote How can you possibly put a figure on what it must have been like for a boy to be told he was going to be executed for something he didn t do, let alone the time he spent in custody, let alone the time he had to spend in anonymity? Louis Sokolov, lawyer, in Toronto Star, August 29, 2007 In cases of wrongful conviction, governments sometimes but not always willingly negotiate cash settlements with the victims to provide some compensation for the time they have lost out of their lives. Indeed, in Canada, most victims of wrongful conviction have had to file civil lawsuits before their compensation packages were negotiated. Some recent Canadian cases include: David Milgaard, wrongly convicted of murder, served 23 years in prison before his release. He received a total of $10-million from the federal and provincial governments. Donald Marshall Jr., wrongly convicted of murder, served 11 years in prison. He received $ Guy Paul Morin, wrongly convicted of murder. Morin spent 1.5 years in prison and received compensation of $1.25-million. Maher Arar, a Canadian citizen deported (on suspicion of terrorist links) by the U.S. apparently with Canadian collusion to Syria, where he was jailed and tortured. He received $11.5-million in compensation. Ontario Attorney General Michael Bryant has appointed Sydney Robins, a former justice of the Ontario Court of Appeals, to advise him on the compensation he should offer Steven Truscott for his wrongful conviction in Among other details, he will have to consider that: Truscott was only 14 when he was tried and convicted of murder and sentenced to be hanged. He spent a total of 10 years in prison before his release on parole. The reversal of the verdict against him his full acquittal did not take place until 48 years after the crime. Other matters also complicate the award. It would be useful for you to read the section titled The Judgment in this guide to help you understand the full implications of Truscott s acquittal by the Ontario Court of Appeal. Your Task What compensation would you recommend Steven Truscott receive from the Ontario government for his wrongful conviction in the murder of Lynne Harper? Should the compensation come from only the provincial government, or does the federal government share some responsibility for the long delay in bringing him justice? In small groups of no more than four students, discuss the Truscott case. Identify the aspects of the case you feel especially entitle him to compensation. Finally determine the amount of compensation you would offer Steven Truscott and his family. Once you have completed your deliberations, appoint one student in the group as your advocate. She or he will then present your compensation package to the full class. Once all the packages have been described and presented, try to agree on one final package that best represents the majority opinion. You may wish to pass along your finding to the Attorney General of Ontario (www. attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca). CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 30

32 THE ACT THAT MADE US CANADIAN Introduction Focus This CBC News in Review story focuses on the 60th anniversary of an important milestone in Canada s long road to independence from Britain, the act that introduced the category of Canadian citizenship, and how it has evolved over the decades since it was first established. Did you know... Paul Martin Sr. made two unsuccessful bids for the Liberal leadership: in 1958 (losing to Pearson) and in 1968 (losing to Trudeau). His son was more successful and became both Liberal leader and prime minister of Canada. On July 1, 2007, Canada Day, Governor General Michaëlle Jean presided over an important ceremony at Rideau Hall, her official residence in Ottawa. Fortynine people from various parts of the world were being officially sworn in as Canadian citizens. For Jean, herself originally an immigrant from Haiti, the ceremony had great personal significance. But it also commemorated a major event in Canadian history that had occurred 60 years before. On January 1, 1947, the Canadian Citizenship Act came into effect, just months after it had been passed by Parliament. It meant that from that time forth, native-born Canadians and newcomers who met the requirements were to be recognized as citizens of Canada. Before this act, there was no such thing as a Canadian citizen. Instead, everyone either born in Canada or living here for a certain period of time was regarded as a British subject resident in Canada. Unlike the United States and other countries that were once British colonies, Canada took a long time to sever all of its ties with the mother country. Like the adoption of the Canadian flag and national anthem and the patriation of the Constitution in 1982, the Canadian Citizenship Act was a major step forward in this country s long road to full selfgovernment. But to many Canadians today it probably comes as a surprise to learn that, within living memory, Canadian citizenship did not exist. In taking this step in 1947, Canada became only the second country in the British Commonwealth, the association of former British colonies, to create its own independent citizenship category. The Irish Free State had done so a decade before. The move to establish Canadian citizenship was inspired by this country s sacrifices in the two world wars of the 20th century, in which thousands of young Canadians had given their lives. Touring the military cemetery at Dieppe, France, shortly after the war, where hundreds of Canadian troops had been killed a few years before, Paul Martin Sr., a senior member of the federal cabinet noticed that the gravestones identified the dead as British subjects. But to Martin, these brave young people were actually Canadians, either by birth or by immigration to this country, and he felt it was only fitting that they be recognized as such. Upon returning to Canada, Martin sponsored a bill that would establish Canadian citizenship as a category separate from that of British subject and succeeded in having it passed by Parliament on June 27, To Martin, it was a major step forward for Canada. As he stated at the time, for the national unity of Canada and for the future and greatness of this country, it is of utmost importance that all of us, new Canadians or old, have a consciousness of the common purpose and common interests as Canadians, and that all of us are able to say with pride and meaning, I am a Canadian citizen. Decades later, his son Paul Martin Jr., a former Liberal prime minister, would recall that the adoption of the Canadian Citizenship Act was one of his father s proudest political achievements. Two days after the Canadian Citizenship Act came into effect, the first 26 people were presented with their citizenship papers at a ceremony in Ottawa, presided over by then prime minister Mackenzie King. They came from many countries, including places CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 31

33 that had been devastated by the Second World War, such as Poland, Russia, Romania, Norway, and Yugoslavia. One of them, a young photographer from Armenia named Joseph Karsh, would later become famous for his portraits of major political figures. Another was Naif Azar, from Palestine, whose daughter, researcher Donna Caron, discovered her father s presence years later in the official photo taken on that day, much to her surprise and pride. King himself received the citizenship certificate number 0001 in recognition of his position as prime minister. Sixty years later, in a similar ceremony, others followed in their footsteps. Canadian citizenship is a concept that has evolved and been broadened considerably since it was first introduced in1947, but it remains a prized possession for nativeborn and new Canadians alike. This is especially the case for those who have come to live in this country after leaving their homelands because of political, economic, or religious problems they had to face there. Source of Paul Martin quote: On this day: The first officially Canadian citizens, To Consider 1. Why was the passing of the Canadian Citizenship Act in 1947 such a major milestone in Canada s road to self-government from Britain? 2. What influence did Canada s role in the two world wars play in the creation of the concept of Canadian citizen? 3. Why do you think that many new Canadian citizens seem to value their citizenship more than those who receive it automatically by being born in this country? 4. How important is your Canadian citizenship to you personally? Why? Explain fully. CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 32

34 THE ACT THAT MADE US CANADIAN Viewing Activity Further Research To read the full text of the Canadian Citizenship Act, go to the Web site of the Department of Justice at laws.justice.gc.ca. Watch the video and answer the following questions. 1. What two important anniversaries did Canada observe in 2007? 2. What is the name of the Governor General of Canada? 3. Who was the first official citizen of Canada in January 1947? Why did this person receive this distinction? 4. Before 1947, what was the legal term used to define Canadians? 5. Who was the political figure mainly responsible for introducing the legislation that would create the category of Canadian citizen? What was his reason for doing this? 6. Who was the Prime Minister of Canada at the time the Canadian Citizenship Act became law? 7. Why were Joseph Karsh and Naif Azar among the more memorable people who received their Canadian citizenship in January 1947? 8. How many people have been granted Canadian citizenship since 1947? 9. How much did Canada s population grow from 2001 to 2006? 10. Of this figure, how much is accounted for by a) natural increase (people born in Canada) and b) immigration? 11. Describe your own feelings about being Canadian. CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 33

35 THE ACT THAT MADE US CANADIAN Timeline of Canadian Citizenship Here is a timeline of the major events in the development of the concept of Canadian citizenship. Select those you think were most important and be prepared to explain your choices The Dominion of Canada is established on July 1 with the enactment of the British North America Act. All people born in Canada are still regarded as British subjects The federal government passes the Immigration Act to regulate the influx of new settlers arriving in Canada. It recognizes the status of British subjects living in Canada after five years of continuous residency in this country if they came from a country other than Britain or its colonies. For other British subjects, no such requirement is necessary The Naturalization Act is passed, setting out the requirements for new Canadians of non-british origin to become British subjects resident in Canada The Canadian Nationals Act creates the separate status of Canadian nationals for those already considered British subjects resident in Canada, and also their wives and any children who have not yet landed in Canada The Statute of Westminster recognizes Canada as a fully selfgoverning member of the British Commonwealth and no longer a colony. The role of the monarchy in Canada s government system is reduced, but the category of British subject remains unchanged. At this time, Canadians receive two types of passports, a blue one for Canadian nationals and a burgundy one for other British subjects Under the terms of PC 7318, a ruling of the Privy Council of Canada, a woman who is not a British subject obtains that status by marrying a Canadian serviceman fighting abroad in the Second World War. This is important for the war brides who come to Canada with their husbands after The same right applies to any of their children and comes to be interpreted as meaning that every foreign-born child of a Canadian soldier automatically receives the same status as his father. It becomes an issue in the 2006 case of Taylor v. Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, in which a child born out of wedlock to a Canadian soldier in the Second World War seeks citizenship Shortly after the end of the war, Paul Martin Sr., a senior member of Prime Minister Mackenzie King s Liberal government, tours the military cemetery at Dieppe, France, and determines to introduce a bill establishing Canadian citizenship as a separate category from that of British subject On January 1, the Canadian Citizenship Act comes into effect. Under its terms, the concept of Canadian citizen is established, and citizenship is conferred upon the following groups of people living in Canada: British subjects born or naturalized in Canada, British subjects who have lived in Canada for five years prior to that date, British subjects whose father meets one of the previous requirements, women who are British subjects married to Canadian men, and all Aboriginal people living in Canada On April 1, Newfoundland joins Confederation as Canada s 10th province. The Citizenship Act is amended to confer Canadian citizenship CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 34

36 on that province s residents, who had previously been British subjects The Citizenship Act is amended to broaden the concept of Canadian citizen by reducing the number of years immigrants are required to reside in Canada before they can apply for citizenship from five to three. Preferential treatment for non-canadian British subjects from the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries is abolished. Discrimination on the basis of nationality and gender is removed, enabling prospective applicants for citizenship from any country to apply. Instead, education and professional skills, rather than country of origin, become the key criteria for prospective citizens. Dual citizenship is also permitted, enabling Canadian citizens to remain citizens of one or more other countries Parliament confers honorary Canadian citizenship posthumously on Raoul Wallenburg, a Swedish diplomat who risked his life to save thousands of Hungarian Jews during the Nazi Holocaust. Since then, two other living individuals, former South African President Nelson Mandela and the Tibetan Buddhist leader the Dalai Lama, have also received this honour Rulings in a number of federal-court cases extend the right of Canadian citizenship to children born to or adopted by Canadian citizens The federal government tables a new citizenship act that would modernize citizenship rules and processes, address gaps and inconsistencies in the current legislation, and establish clear, fair, and objective criteria for receiving Canadian citizenship. One of its more controversial proposals is a revised citizenship oath, requiring new citizens to swear loyalty to Canada s democratic values. Source: History of Canadian nationality law, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ History_of_Canadian_nationality_law, and Canada and the World Backgrounder on Citizenship, December 2006 Inquiry 1. Why were Canadians of British and non-british origins treated so differently with regard to their status as citizens prior to 1947? 2. What important changes in the concept of citizenship resulted from the amended Citizenship Act of 1977? 3. Why do you think Raoul Wallenburg, Nelson Mandela, and the Dalai Lama have been awarded honorary Canadian citizenship? 4. Identify any other international figures, living or dead, you feel could also be considered for this honour. Explain your choice. THE ACT THAT MADE US CANADIAN CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 35

37 THE ACT THAT MADE US CANADIAN Citizenship Profiles Here are some profiles of new Canadians from among the approximately six million people from different countries of origin who have been granted citizenship since All of them participated in the special 60th anniversary citizenship swearing-in ceremony held in Ottawa in February They come from various parts of the world and left their homelands for a number of reasons. But they all agree on one thing: Canada is where they want to live and raise their families. Ali Modir Rousta and Sepideh Nafasi Ali Modir Rousta, a chemist, his wife Sepideh Nafasi, a medical doctor, and their daughter Hilary lived a very privileged life in Teheran, the capital city of Iran, their homeland. They enjoyed a high income and status, a big house, and the company of friends and close family members. But they were living in a constant state of fear under the harsh rule of the Islamic fundamentalist regime in power in that country. Nafasi s father had served as an army colonel during the time of the Shah, who had been overthrown in After that, he was jailed and was lucky to have survived. While in Iran, the family lived a double life, following Western customs in their home while adhering to the strict religiously based code of conduct the regime imposes on all Iranians in public. For example, Nafasi and Hilary were both required to wear the hijab when they went outside, and listening to Western music was discouraged. In 2002, the family left for Canada and originally settled in Toronto. It was difficult for them at first, since neither Rousta nor Nafasi could speak English, making it impossible for them to practice their professions. Nafasi worked as a cashier in a store in order to pay for the medical qualifying examination she needed to pass before being permitted to practice medicine. They now live in the small community of Carbonear, Newfoundland, where Nafasi is a family doctor and Rousta is completing a PhD. Hilary, who changed her name from Sahar in honour of teen pop star Hilary Duff, is delighted to enjoy life as a typical Canadian teenager. According to her mother, it was probably for her sake that they made the difficult decision to leave Iran for Canada. As she states, we decided to come here because of our child. We had everything, but we weren t able, with the money, to provide whatever we wished for her. Money wasn t enough. You want freedom. You want to have options. You want to have opportunity. And you want to say your opinion. And as her husband comments, I don t care about what I lost, you know. I just care about what I gained. At this point... I d say it s worth it, you know, moving to this country and being a citizen of Canada.... I don t feel that I m a Canadian, but a citizen of the world, because Canada makes me feel like that. Quotations from CBC documentary, Citizen Iran Victor Munoz Victor Munoz and his two children Natalie, aged eleven, and seven-year-old Victor Jr. came to Prince Edward Island from the war-ravaged South American nation of Colombia four years ago. For Munoz, the difficult decision to emigrate to Canada was made even more painful by the fact that in doing so he was leaving his wife behind. Years before, she had left the family to help the FARC, CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 36

38 one of the main left-wing guerrilla forces battling Colombia s government and allied far-right paramilitary groups. Because of his wife s choice, Munoz and his children found themselves in extreme danger and were forced to pay bribes to both left- and right-wing organizations in order to save their lives. Finally, Munoz could take no more and decided to stop paying this form of extortion to protect himself and his children from harm. He spent six months in a safe house in Bogotá, the Colombian capital, before the International Red Cross helped him to contact the Canadian Embassy and arrange for him and his family to immigrate. Prince Edward Island represented a very new way of life for the Munoz family. As a single parent with limited English skills, Munoz faced many challenges in earning a living, despite his background as a successful and prosperous businessman and restaurant owner in his home country. Eventually he found work sorting potatoes at one of the many farms that dot the island. Taking advantage of his background as an entrepreneur, Munoz began to help local farmers market their products to Latin America, a region he knew well. However, Munoz is anxious to acquire a Canadian passport, which he feels will open more doors for him in that continent than his previous Colombian nationality will. Prince Edward Island, Canada s smallest province, has not traditionally been known for attracting large numbers of immigrants. In 2003, only 153 new Canadians settled there, but by 2006 that number had risen to 565. Most move to Charlottetown, the island s capital and largest city. However, Munoz chose instead to settle in the small community of Slemon Park, where he and his family are among a very small number of Spanish-speaking people. Already his children are starting to forget their past life in their war-torn homeland but are still aware of the fact that they are different from their Canadian-born friends. Despite all the hardships Victor Munoz has faced in adjusting to life in his adopted country, he has no doubt that his decision to immigrate to Canada was for the best, especially for his children s future. Vincent Dobson It is a very long way from the Caribbean nation of Trinidad and Tobago to Iqaluit, the capital of Nunavut. But for Vincent Dobson, who left his tropical homeland 35 years ago, life in the Canadian Arctic is a daily adventure. Dobson, a mechanic, was given the opportunity to emigrate to Canada after fixing the ambassador s car one day in Port of Spain, Trinidad s capital city. The ambassador was so impressed with his work that he encouraged Dobson to settle in Montreal, where he lived for almost 20 years. He then decided to relocate to the Far North, where he met his wife, Mylia. Eight years ago they had a baby daughter, Sasha. Dobson worked for many years as a mechanic but switched jobs and now works with the local branch of the Salvation Army. Dobson is very proud of his Trinidadian heritage and grew up with the sound of steel drums being played in his back yard. He continues to play the island s famous calypso music to this day, performing every year at Caribana festivals in Montreal, Toronto, and Ottawa. But he delayed applying for his Canadian citizenship until after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, when obtaining a visa to enter the United States with his Trinidadian passport became too difficult. Now he is able to travel to Boston to participate in musical events there. Dobson is delighted to have made his belated decision to obtain Canadian citizenship after living for more than CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 37

39 three decades in this country. He says that the main reason for his choice was his family. I have kids in Montreal, grandchildren in Montreal. Now, my wife and kid are here. So, you know, I need to be around for them, and being around as a Canadian we can all celebrate. Quotations from CBC documentary, Citizen Trinidad Matilda Kumara Matilda Kumara is a single mother raising her two children, 12-year-old Cheryl and 15-year-old Alfred, in Edmonton, Alberta. The country she left, Sierra Leone, has been recently classified by the United Nations Human Development Index as the worst place to live on the planet. By contrast, Canada regularly tops the list as the most desirable nation. Kumara attributes her ability to cope with the chaos and heartache she left behind in Freetown, the capital of that troubled country, to her deep religious faith. Seven years ago, she and her children fled the violent civil war that was then raging in the country. Her husband, James, was abducted by rebel forces in 1999 and Matilda has had no word of his whereabouts ever since. She does not even know if he is still alive, but fears the worst. Forcible abduction of adults and even children was a common practice in Sierra Leone s civil war, which only ended a few years ago. After fleeing her homeland, Kumara and her children spent two years in a United Nations refugee camp in neighbouring Ghana, where she earned a living by creating beautifully decorated traditional Sierra Leonean fabrics. Officials at the camp assigned her to immigrate to Canada, and she checked the map many times to find out where her new home was located. Upon arriving in Edmonton, Kumara faced many challenges, the main one being a severe form of culture shock. She was baffled by Canadian food, and it took her some time to adjust to a new diet and way of life. She now works as a cleaner and is studying full-time, with the goal of obtaining a degree in social work. With that and her first-hand experience, she hopes to find work counselling new immigrants and assisting them in their new lives. Kumara was very concerned about what to wear to the ceremony where she received her Canadian citizenship. She wanted to wear a traditional Sierra Leone dress that her mother made for her. But even more important, she was excited that she was to receive a Canadian passport. It s so big, it s so huge, you are so happy, she said. Everything about it, you just can t find a word that exactly will suit because with the Canadian passport... I live in a better world now. I am very, very grateful. Quotations from CBC documentary, Citizen Sierra Leone Activities 1. Read the profiles of the new Canadians above, and for each of them indicate: a) country of origin, b) new home in Canada, c) how long they have lived in this country, d) reasons for immigrating to Canada, and e) challenges and difficulties they have faced since arriving in Canada. 2. What similarities and differences do you notice in the background and experience of the four immigrant families described above? Which do you think are the most significant of these? Why? CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 38

40 THE ACT THAT MADE US CANADIAN Could You Pass the Citizenship Test? One of the requirements for obtaining Canadian citizenship is the passing of a test on basic information about this country. The questions on the test are taken from a booklet called A Look at Canada, published by the Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration and distributed to applicants for citizenship. The test includes questions dealing with Canadian politics, government, economy, geography, and history. In addition to these general questions, there is also a section with more specific questions relating to the region where the new citizen will be living. For native-born Canadians, no such test is required, and frequently those who must pass it express doubt that many of their fellow citizens who were born in this country would be able to pass it. For your information, here is a selection of questions from the different parts of the test. See how well you would do on it and how much you know about Canada! (Note: the questions selected are not among the most difficult ones appearing on the test). 1. What are the three main groups of Aboriginal peoples in Canada? 2. Where did the first European settlers in Canada come from? 3. Who were the United Empire Loyalists? 4. What does the term Confederation mean? 5. Who was the first prime minister of Canada? 6. What part of the Canadian Constitution legally protects the basic rights and freedoms of all Canadians? 7. What does equality under the law mean? 8. What are the two official languages of Canada? 9. Which province is the only officially bilingual province? 10. Which animal is the official symbol of Canada? 11. What is the tower in the centre of the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa called? 12. What three oceans border Canada? 13. Which mountain range is on the border between Alberta and British Columbia? 14. What country is Canada s largest trading partner? 15. Which region is known as the industrial and manufacturing heartland of Canada? 16. Who is Canada s official Head of State? 17. What are the three levels of government in Canada? 18. How many electoral districts are there in Canada? 19. Name the prime minister of Canada and the party he leads. 20. Name the premier of your province and the party he/she leads. CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 39

41 Answers 1. Inuit, First Nations (Indians), Métis 2. France 3. British settlers who arrived in Canada following the American Revolution 4. The union of the former British colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to form the Dominion of Canada in John A. Macdonald 6. Charter of Rights and Freedoms 7. Everyone is entitled to a fair trial, irrespective of race, gender, national origin, or sexual orientation 8. English and French 9. New Brunswick 10. Beaver 11. Peace Tower 12. Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic 13. Rockies 14. United States 15. Central Canada (Quebec and Ontario) 16. Queen Elizabeth II 17. Federal, provincial, municipal Stephen Harper (Conservative) 20. Depends on which is your home province Source: Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration Web site, resources/publications/look/look-22.asp Discussion 1. Do you think new Canadians applying for citizenship should be required to study for and pass a test on their knowledge of this country s economy, society, history, and political system? Why or why not? 2. Do you think it is fair that native-born Canadians are not required to pass a similar test on their knowledge of this country? Why or why not? 3. What other questions do you think might be helpful for a citizenship test? Explain your suggestions. CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 40

42 THE ACT THAT MADE US CANADIAN Citizenship: Background and Current Issues The concept of citizenship has a long history from ancient times to the present day. Although most people living today are citizens of one of the planet s almost 200 nation states, their citizenship rights and responsibilities differ markedly. In democratic countries like Canada, the rights of citizens are clearly stated in documents such as the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In addition to their rights, such as freedom of speech, the right to vote, have a fair trial, and practice one s religion, citizens also are expected to fulfill a number of responsibilities. These include obeying the law and paying one s taxes. Citizenship is a notion that actually means something in democracies, but in dictatorships or totalitarian states, most of the rights Canadians take for granted are practically non-existent. For instance, in a country like North Korea it would be impossible for a citizen to criticize the government or its leader, and doing so could likely result in harsh punishment or even death. Unlike democracies, where citizenship entails a mixture of rights and responsibilities, dictatorships demand total loyalty to the leader or regime and offer very little in the way of rights to the people they rule. Although the concept of citizenship first emerged in ancient societies like Greece and Rome, it reached its fullest modern form during the era of the French Revolution, from 1789 to Prior to that world-shaking event, people living under the rule of absolute monarchies that prevailed in France and other European countries were not citizens of a nation state, but subjects who owed their loyalty and obedience to the king. The French Revolution swept away the pillars of what was called the old regime in Europe absolute monarchy, an established church, and hereditary nobility. In addition it created the concept of citizen to define all those living in France and entitled to certain rights. These rights, such as freedom of speech and religion, had long been championed by radical political thinkers during the Age of Enlightenment, which provided the inspiration for the revolution. The leaders of the French Revolution even included the king himself, Louis XVI. As a citizen he was indicted for treason as Citizen Louis Capet and executed under the blade of the guillotine in Henceforth, all French people proudly took on the same designation. The term citizen entered the revolutionary vocabulary as the highest possible honour the new government could bestow on its people. During the course of the 19th century, many countries saw the birth of modern democratic citizenship rights as people were inspired by the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity first proclaimed in France. Movements to extend the right to vote to workers and women, and demands for greater political and social equality, grew in intensity as the century progressed. By the early 20th century, most countries in Western Europe and North America had extended citizenship rights to previously excluded or marginalized groups such as workers and women, who saw their economic, social, and political position in society markedly improve. According to the sociologist Thomas Marshall, whose groundbreaking book Citizenship and Social Class was published in 1950, the period from the 18th to the 20th centuries could be viewed as progressing through three distinct phases of citizenship. Each CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 41

43 Further Research To learn more about the case of Omar Khadr, consult the September 2007 issue of News in Review. of them broadened and deepened the category. During the 18th century, the concept of civil citizenship meaning equality before the law, personal liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and the rights to own property and sign contracts became recognized. In the 19th century, this process was extended to include political citizenship. More people gained the right to vote and run for political office. By the 20th century, citizenship was broadened even further to encompass social citizenship, which refers to the right to enjoy a certain standard of living and social welfare. The modern welfare state, which was born in Canada and other Western democracies after the Second World War, is a good example of this. All of these phases of citizenship, and the extensions of rights they brought with them, took place within the confines of the nation state, the dominant form of political organization in the world from the time of the French Revolution up to today. But as the 21st century begins, many people believe that the concept of citizenship is extending beyond the boundaries of individual nations and that a new idea of global citizenship is beginning to emerge. One example of this is the fact that more and more people in Canada and other countries where it is permitted are opting for dual citizenship in order to have the right to vote in more than one country. This can sometimes have significant consequences. For example, in the Italian election of April 2006 the narrow result was decided by the votes of Italian citizens living in other countries, including Canada, who had the right to elect their own representatives to that country s parliament. In today s world, where more and more people are travelling to other countries, an important aspect of citizenship is the right to be protected from arbitrary arrest or mistreatment while abroad. Canadian citizens carry their passports with them while travelling and may contact the embassy in the country they are visiting should they find themselves in any difficulty. However, this right does not absolve them of the duty of obeying the laws that apply in that country. For instance, the harsh laws against soft drug possession in a country such as Singapore, which could include the death penalty, cannot be appealed by the local embassy should a Canadian travelling there fall victim to them. The case of Omar Khadr, the young Canadian of Pakistani origin who is the only Canadian citizen currently being held in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, raises this issue very dramatically. Khadr was only 15 years old when he was charged with involvement in terrorist activities in Afghanistan. Legal experts in Canada and elsewhere have strongly questioned the validity of his confinement in Guantanamo under international law. This is partly because of his age, and also because the category of unlawful enemy combatant, which the U.S. authorities are using to define those being held in their custody, has no legal authority. Khadr is not someone for whom most Canadians would feel much sympathy. He and his family strongly support the objectives and deeds of the Al Qaeda militants who drove airplanes into the World Trade Center on September 11, But the concept of citizenship is intended to apply to everyone and not only to those who adhere to the values of the mainstream culture in Canada. For this reason, the Canadian government s reluctance to take up the cause of Omar Khadr has been sharply criticized. As author Erna Paris comments, by refusing that Omar Khadr be returned to Canada and tried here, the Harper government makes Canadians complicit with the Bush administration s contempt CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 42

44 for established law. The Kahdr case is being noticed. Our international reputation as a law-abiding nation that protects its citizens is at risk. Source: Canada and the World Backgrounder on Citizenship, and Why the Khadr case is an affront to the rule of law, The Globe and Mail, September 25, 2007 Activities 1. What do you think were the main reasons why the concept of citizenship has been broadened and deepened to include a greater range of rights from the time of the French Revolution up to today? 2. Do you think that people holding dual citizenship should be permitted to vote in national elections of the country in which they are not living? Why or why not? 3. Do you agree with Erna Paris that the Canadian government should be doing more for Omar Khadr, even though he holds views that most people in this country would find totally unacceptable? Why or why not? CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 43

45 THE ACT THAT MADE US CANADIAN Designing and Staging a Citizenship Ceremony As a class, design and stage your own unique version of a citizenship ceremony, where new Canadians can be awarded citizenship, and/or where nativeborn Canadians can reaffirm their loyalty to this country, its governmental institutions, and values. The ceremony could include the following: remarks by a citizenship judge a revised citizenship oath a multicultural presentation drawing on the backgrounds of the new Canadian citizens a reflection by native-born Canadians on what citizenship means to them relevant music, art, poetry Information on the citizenship ceremony can be obtained at the official Web site for the Ministry of Citizenship and Immigration: Notes: CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 44

46 GOING GREEN TO FIGHT GLOBAL WARMING Introduction Focus As politicians continue to argue over the best way to fight the threat of global warming, a lot of Canadians aren t waiting to do something about the problem. They re trying to cut down on greenhouse gases by going green. Further Research The CBC has a Going Green Web site with lots of good information. Check it out at goinggreen/. How much do you know about global warming? Stories about climate change and global warming seem to be everywhere. And this is alarming for many of us. But in some ways, the frequency of these stories is a good thing. It demonstrates that awareness of the problem is growing, and that more and more people want to do something about it. This brings us to the next question: What can we do about it? We probably all recycle, and try to turn off our lights and computers when we leave a room, but is that enough? Is that all we can do? Some people feel that the solution lies with big business. After all, it is big business that spews out tonnes of airborne pollutants and consumes huge amounts of energy. It also produces large amounts of garbage. Some businesses have made a great effort to be good corporate citizens and have significantly changed their manufacturing processes to reduce pollution. Inco, a mining company in Sudbury, is a good example of this. Over the years, emissions from the smelter stacks have been reduced by over 90 per cent. Today, dangerous emissions from the smelters are captured, cleaned, and turned into sulphuric acid, which the company sells. Other people believe that the solution to global warming lies with governments. These people believe that businesses and citizens will not change their practices until they are forced to by government legislation. In other words, until governments threaten businesses with large financial penalties, most companies will continue to conduct their business as usual. It is true that in the 1970s provincial legislation forced Inco to change its ways. Furthermore, it is governments that are in the best position to pass stricter laws to reduce greenhouse gas emissions like lowering the speed limit on highways and then enforcing those laws. But more and more Canadians are tired of waiting for businesses or governments to take action. They have decided to take action themselves. In this News in Review story you will learn about some of these initiatives and their impacts: a school with a sod roof, a city that turned a barren area into a forest, and a city that has made it easier to travel by bike than by car. You will also learn about a number of green initiatives that have been created and run by children and young adults. Hopefully you ll take away at least one green idea that you ll try to implement. For Discussion 1. In small groups, talk about what you and your classmates know about global warming. You might want to consider the following questions: What is it? Why is it of concern? How fast is the change occurring? 2. Talk about how you feel about global warming. Is it something you worry about or not? 3. Discuss what you believe is being done to reduce global warming. CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 45

47 GOING GREEN TO FIGHT GLOBAL WARMING Video Review Did you know... CBC s Going Green Web site lists energy-saving ideas like watering the lawn with used bath water. Visit the site at goinggreen/ for more ideas. Watch the video and answer the questions in the spaces provided. 1. Arctic sea ice has shrunk to the lowest level ever recorded. a) How much has it shrunk? b) Why has it shrunk? 2. Record the major green features of Citadel High School in Halifax. 3. Why has the land around Sudbury been described as a moonscape? 4. Trees are being planted to reclaim the land. Where are those trees being grown? 5. What are two environmental benefits of planting masses of trees? 6. How has Inco changed the way it does business? 7. How long will it take the barren landscape around Sudbury to be completely restored? 8. Of what other green initiatives is Sudbury proud? 9. How many cyclists commute to downtown Vancouver every day? 10. How did the city of Vancouver make cycling an attractive alternative to commuting by car? CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 46

48 11. What area of alternative transportation needs further development in Vancouver? Why? 12. In what major green programs do you or your family presently participate? CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 47

49 GOING GREEN TO FIGHT GLOBAL WARMING Greening Transportation Quote The modern car is part of the Canadian way of life, with Canadians convinced that owning a basic motor vehicle is a right. Canadian Automobile Association, 1954 Activity: Transportation Survey The following questions will determine how the members of your class use transportation. For each question, circle your response. 1. How do you usually get to school? a) Walk b) Take the bus c) Drive a car, or are dropped off by car d) Ride a bike 2. How many cars does your family own/lease? a) None b) One c) Two d) More than two 3. How often did you take public transit in the past year? a) Every week b) A few times a month c) A few times a year d) Not at all 4. Do you plan on buying your own car within the next five years? Why? Canada s Car Culture From the answers to the above questions, you probably have a pretty good idea of how important cars are to your classmates and their families. It certainly is true that many of us have become used to the convenience of having a car. We often jump in the car to go and pick something up at the store, or to visit a friend, when we really could walk or bike instead. It is also true that many people are dependent on their cars. They may work in a different city from where they live. They may feel they have to commute to work in their car because the town or city they live in does not have train links to their place of employment. Most towns and cities do have public bus routes that would get these people to their jobs out of town, but many people feel the bus schedules are not convenient, or they do not like riding on the bus. For many teenagers from middleclass families, buying a car has become a rite of passage into adulthood. Some teenagers actually save their own money from part-time jobs to buy an old beater. Some parents buy their son or daughter a car so that the parent does not have to drive them around to work, sports, or clubs. Greening Transportation: The Vancouver Example Some people argue that Canadians will never change their ways and give up their dependence on cars. Certainly car manufacturers and advertisers want us to think it is impossible. But, if driving a car becomes inconvenient (and expensive) we may well find that Canadians are willing and able to make the change. The city of Vancouver is an excellent example of how we can green transportation. As the city began to boom in the 1960s, transportation specialists said that existing roads in the downtown core would have to be expanded to allow for a freeway through the city. In fact, consultants said that if a new freeway was not built by the 1980s the city would fail to be economically viable. The city council of the time rejected the recommendations and decided CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 48

50 Did you know... The transportation sector is the single largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in Canada. For every litre of gasoline used, the average car produces about 2.4 kilograms of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), the principal greenhouse gas. Stop Idling campaigns have sprung up across Canada. If every driver avoided idling for just five minutes a day, we would prevent more than one million tonnes of CO 2 from entering the atmosphere each year. Source: Natural Resources Canada Web site at www. oee.nrcan.gc.ca/ transportation/ idling/issues/whyidling-problem. cfm?attr=8 not to increase the car capacity of its roads. Instead, the city officially made alternative transportation its top goal. The city made walking its number-one priority. The needs of cyclists came second, followed by public transport, good transportation, high-occupancy vehicles, and lastly, single-occupancy vehicles. So what happened? The number of people walking to work has increased because residential development became a priority downtown. Since the 1990s, 140 kilometres of bike routes have been created, one parallel to every major car route cyclists commute into downtown Vancouver every day. It takes about the same amount of time to drive a car into town as it does to bike. Transit use is up 20 per cent, but the bus system still does not provide the peak capacity required at rush hour. Commuting time for car drivers has increased. Analysis 1. How would you rate Vancouver s attempt to green transportation? Has it been a big success? A modest success? Or less than a success? Explain your answer. 2. What steps could be taken by your local community to decrease car use and increase reliance on alternative transportation? 3. What would be the benefits of this shift? CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 49

51 GOING GREEN TO FIGHT GLOBAL WARMING Students Go Green Did you know... On the last Friday of November, thousands of people around the world celebrate International Buy Nothing Day as a reminder that most of us can do with far fewer things. Instructions Before you read the material below, create an organizer in your notebook with the headings Green Student Initiatives and Results. Record information in this organizer as you read. A great deal of social change occurs because of the initiative and drive of children and young adults. Young people tend to be very idealistic and believe that if a problem exists, it should be fixed. Not surprisingly, many young people are active in the green movement. The green initiatives described below were the result of young people coming together and saying, How can we make a difference? The Second Cup Students who frequented a Second Cup shop in downtown Ottawa noticed that the shop did not have bins for clients to dispose of recyclable waste. The students, from Hopewell Avenue Public School, wrote a letter to the owner of the store asking why. They found out that the store used to recycle its cups, newspapers, and cardboard boxes. But three years ago the city cut roadside recycling from businesses to save costs. Business owners then had to find and pay a private contractor to provide the same service. Unfortunately, the private contractors were not willing to recycle as many materials as the city had previously. But because the students from Hopewell raised their concerns, the owner of the store realized she had to do better and is now negotiating new recycling deals with private companies. Shop Smart It has been said that if you really care about the environment then you won t shop much, especially for non-essential goods. But most people like to shop, and teenagers are no exception. In fact, teenagers now possess a significant chunk of disposable income and are a retail force to be reckoned with. Green Web sites contain many articles written by teenagers that stress the message If you must shop, shop smart. The shop smart campaign reminds teens that every time they purchase something, a new product is made to replace it. The manufacturing process itself creates pollution, the transportation of goods creates pollution, and the display of goods in air-conditioned, lighted stores creates pollution. So whenever possible, green teens try to do the following: look for clothes made with sustainable materials and production methods buy used or vintage clothing buy an ecobrand that uses organic cotton, organic soy, and bamboo buy recycled materials, including footwear made from recycled tires and biodegradable microfibres demand green products companies respond to demands from consumers Students Force Government to Change City Policy In the spring of 2007, members of the Environmental Club at Bliss Carman Senior Public School in Toronto decided to begin a battery-collecting campaign. In their club they had learned that when batteries ended up in the landfill, they leached dangerous toxins into the soil and groundwater. Members of the Environmental Club presented their idea to the school, and all 17 classes decided CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 50

52 Further Research Environment Canada s Web area for youth lists programs and activities you may want to consider. It also allows you to connect with other Canadian youth across the country. Youth/index_e.cfm to participate. In a matter of three weeks, the school had collected over batteries. The campaign generated a great deal of media coverage, including a frontpage story in the Toronto Star, after it became known that the company known as Toxic Taxi refused to collect the batteries because they were coming from a school rather than a residence. The media coverage resulted in the battery disposal problem being discussed by City Hall. One school s Environmental Club was actually able to impact government policy. Energy Reduction Challenge Students in Patrick Ross s grade 5-6 class at St. Theresa School in Prince Edward Island were successful in significantly reducing the energy used at the school. Former environment minister Jamie Ballem challenged students to reduce their energy use, but even he was shocked at the results. The students divided themselves into Team Heat, Team Electricity, Team Water, and Team Paper. Although the results of the oil and electrical savings were still being tabulated at the time of writing, the project saved 15 kilograms of paper and litres of water. Energy reduction measures included installing toilet dams, turning off lights, turning down the heat and wearing sweaters, and using both sides of the paper when doing homework and tests. The heat was only turned on in rooms that were being used. As well, students made signs reminding people to turn off the lights. The project was such a success that the grade 5-6 class was awarded a 2007 Prince Edward Island Environmental Award. Students are now focused on implementing the same measures in their homes. Cleaning up Communities Students across Canada are involved in initiatives to help clean up local communities. Some of these projects involve planting trees in barren landscapes, cleaning local rivers and creeks, or picking up garbage. Students at John Chisholm School in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, are involved in an annual spring clean-up program. The students go out every two weeks to pick up garbage in their local community. They do this even when it is raining and cold. The students have noticed that once the spring clean-up begins, fewer people are willing to litter, indicating that their activity seems to have a significant impact on the community. Selling Energy-Efficient Devices to Raise Money Many children sell chocolate bars when it is time to raise funds for their school. Not only is this unhealthy, it certainly does not do anything to improve the environment. In the province of Nova Scotia, fundraising is done a little differently. The Nova Scotia government has made energy-efficient light bulbs and low-flow shower heads available to schoolchildren across the province for fundraising drives. Local environment groups are pleased with the initiative because they believe the use of the new bulbs results in fewer emissions from fossil-fuelled generators. Outdoor Classrooms When it was time to upgrade the playing field at Cape Smokey Elementary School in Nova Scotia, students and parents decided to do something a little different from just purchasing new playground equipment. They found out that a new playground climbing structure would cost the school $30 000, but that they CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 51

53 could create an outdoor classroom for about $ Students were eager for the school to develop an outdoor area where they could eat and study. The first part of the project was implemented in June Sixteen trees were planted, along with other landscaping. A picnic shelter, two walking bridges, and outdoor murals were also added. Teachers are excited because they now have an outdoor area where they can teach students about nature. Students are excited because they will have a beautiful, shaded area for eating and studying. Analysis 1. Review the information in your organizer. How successful were these student initiatives at bringing about change? 2. Do you think people listen more closely to young people who demand change, or do they listen more closely to adults? Explain. 3. Have you been involved in any green initiatives? Share your stories with your classmates. CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 52

54 GOING GREEN TO FIGHT GLOBAL WARMING Greening Our Cities Further Research To learn more about Citadel High School visit the official Web site at hrsb.ns.ca/citadel/ index.asp). To explore in greater detail the projects at Drake Landing Solar Community, visit dlsc.ca/. Canadians across the country are taking large steps to go green. Two of these initiatives include building an energy-saving high school and creating a housing development that runs on solar power. Before you read about each initiative, answer the Stop and Think questions in your notebook. Stop and Think: How green is your school? Do you have recycling boxes in each of the classrooms and the cafeteria? Does your school kitchen compost food scraps and coffee grounds? Are you reminded to turn off lights and computers before you leave a room? Have your teachers cut back on the amount of photocopying they do? What other green initiatives are in place at your school? Citadel High School, Halifax Citadel opened in 2007 and was built as a green school. To be a green school, you need more than energy-efficient windows; you need a completely new design. And the school certainly includes a number of unique features. There is no student parking lot. Planners wanted to preserve green space but also wanted students to stop driving to school. There is no smokestack. That is because the school does not have a furnace but instead will buy some of its heat from a nearby hospital that has excess heating capacity. But the school won t need to rely on fossil fuels as much as other buildings because the colour of the roof reflects heat and keeps the school cooler. Part of the building will be covered with sod, a natural insulator. It is estimated the sod roof will reduce air conditioning costs by fifty per cent in the cafeteria area. There are floor-to-ceiling windows in many classrooms and the cafeteria. This is intended to increase the use of daylight. Many building materials were recycled from other facilities. This includes the bleachers in the gymnasiums and some of the windows. Rainwater will be collected and used to flush the toilets. Reflection 1. How do you think students would respond if the student parking lot at your school was dug up for a new green space or a sports field? 2. How would you rate your school on a green scale from 1 to 10 (with 1 being the most green)? 3. What rating would you give Citadel? 4. Which of the Citadel initiatives might you be able to implement at your school? Explain. CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 53

55 Stop and Think: How green is your home? Does your family recycle and compost? Have you taken steps to reduce water use like installing low-flow toilets and shower heads? Do you have sufficient insulation in the attic? Are all of your windows and electric sockets caulked to prevent air leaks? Do you adjust your thermostat at night? Do you drink tap water instead of bottled water? Are your clothes washed in cold water? Do you hang your clothes to dry? What other steps has your family taken to save energy in your home? Drake Landing Solar Community The housing community of Drake Landing is located in Okotoks, Alberta. It may well be the greenest housing community in North America. All of the homes are rated as R-2000, which is the most energy-efficient rating a home can receive. This means the homes are highly insulated and have low-flow toilets and showers. They also have energy-efficient lighting and appliances. But what makes the homes at Drake Landing so energy efficient is that they do not have furnaces. Instead, all 58 homes in the community are heated through a central solar heating system. All of the homes have solar panels lining the garage roofs. That energy is collected and heats water. The hot water is stored in two huge tanks in a separate building. The energy created by the hot water is then redistributed to the homes as needed. Sound crazy? Maybe a little, but it works. The Drake Landing project uses 800 solar collectors, which may well be the largest collection of solar panels in North America. The developer of Drake Landing estimates that each home produces about 1.5 tonnes of greenhouse gases per year. That is about 5.5 tonnes less than the average Canadian home. Reflection What do these two examples indicate about our potential to cut energy use and reduce greenhouse gas emissions? CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 54

56 GOING GREEN TO FIGHT GLOBAL WARMING Activity: How Green Are You? In this News in Review story you have learned that climate change is a problem. But you ve also learned that reducing the amount of energy we use, and the amount of greenhouse gases we produce, is possible. Now it is time for you to get involved. Instructions Step 1: The table below asks you to rate the energy saving initiatives currently used by you and your family. Complete the table as honestly as possible. Step 2: Create a green plan for you and your family. In other words, what changes might you be able to make to become more green. Discuss the plan with your family. Step 3: Revisit the chart two or three months from now. Write a summary report on the changes you ve been able to achieve. Category Current use Two months later Difference achieved Transportation patterns - frequency of biking and walking - use of car for convenience Water - lawn watering - length of showers - amount of water used in bathtub - number of low-flow toilets and shower heads Recycling and reuse of materials - what materials do you currently recycle/reuse? Number of bags of garbage placed out for pick-up Heating/Cooling/Electricity - daytime temperature - night-time temperature - use of fans rather than A/C - number of energy-saving light bulbs installed CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 55

57 News in Review Index A list of the stories covered last season and to date in the current season is provided below. The complete chronological index for all 17 seasons of News in Review, and a subject-oriented index listing News in Review stories appropriate for various subject areas can be accessed through our Web site at Hard copies of these indexes can also be obtained by contacting CBC Learning. SEPTEMBER 2006 Lebanon War: Israel Battles Hezbollah Toronto Arrests: 18 Face Terror Charges London Bombers: Alienation and Terror The Big Melt: Canada s Changing Arctic OCTOBER 2006 A Gunman Attacks Students in Montreal A Canadian Rides the Shuttle into Space Canada Hosts World AIDS Conference 9/11: The Day that Changed the World NOVEMBER 2006 Canada s Bloody War in Afghanistan Trying to Stop the Killing in Darfur Michaëlle Jean: Our Governor General Canada s Famous Dinosaur Hunter DECEMBER 2006 The Liberals Choose a New Leader The North Korean Nuclear Crisis Teaching Children How to Care Restoring the Parliamentary Library FEBRUARY 2007 The U.S. Sends More Troops to Iraq Afghanistan: The Dead and the Wounded Taking The Right To Play to Ethiopia Visiting Second Life s Virtual World MARCH 2007 A Call for Action on Climate Change The Trial of Robert Pickton The Forgotten War in Burma Repression and Fear in Russia APRIL 2007 The Budget: Countdown to an Election? Quebecers Vote in a Provincial Election Arrest in a 1964 Mississippi Cold Case Fashion and the Dangerously Thin May 2007 Remembering Vimy Ridge Iran Seizes British Sailors The Dangers of Global Warming Living as a Homeless Person SEPTEMBER 2007 The Trial of Conrad Black The Seven Wonders of Canada Tony Blair s Ten Years in Power Omar Khadr: Canadian in Guantanamo CBC Learning P.O. Box 500, Station A Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5W 1E6 Tel: (416) Fax: (416) Internet: cbclearning@cbc.ca CBC News in Review October 2007 Page 56

58 CBC Learning Box 500 Station A Toronto, ON M5W 1E6 Toll free: Phone: (416) Fax: (416) cbclearning@cbc.ca H Image credit: NASA