Index. The Author(s) 2017 N. Michalikova, New Eastern European Immigrants in the United States, DOI /

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1 Index A acculturation. See cultural adaptation of early Eastern European immigrants ACS. See American Community Survey (ACS) adaptation dimensions, definitions, 8, 9, 215, 219, 220 adaptation of post-1991 Eastern European immigrants, 220. See also cultural adaptation of post-1991 Eastern European immigrants; political adaptation of post-1991 Eastern European immigrants; socioeconomic adaptation of post-1991 Eastern European immigrants; structural adaptation of post-1991 Eastern European immigrants agents of steamship companies, 19 age structure of Eastern European permanent residents, 33, 37 Albanian immigrants, 3, 33, 126 Alba, Richard, 47 American Community Survey (ACS), 10, 31, 35, 63, 64, 66, 71, 74, 79, 81, 83, 84, 100, 101, 103, 105, 111, 117, 120, 122, 156, 181 3, 186 American culture, 9, 23, 32, 42, 43, 51, 59 62, 82, 86, 89, 140, 216 American individualism, 9 Americanization of immigrants, 46, 139 Anglo-conformity perspective. See classic assimilation theory Anglo culture, 7, 216 anti-immigrant sentiments, 23 5, 81 anti-semitism, 29 Asia, 4, 8, 17, 93, 118, 184, 219 Asian immigrants citizenship acquisition of, 176, 184, 185 educational attainment of, 100, 117, 185 English proficiency of, 183, 185 income of, 93, 117, 128 interaction with neighbors of, 146, 165 memberships in voluntary organizations of, 149 native language retention of, 82 The Author(s) 2017 N. Michalikova, New Eastern European Immigrants in the United States, DOI /

2 224 INDEX Asian immigrants (cont.) occupation of, 109, 128, 185 voter registration of, 176 voting turn-out of, 198 asylees, 36, 37, 107 Atlantic Ocean, 20 B Baltic countries, 32 Banovert, George, 1 Batalova, Jeanne, 2 4, 17, 35, 49, 108, 126, 127, 129, 180 bilingualism advantages of, 88 definition of, 60 prevalence of in Europe, 60, 80, 89 prevalence of in the US, 60, 80, 89 births of passage, 68 black immigrants citizenship acquisition of, 176, educational attainment of, 100 English proficiency of, 67 income of, 128 interaction with neighbors of, memberships in voluntary organizations of, 148, native language retention of, 82 occupation of, 128 voter registration of, 176, 198, voting turn-out of, 198 Bloemraad, Irene, 144, 153, 158, 175 9, 183, 185, 189, 191, 199, Bosnian and Herzegovinian immigrants, 49, 167 Bremen, 31 Britannia, 19 Broter, Sylvia, 98 Bulgarian immigrants, 4, 22, 25 7, 35, 37, 94, 113, 158, 177, 193 C California, 35, 42, 43, 108, 167 capitalism, 3, 6, 27 Catholicism, 95 CES-CPS. See Civic Engagement Supplement of Current Population Survey (CES-CPS) Chicago, 21, 35, 45, 98, 142, 143, 155, 177 child labor, 22 Chiswick, Barry, 42, 43, 51, 52, 118, 119, 121, 125, 126, 194 citizenship acquisition age of immigrants and, 176 Asian immigrants and, 176, 184, 185 black immigrants and, 176, cohort and, 185, 191 costs and benefits of, 179, 185, 193 cross-country differences in, 193, 195, 209 cross-group differences in, 11 cross-tabulations of with selected demographic characteristics, 185 education and, 53, 183, 187, 192, 193, 196 English proficiency and, 183, 185, 187, 191 foreign-born and, 177, 181 3, 197, GDP per capita and, 184, 188, 195 gender differences in, 190 Hispanic immigrants and, 181, 183, importance of, 180 income and, 187, 192, 193, 196 individual-focused approach to, 185 length of stay and, 186, 189, 210 likelihood of, 45, 184, 192, 197, 206, marital status and, 176, 196, 210

3 INDEX 225 multilevel approach to, 185 occupation and, 185 originating in former Soviet Union and, 45, 181, 193, 209 Polish immigrants and, 177, 179, 189, 196, 208, political influence and, 176 countries and, 53, 176, 195 regional differences in, 206 Russian immigrants and, 45, 181, 196, self-employment and, 208 similarities between Eastern European and Asian immigrants in, 183, 184, 199 trends in, 181 Ukrainian immigrants and, 181, 193, 195, 196, white-collar workers and, 192, 196 civic engagement. See organizational memberships Civic Engagement Supplement of Current Population Survey (CES-CPS), 10, 143 6, 149, 150, 161, 163 class of admission diversity immigrants, 49 employment-sponsored immigrants, 49 family-sponsored immigrants, 106 refugees and asylees, 107 classic assimilation theory, 7, 8, 11, 47, 216,, 220 classic era of immigration to the US. See early immigration from Eastern Europe Coan, Peter, 1, 2, 61, 63, 98 cohort differences in adaptation, 69 Cold War, 3, 27, 107, 184 communist architecture, 159 communist block, 6 communist regime, 2, 9, 12, 18, 27 31, 49, 73, 175, 208, 219. See also Cold War; Iron Curtain concentrations of immigrants, 34 7 Croatian immigrants, 23, 36, 37, 94 cultural adaptation of early Eastern European immigrants challenges faced by, 61 discriminatory legislation based on English language proficiency, 62 English proficiency of, 62, 63 forced acculturation of, 61 linguistic diversity of, 61, 62 native language retention of, 62 cultural adaptation of post-1991 Eastern European immigrants. See English proficiency; native language retention cultural pluralism theory, 8, 11, 216 culture shock, 9, 32, 59, 61 Czechoslovakia, 1, 49, 98, 129, 143, 179 D demand for cheap labor, 18 demographic profile of post-1991 Eastern European immigrants, 129 Denovak, William, 98 dependent variables cultural adaptation, 64, 70, 74, 83 socioeconomic adaptation, 110, 121 structural adaptation, 149 political adaptation, 181, 197, 198 destinations of post-1991 Eastern European immigrants, 29 Dillingham Commission. See US Immigration Commission discrimination against early Eastern European immigrants, 61

4 226 INDEX Displaced Persons Act of See Eastern European immigration during the communist regime ( ) diversity immigrants, 37 dual citizenship, 176, 180, 194, 195 E early Eastern European immigrants adaptation of, 21 5 anti-immigrant sentiments, 23, 24 children of, 21, 22 intergroup relations, 23 literacy tests, 24 numbers of immigrants, 25 occupations and socioeconomic status of immigrants, 22, 23 religious beliefs of, 22 upward social mobility of, 22, 23 early immigration from Eastern Europe, 19, 32, 33, 61, 88, 96, 143, 209 Eastern Block, 127 Eastern European immigration between the wars ( ) Emergency Quota Act of 1921, 25 Great depression, 25, 26 Immigration Act of 1924, 25 World War I, 25, 26 World War II, 25, 26 Eastern European immigration during the communist regime ( ) Displaced Persons Act of 1948, 27 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, 28 Refugee Relief Act of 1953, 27 Eastern Europe, definition of, 6 economic immigrants, 96, 127 Edelman, Larry, 98 educational attainment age and, 95, 107, 109 Asian immigrants and, 100, 109, 117, 185 black immigrants and, 100 class of admission and, 106, 107, 126 cohort and, 51, 102, 106, 185 cross-country differences in, 102, 107, 217 cross-group differences in, 94, 107 English proficiency and, 51, 96, 102, 105, 113, 114, 124, 185, 217 foreign-born and, 100, 102, 108, 109, 117 GDP per capita and, 108, 126 gender differences in, 190 Hispanic immigrants and, 100, 109 length of stay and, 105, 107 marital status and, 102, 105, 107, 124 originating from the former Soviet Union and, 43, 107, 126 patterns of, 43, 97 Polish immigrants and, 94, 95, 102, 109, 110, 113, 217 countries and, 117, 168 regional differences in, 106, 114 Russian immigrants and, 94, 110, 126, 217 Ukrainian immigrants and, 100, 105 8, 110, 126 Ellis Island experiences of immigrants at, 61 history of, 63 Immigration Museum at, 2 interpreters at, 62 Emergency Quota Act of See Eastern European immigration between the wars ( ) employment-sponsored immigrants, 36 7

5 INDEX 227 English classes in Eastern Europe, 74, 76 English only movement, 60, 81 English proficiency adaptation outcomes and, 60, 76, 153, 217 age and, 74 Asian immigrants and, 183, 185 black immigrants and, 67 cohort and, 11, 51, 69, 76, 79, 87, 102, 185, 191 cross-country differences in, 78, 79, 102, 167, 217 cross-group differences in, 11 foreign-born and, 62 4, 66, 79, 102, 155, 183 GDP per capita and, 69, 78, 87, 149 gender differences in, 74, 105, 153 Hispanic immigrants and, 183 importance of, 74, 78, 81, 183 language environment in home countries and, 66, 86 length of stay and, 11, 69, 71, 73, 74, 88, 105 likelihood of, 60, 83, 86 8, 96, 113, 114, 149, 153, 167, 183, 185, 191, 216 marital status and, 11, 69, 79, 102, 105, 124 Polish immigrants and, 69, 73, 74, 113, 115, 217 countries and, 11, 78, 79, 183 regional differences in, 87, 114 Russian immigrants and, 43, 70, 86, 88, 167, 217 Ukrainian immigrants and, 69, 79, 83, 88, 105, 167 Zero-sum game, 60 ethnic enclaves. See immigrant communities Europe, 2 8, 10, 12, 17 36, 41, 43 5, 51, 59 63, 66 8, 73 5, 77, 82, 88, , 102, 105, 106, 109, , 124, 127, 129, 138, 139, 142 5, 155, 156, 159, 160, 162, 165, 169, 175 8, 180, 184, 185, 189, 206, 209, 217,, 221 European Commission, 66, 80 European Union, 29, 77, 80, 145, 160, 165, 180 European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship, 194 Eurostat data, 165 F family reunification. See Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 family-sponsored immigrants, 36 Florida, 35, 108, 167 foreign-born citizenship acquisition of, 177, 181, 182, 197, educational attainment of, 100, 102, 108, 109, 117 English proficiency of, 62 4, 66, 79, 102, 155, 183 income of, 117, 128 interaction with neighbors of, 146, 162 memberships in voluntary organizations of, 155 native language retention of, 64, occupation of, voter registration of, 46, 197, 198, voting turn-out of, 198 foreign-language, study of in Eastern Europe, 80 Freedom House, 184 future of Eastern European immigration, 7, 18,

6 228 INDEX G Garoff, Betty, 98 gender gap in citizenship acquisition, 190, 206, 210 education, 50, 105, 125, 183, 196 income, 125, 196 interaction with neighbors, 154 language assimilation, 77 native language retention, 86 occupational attainment, 114, 125 organizational memberships, 153 professionalization, 114 voter registration, 206 voting turn-out, 206 gentrification, 155, 156 Germany, 25 7, 29, 31, 86, 115, 143 GDP per capita, 52, 65, 67 9, 72, 78, 85, 87, 104, 108, 112, 116, 123, 126, 149, 151, 164, 184, 188, 195, 201, 205 globalization in Eastern Europe, 5, 77 Gordon, Milton, 7, 8, 47, 60, 137 Grant, Madison, 24 Great Depression. See Eastern European immigration between the wars ( ) Grun, Olga, 5, 42, 73 5, 78, 113 H Hamburg, 1, 31 Handlin, Oscar, 35, 45, 178 Harvard, 95 Hispanic immigrants citizenship acquisition of, 181, educational attainment of, 100, 109 English proficiency of, 183 income of, 100 interaction with neighbors of, memberships in voluntary organizations of, native language retention of, 217 occupation of, 109 voter registration of, voting turn-out of, 198 human capital of early Eastern European immigrants, 76, 100 of post-1991 Eastern European immigrants, 53 Hungarian immigrants, 34, 46, 78, 94 I Illinois, 35, 43 illiteracy rate, 94 Immediate relatives of US citizens. See family-sponsored immigrants immigrant communities, 26, 98, 154, 155, 178, 185, 206 immigrant entrepreneurs. See self-employment immigrant transnationalism. See transnationalism of immigrants Immigration Act of 1990, 37 Immigration Act of See Eastern European immigration between the wars ( ) Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, 28. See also Eastern European immigration during the communist regime ( ) immigration policies, 2, 18, 25, 26 immigration quotas, 25 8 income. See also occupation age and, 125 Asian immigrants and, 93, 117, 128 area of specialization and, 119 black immigrants and, 128 cohort and, 51, 106, 125, 166 cross-country differences in, 166, 193, 217

7 INDEX 229 cross-group differences in, 11, 127 downward occupational mobility and, 118 education and, 11, 32, 44, 51, 52, 93, 99, 106, , 121, 124, 125, 127 9, 139, 141, 149, 166, 193, 196 English proficiency and, 11, 51, 124, 129, 149, 217 foreign-born and, 117, 128 foreign educational credential and, 118 GDP per capita and, 126, 149 gender differences in, 196 higher education in Eastern Europe and, 100 Hispanic immigrants and, 100 importance of, 117, 125, 126, 128, 157 length of stay and, 11, 118, 121, 125 marital status and, 11, 124 occupation and, 11, 51, 52, 118, 121, 126, 166 Polish immigrants and, 98, 118, 121, 141, 217 political/personal freedom in home countries and, 11, 127, 130 racial background and, 117, 128 regional differences in, 106 Russian immigrants and, 121, 126, 196, 217 self-employment and, 51, 125, 157, 166 Ukrainian immigrants and, 106, 126, 193, 196 white-collar workers and, 43, 124, 129, 192, 196 independent variables, descriptions, 67, 162 interaction with neighbors age and, 162, 163 Asian immigrants and, 146, 165 black immigrants and, city size and, 160 cohort and, 166 cross-country differences in, 166, 167 cross-group differences in, 169 decline of social capital and, 159, 160 education and, 163, 166 English proficiency and, 167 foreign-born and, 146, 161, 162 GDP per capita and, 164 gender differences in, 154 Hispanic immigrants and, housing conditions and, 159 importance of, 159, 162 length of stay and, 162, 163 likelihood of, 138, 160, 162, marital status and, 169 occupation and, 166 ownership rate and, 160 Polish immigrants and, 161 countries and, 168 regional differences in, 165 Russian immigrants and, 167 self-employment and, 166 spatial mobility and, 160 Ukrainian immigrants and, 167 intergroup relations of early Eastern European immigrants, 23 internet use in Eastern Europe, 77 Iron Curtain, 6 J Jewish immigrants, 22, 29, 43, 46, 94, 95, 97 Johnstown, 99

8 230 INDEX K Kevar, Sonya, 1, 98 Kraut, Alan, 18, 19, 31, 32, 46, 61, 62, 96 8, 140, 141, 143, 178, 179 L language environments in Eastern Europe, 66, 80, 86 Language use. See English proficiency; native language retention Latin America, 4, 8, 17, 93, 219 Latvian immigrants, 20, 36, 80 Lieberson, Stanley, 35, 43, 94 6, 99, 143 Lithuanian immigrants, 36 Little Bohemia, 35, 143 Little Poland, 35, 143 Lucania, 18, 34 M manual laborers, 139 marital status of Eastern European immigrants, 33, 210 Massey, Douglas, 3, 18, 25 7, 50, 81, 124, 137, 190 mass immigration from Eastern Europe to the US. See early Eastern European immigrants melting pot theory, 8 Migration Policy Institute, 7 monolingualism, 60, 81. See also English only movement Morawska, Ewa, 4, 5, 19, 31, 34, 93, 97, 99 motivations for migration of early Eastern European immigrants, 18, 96, 178 of post-1991 Eastern European immigrants, 184 multiculturalism, policy of, 80 multiple citizenships. See dual citizenship N native-born educational attainment of, 43, 96, 100, 108, 109, 117, 217 income of, 43, 52, , 196, 217 interaction with neighbors of, 146, 165 memberships in voluntary organizations of, 144, 154 occupation of, , 118 voter registration of, 144, voting turn-out of, 196, 198 native language retention adaptation outcomes and, 60, 217 age and, 11, 83, 84, 86 Asian immigrants and, 82 black immigrants and, 82 cohort and, 11, 87 cross-country differences in, 217 cross-group differences in, 11 cultural identity of immigrants and, 82 foreign-born and, 64, GDP per capita and, 87 gender differences in, 196 Hispanic immigrants and, 217 importance of, 81 3 length of stay and, 11, 64, 88 likelihood of, 60, 81 3, 85 9, 216 marital status and, 11 Polish immigrants and, 217 political/personal freedom and, 11 progress in technology and, 82 proportion of ethnic group that is native-born and, 82 regional differences in, 87

9 INDEX 231 Russian immigrants and, 82, 86, 88, 89, 217 Ukrainian immigrants and, 82, 83, 88, 89 naturalization. See citizenship acquisition New Jersey, 35, 108 New York, 1, 2, 18, 19, 35, 61, 62, 81, 108, 142, 156, 167 New York Times, 81, 139, 140 O occupation age and, 11, 109, 114, 121, 185 Asian immigrants and, 109, 128, 185 black immigrants and, 128 cohort and, 11, 51, 116, 157, 166, 185 cross-country differences in, 116, 166 cross-group differences in, 11 education and, 11, 51, 60, 89, 113, 114, , 121, 157, 166 ethnic networks and, 96, 115, 118 English proficiency and, 11, 51, 60, 96, 113, 114, 185 foreign-born and, GDP per capita and, 116, 126 gender differences in, 114 Hispanic immigrants and, 109 length of stay and, 11, 118, 121 likelihood of holding a professional or managerial job, 109, 110, 113, 116 likelihood of holing a white-collar job, 110 marital status and, 11 Polish immigrants and, 109, 110, 113, 115, 118, 121 countries and, 11 regional differences in, 114 Russian immigrants and, 89, 110, 121, 126 Ukrainian immigrants and, 89, 110, 116, 126 occupational code list of US Census Bureau, 109 organizational memberships age and, 11, 153, 169 Asian immigrants and, 180 benefits of, 140, 142, 156, 157 black immigrants and, 148, cohort and, 11, 156, 157 cross-country differences in, 158, 159 cross-group differences in, 11, 169 definition of, 137 education and, 11, 139, 141, 142, 149, 150, 157 ethnic organizations, 141 experiences of democracy and, 145, 158 foreign-born and, 143, 146, 148, 155, GDP per capita and, 149, 151 gender differences in, 153 Hispanic immigrants and, length of stay and, 11, 150, 169 likelihood of, 148, 149, 153, 155, 157, 158, marital status and, 154 occupation and, 11, 157 Polish immigrants and, 140 1, 148, 156, political involvement and, 144, countries and, 11, 151, 169 regional differences in, 137 Russian immigrants and, 141 2, 148, 158 self-employment and, 157 Ukrainian immigrants and, 142, 158

10 232 INDEX Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 144 Orthodox Christians, 22, 44 P partial eta-squared, 74, 105, 113, 125 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of See welfare reform of 1996 Polish immigrants, 3, 20, 28, 35, 44, 45, 67, 69, 73, 74, 94, 95, 98, 102, 109, 110, 113, 115, 118, 120, 121, 140 1, 148, 156, 161, 177, 179, 189, 196, 198, 208, 217, political adaptation of early Eastern European immigrants cross-group variations, determinants of naturalization, 195 immigrants in Chicago, 45, 98 legislation encouraging naturalization, 177 limited experience with democracy and, 178 motivations for migration and, 18 20, 178, 184 myth of low naturalization, 178 naturalization requirements, 45, 178 political leadership problems, 178 political mobilization, 179, 206 urban bosses, 179 political adaptation of post-1991 Eastern European immigrants. See citizenship acquisition; voter registration and voter turn-out political refugees, 5, 28, 49, 127, 129 Portes, Alejandro, 5, 17, 26, 43, 48, 50, 52, 60, 79, 82, 83, 93, 94, 99, 100, 102, 107, 109, 110, 114, 117, 120, 121, 127, 157, 175, 176, 179, 180, 183, 192, 209, 217, 221 post-1991 Eastern European immigrants citizenship acquisition of, 12, 45, 53, 176 class of admission of, 11, 49 educational attainment of, 94 English proficiency of, 11, 60, 64, 66, 71, 122, 129, 216 demographic characteristics of, 185 immigration patterns of, 30 income of, 11, 94, 101, 118, 122, 128, 129 interaction with neighbors of, 138, 146, 163 memberships in voluntary organizations of, 11 native language retention of, 11, 60, 64, 82, 84, 89, 216 occupation of, 11, 118 settlement patterns of, 11 voter registration of, 12, 53, 176, 200 voting turn-out of, 198, 206, 208 poverty, 21, 31, 44, 94 professionalization of post-1991 Eastern European immigrants. See occupation Protestantism, 21 push-pull factors motivating early immigration from Eastern Europe, 31 R racial classification of early Eastern European immigrants, 8, 33 post-1991 Eastern European immigrants, 31 Ramakrishnan, Karthick, 137, 138, 144, 154, 157

11 INDEX 233 Red Scare, 25 Refugee Relief Act of See Eastern European immigration during the communist regime ( ) refugees and asylees, 36, 37 regional differences in citizenship acquisition, 206 education, 106, 114, 221 English proficiency, 87, 114 income, 106 interaction with neighbors, 165 language assimilation, 77 native language retention, 87 occupational attainment, 114 organizational memberships, 137 voter registration, 206 voter turn-out, 206 residential integration. See interaction with neighbors Restrictive US immigration policies. See Eastern European immigration between the wars ( ) return migration to Eastern Europe, 23 revisionist assimilation theory, 8, 11, 216, 217 Robila, Mihaela, 2, 4, 6, 7, 22, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32 4, 44, 49, 60, 80, 82, 100, 107, , 127, 129, 138, 144, 149 Romanian immigrants, 3, 87, 208 Rosenbaum, Esther, 98 R-squared coefficient, 70, 102 Rumbaut, Rubén, 17, 26 8, 43, 50, 52, 53, 60, 79, 81 3, 93, 94, 99, 100, 102, 107, 109, 110, 114, 117, 121, 127, 175, 176, 179, 180, 209, 221 Russia, 1, 4, 6, 22, 25, 29, 30, 33, 34, 41, 44 6, 65, 68, 69, 72, 78, 85, 89, 98, 99, 102, 106 8, 110, 116, 121, 123, 126, 127, 142, 148, 151, 158, 159, 161, 164, 166, 167, 184, 188, 193 6, 198, 201, 205, 220, 221. See also Soviet Union Russian immigrants, 4, 33, 42, 45, 67, 70, 82, 86, 88, 89, 94, 110, 121, 126, 141 2, 148, 158, 167, 181, 196, , 217 S savings of immigrants, 97, 99, 139 segmented assimilation theory, 8, 11, 48, 216, 217 Seitzer, Rita, 61, 63 self-employment, 51, 125, 157, 166, 208 settlement patterns of Eastern European immigrants, 2, 10, 11, 18, 31, 34, 35, 37, 68, 167 Simpson Bueker, Catherine, 45, 46, 52, 53, 126, 176, 179, 181, 189, 190, 192, 193, 199, Slavs, 20, 21, 62 Slovak immigrants, 20, 36 social networks of immigrants, 73, 75, 76, 78, 89, 138, 153, 155, 157, 165, 166, , 199 socioeconomic adaptation of early Eastern European immigrants diversity in, 102, 110 educational attainment and, 94 6 income and, 98 9 occupation and, 95 8 remittances, 99 upward social mobility, 95, 97 socioeconomic adaptation of post Eastern European immigrants. See educational attainment; income; occupation Soviet Union, 2, 3, 5 7, 10, 27, 29, 32, 34, 41 3, 45, 46, 52, 107, 118, 126, 128, 143, 180, 181, 193, 209

12 234 INDEX Steamship travel, steerage, 18, 19 stereotypes of early Eastern European immigrants, 23 structural adaptation of early Eastern European immigrants cultural organizations, 142 ethnic banks, 140 mutual aid societies, parishes and parochial schools, 140, 141 professional organizations, 140 residential segregation, 143 structural adaptation of post-1991 Eastern European immigrants. See interaction with neighbors; organizational memberships T technological changes and adaptation of early Eastern European immigrants, 5 post-1991 Eastern European immigrants, 5 theories of immigrant adaptation, 12, 215 transnationalism of immigrants, 5, 220, 221 trust in social institutions, 145 types of immigrants. See class of admission U Ukrainian immigrants, 34, 69, 79, 82, 83, 88, 89, 100, 105 8, 110, 116, 126, 142, 158, 167, 181, 193, 195, 196, , 220 Ukrainian Weekly, 156, 180 United Kingdom, 25, 41 United Nations Statistics Division, 6 universal healthcare in Eastern Europe, 32 US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 108 US Census Bureau, 10, 35, 63, 100, 109, 143, 197 US Department of Homeland Security, 10, 33 6, 106, 127 US Immigration Commission, 34, 62, 177 V violence against early Eastern European immigrants, 24 voluntary organizations. See organizational memberships voter registration and voter turn-out age and, 197, 199, 200, 203 Asian immigrants and, 176, 198 black immigrants and, 176, 198, class of admission and, cohort and, 207 cross-country differences in, 195, 209 cross-group differences in, 198 education and, 53, 201, 204, 207 explanations of low voter registration and turn-out, 209 foreign-born and, 46, 197, 198, GDP per capita and, 201, 205 gender differences in, 196 Hispanic immigrants and, 198, importance of, 209 length of residence and, 178, 199 likelihood of, 198, 206, 207, marital status and, 176 occupation and, 11 Polish immigrants and, 198, 208, countries and, 53

13 INDEX 235 regional differences in, 206 Russian immigrants and, 208, 209 self-employment and, 208 Ukrainian immigrants and, 208, 209 white-collar workers and, 207 Voting and Registration Supplement of Current Population Survey (VRS-CPS), 10, 182, 197, 198, 200, 203 W wages, 3, 19, 23, 25, 31, 96, 99, 124, 139 Warsaw, 35 Warsaw Uprising, 29 welfare reform of 1996 consequences for immigrants, 155 goal, 144 welfare states in Eastern Europe, 31 Wine, Gerald, 63 World Bank, 52, 126 World War I. See Eastern European immigration between the wars ( ) World War II. See Eastern European immigration between the wars( ) Y Yale, 95 Yang, Philip, 4, 7, 8, 25, 28, 36, 37, 47, 53, 81, 93, 137, 138, 175, 176, 179, 180, 185, , 195, 206, 209, 216, 217 Z Znaniecki, Helena Lopata, 21, 22, 29, 34, 35, 95, , 177, 178