Basic Elements of an Immigration Analysis

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Basic Elements of an Immigration Analysis"

George Blake
5 years ago
Views:

1 Figure 1.1 Basic Elements of an Immigration Analysis Macro: Social Structures Immigration policy, demographic patterns, social representations Meso: Social Interactions Intergroup attitudes and behaviors, stereotypes, social networks Micro: Individuals Attitudes, values, expectations, identities, motivations, memories Source: Adapted from Pettigrew (1997).

2 Figure 2.1 Cultural Elements of Immigration Demographic Realities Government Policies Social Representations Source: Author s compilation.

3 Figure 2.2 Immigration to United States Thousands Source: Author s compilation from U.S. Bureau of the Census.

4 Figure 2.3 Changing Sources of Immigration to the United States 1901 to to to 1990 Europe Americas Asia Other Source: Massey (1995).

5 Figure 3.1 Media Images of Immigration s 1980s 1990s Affirmative Neutral Alarmist Source: Adapted from Chavez (2001).

6 Figure 3.2 An Instrumental Model of Group Conflict Resource Stress Scarcity Unequal Distribution Desire for Unequal Distribution Relevant Outgroup Salience and Distinctiveness Likelihood of Taking Resources Group Competition Zero-Sum Beliefs Anxiety, Fear Attempts to Remove Competition Decrease Competitiveness of Outgroup Increase Competitiveness of Ingroup Avoidance Source: Adapted from Esses, Jackson, and Armstrong (1998, 703).

7 Figure 3.3 Four Varieties of Acculturation Issue 1 Is it considered to be of value to maintain cultural identity and characteristics? Yes No Issue 2 Is it considered to be of value to maintain relationships with other groups? Yes No Integration Separation Assimilation Marginalization Source: Adapted from Berry et al. (1987). Permission granted by Blackwell Publishing.

8 Figure 4.1 Favorability Ratings of National Groups Percentage Mexican U.S.-Born Immigrant Dominican Cuban Puerto Rican West Indian Russian Polish Hungarian Irish Italian Source: Author s compilations.

9 Figure 4.2 Spatial Mapping of Ethnic Group Stereotypes High Warmth Irish Italians English Low Competence High Competence Turks Chinese Germans Japanese Low Warmth Source: Adapted from Cuddy, Fiske, and Glick (2004); Leslie et al. (2005).

10 Figure 4.3 Anxious Expectations of Race-Based Rejection Among Immigrant Groups African Descent Latino Asian or Pacific Islander White Source: Author s compilations.

11 Figure 5.1 Berry s Model of Acculturation Maintaining Cultural Identity? Yes No Developing Relationships with Host Country Group? Yes No Integration Separation Assimilation Marginalization Source: Adapted from Berry (1990).

12 Table 5.1 Elements of Ethnic Identity Self-Categorization Identifying oneself as a member of, or categorizing oneself in terms of, a particular social grouping I am, like my father, Mexican. (Casares 2003) Importance The degree of importance of a particular group membership to the individual s overall self-concept I am a Croat, and this means everything to me. (Timotijevic and Breakwell 2000) Evaluation The positive or negative attitude that a person has toward the social category in question. Evaluation can be further divided as being based on favorability judgments made by people about their own identities (Private regard) versus favorability judgments that one perceives others, such as the general public, to hold about one s social group (Public regard). I feel the Serbian side much more... [but] I don t like the Serbian mentality. (Timotijevic and Breakwell 2000) Attachment and Sense of Interdependence The emotional involvement or the degree to which the person feels at one with the group. Aspects of attachment include the perception of common fate with the ways that members of one s group are treated in society. Talking to another West Indian... growing up, the similarities are there you know, things like that. It s why you re West Indian. You share a common experience. (Gilkes 2004) Social Embeddedness The degree to which the collective identity is embedded in the person s everyday network of ongoing social relationships In the family parties, the funerals, the baptisms, the weddings and the birthdays, our private lives continued to be Mexican. (Dublin 1993) Behavioral Involvement The degree to which the person engages in actions that directly implicate the ethnic identity category in question. This element can include language usage, cultural practices and political activities. I... can t be said to be really Chinese. Because I hardly talk Chinese, and I can t write Chinese. (Verkuyten and de Wolf 2002a) Content and Meaning The associations and meanings that an identity has for the person, including traits and dispositions associated with the category; ideological reference to experience, history, and position in society; and narratives about the group and one s place in that group. I was exactly what they came up with when they designed the [Yugoslavian] system... Raised to be like if somebody attacked your country from outside you would just go... I think if somebody attacked the country I would have joined the military at the time and defended the country. (Bikmen 2005) Source: Adapted from Ashmore, Deaux, and McLaughlin-Volpe (2004).

13 Figure 6.1 Key Questions for Identity Process Analysis What Does Immigrant Bring? Motivations Skills Expectations Values Needs What Does Immigrant Encounter? Social Networks Opportunity Structure Interpersonal Climate What Does Immigrant Do? Identity Negotiation Social Comparison Collective Action Source: Author s compilations.

14 Figure 6.2 Orientation to Collective Action Black-Latino Immigrant Black-Latino Native White Immigrant White Native Source: Adapted from Deaux et al. (2006) data.

15 Figure 6.3 Influence of Ideology and Identification: U.S.-Born Whites Social Diversity.38** Identification.48**. Collective Action Orientation Social Inequality White Natives Source: Deaux et al. (2006). Permission granted by Blackwell Publishing. Note: Structural model for U.S.-born whites (n = 113) with standardized coefficients shown. Significant paths (* p <.05, **p <.01) are represented by solid arrows and nonsignificant paths are represented by dashed arrows.

16 Figure 6.4 Influence of Ideology and Identification: White Immigrants Social Diversity.41**.28* Identification.43**. Collective Action Orientation Social Inequality White Immigrants Source: Deaux et al. (2006). Permission granted by Blackwell Publishing. Note: Structural model for white immigrants (n = 90) with standardized coefficients shown. Significant paths (* p <.05, **p <.01) are represented by solid arrows and nonsignificant paths are represented by dashed arrows. Figure 6.5 Influence of Ideology and Identification: U.S.-Born Blacks and Latinos Social Diversity.28* Identification.45**. Collective Action Orientation Social Inequality Black and Latino Natives Source: Deaux et al. (2006). Permission granted by Blackwell Publishing. Note: Structural model for U.S.-born blacks and Latinos (n = 114) with standardized coefficients shown. Significant paths (* p <.05, **p <.01) are represented by solid arrows and nonsignificant paths are represented by dashed arrows.

17 Figure 6.6 Influence of Ideology and Identification: Black and Latino Immigrants Social Diversity.52**.23* Identification.57**. Collective Action Orientation Social Inequality Black and Latino Immigrants Source: Deaux et al. (2006). Permission granted by Blackwell Publishing. Note: Structural model for black and Latino immigrants (n = 93) with standardized coefficients shown. Significant paths (* p <.05, **p <.01) are represented by solid arrows and nonsignificant paths are represented by dashed arrows.

18 Table 6.1 Dimensions of Assimilation Type of Assimilation Cultural or behavioral assimilation Structural assimilation Marital assimilation Identificational assimilation Attitude receptional assimilation Behavior receptional assimilation Civic assimilation Process Change of cultural patterns to those of host society Large-scale entrance into institutions and social networks Large-scale intermarriage Development of host identity, replacing identity of origin Absence of prejudice Absence of discrimination Absence of value and power conflict; no challenges to normative stance Source: Adapted from Gordon (1964).

19 Table 6.2 Model of Incorporation Skin Lighter Skin Darker High SES Symbolic ethnicity Selective assimilation Middle SES Straight-line assimilation Bumpy-line assimilation Low SES Straight-line assimilation Reactive ethnicity Source: Bean and Stevens (2003).

20 Table 6.3 Immigrant Experiences of Prejudice (Percentage Who Report Experiencing at Each Location) Shops, From Looking At Work Restaurants Police At School for Work Chinese Colombia, Ecuador, Peru Dominican Puerto Rican Russian Jew West Indian Native black Native white Source: Kasinitz, Mollenkopf, and Waters (2002).

21 Table 6.4 Endorsement of Diversity and Inequality White White Black-Latino Black-Latino U.S.-Born Immigrants U.S.-Born Immigrants (n=113) (n=90) (n=114) (n=93) Social diversity (.99) (.73) (.71) (.87) Social inequality (1.19) (.90) (.86) (.80) Source: Adapted from Deaux et al. (2006) data. Note: Ratings on a 1 to 7 scale; numbers in parentheses are standard deviations.

22 Figure 7.1 Elements of an Immigration Analysis as Applied to Afro-Caribbeans Macro: Social Structures National policy on Caribbean immigration Emigration patterns from the Caribbean Social representations of race Meso: Social Interactions Stereotypes of black immigrants and black Americans Discriminatory treatment Interactions with other minority and majority groups Micro: Individuals Ethnic identification Identity negotiations Beliefs about equality and diversity Source: Adapted from Pettigrew (1997).

23 Figure 7.2 Favorability Ratings of Immigrant Groups Mean Rating of Group Hispanic West Indian East European West European Source: Author s compilation.

24 Figure 7.3 Comparison of West Indian Respondents with White U.S.-Born Respondents Favorability Rating (0 100) White U.S. West Indian West European East European Hispanic West Indian Source: Author s data.

25 Figure Perceived Favorability of Cultural Stereotypes First Generation Second Generation West Indian African American Source: Deaux et al. (2005). Note: Possible range is 12 to 72, with higher scores indicating greater favorability.

26 Figure 7.5 Performance of West Indian Immigrants in Stereotype Threat Study Percentage First Generation Second Generation Non-Diagnostic Conditions Diagnostic Conditions Source: Deaux et al. (2005).

27 Table 7.1 Stereotypes of Black Immigrants and Black Americans (Percentage Who Mention Each Attribute) Black Immigrants Black Americans White Americans Black Immigrants Hardworking (52%) Good-looking (29%) Educated, intelligent, motivated (24%) Unintelligent, undereducated (19%) Hard to understand (14%) Hardworking (52%) Poor (29%) Pride in culture (24%) Unintelligent, undereducated (24%) Family-oriented (19%) Dangerous (19%) Lazy (21%) Hardworking (18%) Intelligent, educated (12%) Unintelligent, undereducated (12%) Black Americans Athletic (67%) Criminal (48%) Good dancer, musical (43%) Lazy (43%) Unintelligent, undereducated (38%) Creative, artistic (24%) Unintelligent, undereducated (67%) Athletic (62%) Lazy (62%) Good dancer, musical (52%) Dangerous (52%) Family-oriented (33%) Criminal (58%) Athletic (55%) Unintelligent, undereducated (52%) Poor (39%) Good dancer, musical (36%) Motivated (21%) Source: Adapted from Thomas (2004) data. Note: Only categories used by more than 10 percent of respondents are included.

ESTIMATES OF INTERGENERATIONAL LANGUAGE SHIFT: SURVEYS, MEASURES, AND DOMAINS

ESTIMATES OF INTERGENERATIONAL LANGUAGE SHIFT: SURVEYS, MEASURES, AND DOMAINS Jennifer M. Ortman Department of Sociology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Presented at the Annual Meeting of the