D DBS Bank, 224 death railway, 174 deaths causes of, 84, 92, rates, 82, 87, see also life expectancies; mortality

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1 Index A Abdul Rahman, Temenggong, 3 abortion, induced, rate, Abortion Act, 166, , 203 Abortion (Amendment) Act, 198 Abortion (Amendment) Regulations, 198 Abortion Bill, , 202 ABSD (additional buyer s stamp duty), 269 Administration of Muslim Law Act, 104, , , 135, 140, 145 Administrative Report, 343 Advance Data Release, 344 age pyramid, 36, 39 40, 317 AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), 200 Aliens Ordinance of 1933, 32 33, 57, 253 Annual Report of Births, Deaths, Marriages, and Persons, 135 antinatalist changes, in stance, policy, 187, 203, programme, see also pronatalist policy ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), 259 Asia Foundation, 189 assisted reproductive technology, 248 B Baba women, 33 baby bonus scheme, , 247 extension of, Balakrishnan, Vivian, 328 bilingualism, birth control, 187 birth delivery fees, birth rates, , 158 see also fertility; TFR Blue Book, 339 Boy or Girl Two is Enough, campaign, 193 Braddell, Thomas, 5, 8, 338 British Military Base, 63, 67 Buckley, C.B., 33 Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, 2 C CCAA (China Centre of Adoption Affairs), 261 CDA (Children Development Account), , , 247, 249 Central Provident Fund, see CPF childcare leave, , childcare subsidy, , 226, , 247 Child Post-Secondary Education Account, 236 Children Development Co-Savings Act, 230 Children Development Credit scheme,

2 356 Index China Centre of Adoption Affairs, see CCAA Chinese age reckoning, 36, 342 citizenship, dialect-speaking communities, 30 divorce rate, fertility rate, , foreign-born, 70, 73 general definition, labour force participation, 276 life expectancy, literacy rate, marriage rate, , 119 migration, mortality rates, 89 90, 92 population growth, 12 13, 28 sex ratio, 33 Chinese Clan Association, 326 Chinese Immigration Ordinance, 56 Chinese Protectorate Office, Chola King, 2 Christian Marriage Ordinance, 103 citizens come first, principle, 269 Citizenship and Population Unit, see CPU citizenship laws, citizenship pattern, Civil Marriage Ordinance, 103 Civil Service Student Internship Programme, 265 clinics, number of, 190 Contact Singapore, 265 CPF (Central Provident Fund), 213, 219, 231, 268, 325 top-up grant, CPU (Citizenship and Population Unit), 329 Crown Colony, 4 customs and laws, in marriage, D DBS Bank, 224 death railway, 174 deaths causes of, 84, 92, rates, 82, 87, see also life expectancies; mortality demographic statistics, sources of, Demographic Trends in Singapore, 343 Department of Social Welfare, 131 Department of Statistics, 127, 131, 176, 299, DGP (Development Guide Plan), 22 Distinguished Business Leaders Series, 265 divorce customs and laws, demographic background, marital background, races, among the, reasons for, trends, see also marriage Dragon year, 176, , 182, 185, 330, 334 dual nationality, 48 Duchess of Somerset, 8 E East India Company, 58 economic nationalism, 5 EDB (Economic Development Board), 258 emigration, Employment Act, 209, , , , 245 Employment (Amendment) Act, 209 employment pass, 255 entry permit, for foreigners, ESCAP (Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific), 14 ethnic and dialect composition, eugenic population policy, 124, 187, 202 eugenic programme, see also graduate mother scheme Eugenics Board, F Family Court, , 145, 262 Family Day Care Service, 226 family grant, family planning, 155, 157, 172 acceptors and acceptance rate,

3 Index 357 government programme, private programme, Family Planning Association, see FPA family planning society, 188 Federated Malay States, 340 Federation of Malaysia, 4, 341 Fei Yu Community Services, 261 fertility age-specific rates, below-replacement, birth shortfall, cash grant, and, 214 changes by age, changes by birth order, differentials, gross total fertility, , GRR (gross reproduction rate), 152 transition, trends, races, among, see also birth rates; population growth; TFR financial crisis, 20 FIS (Financial Investor Scheme), 258, 266 five-day work week, Ford Foundation, 189 foreign-born population, year of first arrival, birthplace of, foreign brides, foreigners control of, entry permit, foreign labour, 49 foreign spouses, and adopted children, FPA (Family Planning Association), 157, , 193, 196, 202 future population, see also projections under population G General Election, 266 GIP (Global Investor Programme), 258, 266 globalisation, 264 Goh Chok Tong, 4, 222 graduate mother scheme, see also eugenic programme grandparent care-giver relief, 241 gross total fertility, , GRR (gross reproduction rate), 152 H Have Three or More if You Can Afford It, campaign slogan, 215 HDB (Housing and Development Board), 214, 221, 268 CPF top-up grant, Fiancé/Fiancée Scheme, 108, 114 household size rule, 210 singles grant, High Court, 131, 146 Home Study Report, HRD (Household Registration Data), Hu, Richard, Hussein, Sultan, 3 I immigration control, 16 laws, Immigration Act, 254 Immigration Affairs Committee, 258 Immigration and Checkpoints Authority, Immigration Department, 57 Immigration Ordinance, 253 Immigration Restriction Ordinance, 57 Immigration Regulations, 254 Income Tax Act, 210 income tax, and child relief, indentured labour, 8, Indian citizenship, divorce rate, fertility rate, , , 183 foreign-born, 70, 73 general definition, 28, 30

4 358 Index infant mortality rate, labour force participation, 276 language, life expectancy, literacy rate, marriage rate, , 119 migration, mortality rates, 89 90, 92 population growth, 12 13, 30 sex ratio, 33 Indian Immigration Committee, 32, 59 Indian Immigration Fund, 59 Indonesia, confrontation, 5 induced abortion, industrialisation programme, 284, 292 infant care subsidy, see childcare subsidy infant mortality rate, 85 86, 89 Infant Welfare Centres, 189 Inter-Ministerial Population Committee, 176, 215, 227, 246, 328 International Labour Organization, 290 International Standard Classification of All Economic Activities, 284 International Standard Occupational Classification, 290 interracial marriage, , 139 IPPF (International Planned Parenthood Foundation), 189, 191 IVF (in-vitro fertilisation), 248 J Japanese occupation, of Singapore, 3, 10 11, 55, 57, 59, 72, 76, 83, 85, 252, 341 Jurong Town Corporation, 210 K Kandang Kerbau Hospital, 202 kangany system, Kempetei, 84 Kethering Shield, 86 Khaw Boon Wan, 328 kheh thau, 56 Khor, Amy, 228, 328 Kranji Reserve, 2 L Labour Contracts Ordinance, 57 labour force age-specific, 278 concepts and definitions, distribution of, , 291, future of, growth of, indentured labour, 8, industrial structure, marital status, and, 282 occupational pattern, participation, race and gender in, 276 retirement age, 279 Lee Hsien Loong, 4, 228, 247, , 330 Chinese new year message 2012, new year message 2012, Lee Kuan Yew, 4 life expectancies, see also deaths; mortality; population Lim Hng Kiang, 228, 328 Lim Hwee Hua, 228, 328 Lim Yew Hock, 4 literacy classification, 46 definition, 44 gender, and, 45 pattern, Lotka rate, 301 LTVP+ (Long Term Visit Pass Plus), 260 M Mahmud, Sultan, 3 maid levy, 240, 245 Majapahit Empire, 2 Malacca, capture of, 2 Malay citizenship, divorce laws, Muslim, , divorce rate, , , fertility rate, , foreign-born, 70, 73 general definition, 28, 30

5 Index 359 labour force participation, 276 language, 30 life expectancy, literacy rate, marriage rate, , 119 migration, mortality rates, population growth, 12 13, 28 sex ratio, 33 Malay Annals (Sejarah Melayu), 2 Malaysia, confrontation, 5 marital dissolution, see divorce marriage age, and, customs and laws, fees, 267 interracial, , 139 patterns, religion, and, 122 sham, 261 trends, see also divorce; population Marriott, H., 338 Marshall, David, 4 MAS (Monetary Authority of Singapore), , Maternal and Child Health centres, 191, 193 maternal mortality rate, 85 86, 89 maternity leave, 209, 247 extra-paid, third child and, MCYS (Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports), , 226, 229, medical benefits, equal, 243 Medisave, 219, migration Chinese, convicts, 58 Indian, Malay, recent, Ministerial Committee on Ageing, 326 Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports, see MCYS Ministry of Finance, 209, 213, , 220 Ministry of Health, , 196, 198, 229, 328 Ministry of Home Affairs, 255 Ministry of Manpower, 229, 240, 244, 255 Monetary Authority of Singapore, see MAS mortality differentials, general trends, infant mortality rate, 85 86, 89 maternal mortality rate, 85 86, 89 post-war, see also deaths; life expectancies; population multilingualism, 46 Municipal Council, 188 Municipal Health Centres, 189 Municipality of Singapore, 341 N National Academy of Science, 175 National Baby Welfare Council of Great Britain, 86 National Day Rally, , , 247, , 329 National Family Planning and Population Board Programme, 175 National Integration Council, 326 National Population and Talent Division, see NPTD National Population Committee, see NPC national population management, National Service Recognition Award, see NSRA neonatal mortality rate, 85 86, 89 Netherland Indies Government, 60 Netherland Indies Labour Protection Enactment, 60 Newbold, T.J., 5, 7, 337 Ng Eng Hen, 228, 257, 328 Niam Chiang Meng, 329 North Canal Out-Patient Dispensary, 189

6 360 Index NPC (National Population Committee), 246, NPTD (National Population and Talent Division), 264, NSRA (National Service Recognition Award), 267 O OSU (Overseas Singaporean Unit), , 329 orang laut, 7 Ord, Harry, 338 Others, in population, 30 31, 53 general definition, 28 interracial marriage, and, overseas Singaporeans, engaging, P PAP (People s Action Party), 4, 103, 159, 191 Parameswara, 2 Parenthood hotline, 245 parenthood tax relief, Penal Code, 195, 197 PEP (Personalised Employment Pass), 256 permanent residence, 48 53, 75, 255, 324 programmes, result of application, 76, 264 Plan Your Family, campaign, 193 polygamy, , 149 population ageing, 38 age structure, citizenship pattern, control programme, 16, 41, , 161, 168, 172, 174, 198, 209, 211, 215 decline, 176 definition, 18, 303 density, 1 dependency burden, 38 ethnic and dialect composition, eugenic programme, foreign-born, future, issues, major, literacy pattern, national management, policies, 187, 191, 210 projections, religious composition, sex composition, shifts, 24, 51 shrinkage, 306, 317 trends, see also life expectancies; marriage; mortality; Singapore Population Control for Zero Growth in Singapore, book, 175 population distribution, by age group, 37 by citizenship status and race, 52 by citizenship status and sex, 50 by country of birth, of foreign-born, 66, 68, 70 by year of first arrival, of foreignborn,71, 73 population growth post-war, pre-war, 9 13 recent, 18 21, 77 see also fertility Population Planning Unit, 328 POSB, 234 post-war mortality, post-war population growth, Penang, founding of, 3 pre-war population growth, 9 13 primary school registration, 205, 211, private family planning programme, pronatalist policy, 187, 207, , 324 changes in favour of, see also antinatalist PSLE (primary school leaving examination), 279 public housing, , 227, 268 public sector flexible work, 220, leave, 220, 227

7 Index 361 R Raffles, Thomas Stamford, 3, 7 8, 28 Rajindrachola I, 2 Registration of Business Company, 223 Registry of Marriages, 103, 105, 121, 127 Registry of Muslim Marriages, 6, 135 religion, and marriage, 122 religious composition, and population, Remaking Singapore Committee, Replacement Projection, 300, 302 Report of the Medical Department, 83 Report on the Registration of Births and Deaths, 176 retirement age, 279, 317 S Sang Nila Utama, 2 Sars crisis, 21 SDS (Social Development Services), 248 SDU (Social Development Unit), 213, 248 sea gypsies, 7 Sejarah Melayu (Malay Annals), 2 sex composition, and population, sham marriages, 261 Shanmugaratnam, Tharman, 328 Shariah Court, 6, 127, , , 146, 150, 170 shrinkage, in population, 306, 317 Siam-Burma death railway, 174 Singapore age structure, citizenship pattern, climate, 2 demographic data, 5 6 diaspora, 264 early settlement, 7 9 economy, 4 5 ethnic and dialect composition, foreign-born population in, geographical setting, 1 2 historical background, 2 4 Japanese occupation, 3, 10 11, 55, 57, 59, 72, 76, 83, 85, 252, 341 literacy pattern, population distribution, post-war population growth, pre-war population growth, 9 13 recent population growth, religious composition, Residency, as, 3 sex composition, see also population Singapore Day, 265 Singapore Family Planning and Population Board Act, 192 Singapore Family Planning and Population Board, report, 175 Singapore Family Planning and Population Board (SFPPB), 192, 202, Singapore Science Centre, 175 Singapore Standard Industrial Classification, see SSIC Singapore Standard Occupational Classification, 290 Singapore Talent Recruitment Committee, see STRC Singapore Towards the Year 2000, seminar, 175 Singapore Wants Smaller Families, campaign, 193 singles grant, sin kheh, 56 Social Development Services, see SDS Social Development Unit, see SDU social mobility, 290 Social Welfare Department, 188 Sri Vijaya Empire, 2, 57, 59 SSIC (Singapore Standard Industrial Classification), 284 Standing Technical Committee on Census Matters, 341 stationary population, theory of, Statistical Data Release, 344 Statistics Department, see Department of Statistics Statistics of the British Possession in the Straits of Malacca, 338

8 362 Index Statistics on Marriages and Divorces, 127 statistics, sources of demographic, sterilisation, see voluntary sterilisation Straits-born Chinese, 172 Straits Settlements, formation of, 3, 58 Straits Times, 78 STRC (Singapore Talent Recruitment Committee), 259 Suez Canal, 3 T Tamil Immigration Fund Ordinance, 59 tax rebates, and child incentive, , , tax relief, and parenthood, Tenah Community Services, 261 Teo Chee Hean, 329 Teo, Eddie, termination of pregnancy, see abortion Termination of Pregnancy Authorisation Board, 196, 198 TFR (total fertility rate), 152, , 158, 169, 173, , , 300, , 306, 334 see also fertility, birth rates Tiger year, 165, 176, 179, , 185, 202 Toa Payoh Hospital, 202 trends, in population, Tumasik, 2 Two-Child Families for Singapore, campaign, 193 U Unfederated Malay States, 340 University of Singapore, 192 URA (Urban Redevelopment Authority), 22 V Victorian laws, 195 voluntary sterilisation, rate, Voluntary Sterilisation Act, Voluntary Sterilisation (Amendment) Act, 202 Voluntary Sterilisation Bill, 196, 202 W White Paper on Family Planning in Parliament, 191 WHP (Work Holiday Programme), Women s Charter, 6, , 108, , 128, 132, , , 161, 197 Wong Kan Seng, 246, 263, Working Committee on Marriage and Procreation, , 246 working mother, and child relief, Work-Life Works! Fund, World Depression, 10, 57, 59 World War II, 3, 6, 7, 55, 57, 66, 69, 72, 81, 84, 89, , 169, 188, 272, 341 Y Yacoob Ibrahim, 228 Yeo, George, 259 Yusof bin Ishak, 4 Z zodiac calendar, 178

The Population of Malaysia. Second Edition

The Population of Malaysia. Second Edition The Population of Malaysia Second Edition The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) was established as an autonomous organization in 1968. It is a regional centre dedicated to the study of socio-political,