Our Shared Future: U N D E R S T A N D I N G B O S T O N. #SharedFuture. Charting a Path for Immigrant Advancement in a New Political Landscape

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1 U N D E R S T A N D I N G B O S T O N Our Shared Future: Charting a Path for Immigrant Advancement in a New Political Landscape Wednesday, April 19 th, :30-10:30 a.m. #SharedFuture

2 U N D E R S T A N D I N G B O S T O N The Importance of Immigrants to Boston s Continued Prosperity Alvaro Lima Director of Research Boston Planning & Development Agency April 19, 2017

3 during the last decades Boston s population grew

4 Boston s Population ( ) 850, , , , , , , , , , , ,071 14% growth between 1980 and , , , , , , , , , Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Decennial Census, year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis

5 it stayed young

6 Median Age in Boston/MA/US ( ) Boston has maintained a more youthful population than the U.S. and Massachusetts Boston Massachusetts U.S Source: U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Decennial Census, Year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis

7 became more educated

8 % of Population 25 Years and Over Educational Attainment of Boston vs U.S. ( ) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 4.2% 15.7% 14.8% 24.3% 21.7% 31.6% 53.9% 45.7% 23.6% 21.6% 55.4% 24.1% 26.6% 35.0% 18.2% 18.4% 19.3% 35.2% 19.1% 29.3% 28.9% 13.1% 27.9% 29.8% 24.4% 42.5% 45.3% 20.3% 34.9% 8.6% 16.2% 30.0% 6.6% 7.7% 10.8% 20.3% 6.2% 7.7% 6.4% 7.6% 10.5% Bachelor's degree or higher Some college or Associate's degree High school Less than high school Not reported U.S. Bachelor's degree or higher 8 th highest BA+ attainment among a set of 25 comparable U.S. cities Source: U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Decennial Census, Year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis

9 and became more diverse

10 Boston's Minority Population % 90% 98.6% 98.3% 98.1% 97.7% 97.8% 97.7% 97.1% 96.7% 94.7% 90.2% 80% 79.8% 70% 67.9% 60% 50% 59.0% 50.5% 53.0% 54.5% 40% 41.0% 49.5% 32.1% 47.0% 45.5% 30% 20.2% 20% 9.8% 10% 1.4% 1.7% 1.9% 2.3% 2.2% 2.3% 2.9% 3.3% 5.3% 0% White population Total non-white population Source: U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Decennial Census, year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis

11 immigrants are a big part of this story

12 There are 1,095,953 foreign born in Massachusetts, 16.1% of the state population Boston has 190,123 foreignborn residents, 28.4% of the city population Boston immigrants come from all continents and from 130 different countries Of foreign born in Boston, 28.6% are Hispanic/Latino and 23.8% are Asian Source: U.S. Census Bureau, year and year American Community Surveys, BPDA Research Division Analysis

13 Region of Origin of Boston's Immigrants (2015) 100% 90% 24.2% 17.5% 14.3% 12.7% 80% 70% 60% 63.6% 37.9% 21.0% 24.2% 25.3% 25.6% 50% 16.0% 40% 30% 20% 8.0% 32.3% 45.1% 49.3% 50.3% 49.3% 25.2% 10% 9.0% 10.1% 12.4% 0.6% 4.8% 3.3% 0% Africa Americas Asia Europe Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2015 One-Year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis

14 Top 20 Countries of Origin for Foreign Born (2015) 19,732 18,566 15,907 9,670 9,537 7,860 6,899 6,108 4,301 3,635 3,478 3,204 3,196 2,921 2,820 2,615 2,521 2,353 2,343 2,108 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis

15 Boston's Diverse Population ( ) 100% 90% 80% 70% 2.6% 15.8% 2.7% 5.2% 6.4% 10.8% 21.7% 23.8% 4.7% 4.3% 3.7% 7.5% 8.9% 9.3% 14.4% 17.5% 18.8% Hispanic and Asian immigration contributes heavily to Boston s growing diversity 60% 50% 23.8% 22.4% 22.7% 40% 79.8% 30% 67.9% 59.0% 20% 49.5% 47.0% 45.5% 10% 0% White Black / African American Hispanic Asian / Pacific Islander Other Source: U.S. Decennial Census, Year American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis Note: 2000 was the first year the Census compiled data on individuals who identified themselves as multiracial. Those who indicated two or more races are included in Other in 2000 and 2010 in this chart.

16 700,000 Boston Population by Citizenship Status ( ) 5.5% 600, , % 3.0% 4.8% 4.9% 7.8% 10.1% 7.5% 6.8% 9.8% 5.7% 9.4% 11.5% 9.0% 14.5% Foreign Born 400, ,000 Citizens 200, % 80.6% 74.0% 73.4% 71.0% 100, Native Born Naturalized Documented Foreign Born Undocumented Foreign Born Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Decennial Censuses, 2010 & year American Community Surveys, BPDA Research Division Analysis Note: Undocumented share of non-citizen foreign born is estimated to be 38% in Massachusetts by Migration Policy Institute, Profile of the Unauthorized Population: Massachusetts,

17 Marriages in Boston by Nativity of Spouses ( ) 80,000 70, % 13.2% 60, % 50,000 40, % 35.8% 35.3% 30,000 20, % 50.4% 51.5% 10, Both spouses native born Both spouses foreign born One native, one foreign-born Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Decennial Census, and & American Community Survey, IPUMS, BPDA Research Division Analysis

18 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, BPDA Research Division Analysis

19 and more importantly

20 Boston s Population without the Foreign Born ( ) 700, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,346 without immigration Boston s population would be barely larger than it was in Total Native Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census and 2010 & year American Community Surveys, BPDA Research Division Analysis.

21 Employment in Suffolk County , , , , , , ,908 Foreign-born workers hold 27% of jobs located in Suffolk County 424, , , , , , , , , , Native Employed Total Employed Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census and 2010 & year American Community Surveys, BPDA Research Division Analysis. Note: Boston data are not available.

22 Billions of 2015 US Dollars Suffolk County Economic Output, $120 $100 $80 $87.5 $94.5 $108.2 $82.4 Foreign-born workers generated 24% of Suffolk County s economic activity $73.5 $74.3 $60 $56.3 $40 $20 $37.8 $33.7 $48.8 $ Total Output of Suffolk County Output of Native-born Workers Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Decennial Census, 2010 & 2015 American Community Survey, IPUMS, Regional Economic Models, Inc. (REMI), BPDA Research Division Analysis

23 Local Economic Impacts of Immigrants 189,256 foreign-born workers hold jobs in Suffolk County 2,819 foreign-born entrepreneurs own businesses in Suffolk County that employ approximately 16,357 additional workers 30,758 indirect and induced jobs are generated by immigrant s consumption demand In 2015, these direct and indirect impacts accounted for $25.9 billion in Gross Domestic Product and $1.5 in state and local taxes Source: U.S. Census Bureau, year American Community Survey, IPUMS; Regional Economic Models, Inc. (REMI); BPDA Research Division Analysis

24 National Economic Impacts of Immigrants In 2011 the immigrants who had arrived in the U.S. since 2000 represented $1.5 trillion worth of education a subsidy of the U.S. workforce by the sending countries In 2014, according to the World Bank, immigrants contribute to their countries of origin via remittances, which reached $40 billion Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2011, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), Digest of Education Statistics. See Alvaro Lima, Contributions of Immigrant Labor to the American Economy: A Different Take, World Bank, Migration and Remittances Factbook 2016

25 progress has been made but there are still barriers to integration

26 Foreign-Born English Proficiency (2015) % 29.7% 70.3% 74.0% 70% of foreign born in Boston are proficient in English, down from 74% in % 69.9% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Proficient Limited Proficiency Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Decennial Census, and American Community Surveys, BPDA Research Division Analysis

27 Educational Attainment by Nativity (2015) 35% 30% 27% of foreign-born adults age 25+ lack a high school diploma 27.4% Native Foreign-Born 29.7% 25% 25.5% 23.0% 20% 19.2% 15% 14.6% 12.7% 15.1% 14.6% 10% 8.8% 5% 4.6% 4.7% 0% Less than Highschool High School Some College Associates Degree Bachelors Degree Graduate Degree Source: American Community Survey, Public Use Micro-data Sample (PUMS), BPDA Research Division Analysis

28 Foreign-born Percentage of Resident Employment by Industry (2015) Arts, Entertainment, Recreation, Accommodation & Food Services Manufacturing Transportation, Warehousing, & Utilities Construction Other Services, Except Public Administration Health Care and Social Assistance 42.0% 41.7% 38.9% 38.7% 37.4% 35.7% Industries in which foreign born are over-represented Wholesale Trade Professional, Scientific & Management, Administrative & Waste Management Retail Trade Educational Services Finance, Insurance & Real Estate 27.1% 25.2% 25.0% 22.5% 21.0% Industries in which foreign born are under-represented Public Administration Information 15.9% 15.0% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, PUMS, BPDA Research Division Analysis Red line represents % of employed Boston residents who are foreign-born (29.5%)

29 Foreign-born Percentage of Resident Employment by Occupation (2015) Production Other Service Construction, Extraction, Maintenance & Transportation 51.9% 50.9% 49.3% 44.5% Occupations in which foreign born are overrepresented Healthcare Practitioners & Support 35.0% Office & Administrative Support Education, Training, & Library Managerial & Professional Community & Social Service Sales & Related Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports & Media 22.2% 21.5% 20.3% 18.8% 18.5% 15.3% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Occupations in which foreign born are underrepresented Red line represents % of employed Boston residents who are foreign born (29.5%) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, PUMS, BPDA Research Division Analysis

30 Top Five Industries of Employment of Foreign Born by Educational Attainment (2015) Less than High School Graduate Degree Accommodation and Food Services 22.5% Health Care and Social Assistance 26.4% Health Care and Social Assistance 18.1% Education 21.9% Administrative Support 13.1% Professional, Scientific, and Technical 19.7% Manufacturing 8.6% Finance & Insurance 8.5% Construction 8.0% Manufacturing 5.8% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% The 27% of Boston immigrants with less than a high school diploma are concentrated in low-paying jobs The 15% of Boston immigrants with graduate degrees are concentrated in high-paying jobs. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis Universe: Foreign-born employed Boston residents

31 Median Income by Educational Attainment (population aged 25+) 2015 Graduate Degree $60,000 $70,000 Bachelors Degree Associates Degree Some College High School Less than Highschool $45,000 $40,200 $35,500 $38,000 $30,000 $32,200 $26,100 $24,000 $20,800 $60,000 Among full-time workers, the foreign born average $41,000 while the native born average $57,000. Even within the same levels of education, the foreign born make less on average than the native born. $- $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000 $70,000 $80,000 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, BPDA Research Division Analysis Universe: Boston residents who work full-time Native Foreign-Born

32 Takeaways: The foreign born contribute to Boston s population growth The foreign born accounted for all population growth in Boston 1980 to 2000 In 2015, 28% of Boston s population is foreign born 190,123 residents 40% of births in Boston are to foreign-born mothers The foreign born contribute to Boston s diversity The foreign born have substantial Hispanic, Asian, Black, and White shares Top countries of origin are China, Dominican Republic, and Haiti

33 Takeaways: The foreign born contribute to Boston s economic growth The foreign born hold 27% of jobs in Suffolk County Foreign-born workers generated 24% of Suffolk County s economic output in 2015 Successful integration is crucial to fully realizing contributions of foreign born to Boston 30% are not proficient in English and 27% of adults lack a high school diploma Half of foreign born are not U.S. citizens, and 19% are estimated to be undocumented Foreign born are concentrated in low-paying jobs and earn less than native born even within the same educational level

34 a final thought about integration

35 Traditional Frame Who? How many? What kind? Source: Transnationalism, Alvaro Lima 2010.

36 Source: Transnationalism, Alvaro Lima Transnational Frame

37 thank you