Chapter 1. The Political Culture, People, And Economy of Texas

Transcription

1 Chapter 1 The Political Culture, People, And Economy of Texas

2 The Political Culture, People, and Economy of Texas

3 Texas Political Culture Poli.cal culture: broadly shared values, beliefs, and a:tudes about how government and society should func.on Poli.cal culture in U.S. states: Daniel Elazar Shaped by state founding origins and experiences Defined by state orienta.on toward: Marketplace Role of government Who should par.cipate in government and poli.cs

4 Texas Political Culture Three state poli.cal culture categories: Moralis.c Individualis.c Tradi.onalis.c Some are a blend of two Broad defini.ons for each category help understand state- level differences Not a literal/direct defini/on of all people in all states in contemporary society.

5 Texas Political Culture Moralis.c poli.cal culture Rooted in New England Puritanism The common good (expressed through poli.cs) is everyone s concern. Government should promote the public good. Examples: MN, IA, WI, CA, WA, ME, VT, NH

6 Texas Political Culture Individualis.c poli.cal culture Focuses more on commercial success Government should provide order and protect property. Bureaucracy viewed as interference Less concern for mass par.cipa.on in poli.cs Examples: NY, PA, OH, IL, NV

7 Texas Political Culture Tradi.onalis.c poli.cal culture Rooted in planta.on values of social hierarchy Focused on tradi.on and maintaining exis.ng social order (keep standing arrangements) Poli.cs engaged in by established wealthy families Examples: TX, AZ, FL, MS, AL

8 Texas Political Culture Texas tradi.onalis.c moralis.c mix Low taxes and social service provision Business interests dominate policy Texas harder to generalize Historical origins/development within state differ Example: large ci.es (Houston, Dallas), border ci.es (El Paso, Laredo, Rio Grande Valley), rural regions sharply different histories, people, and industries

9 Texas Political Culture One- party state Democra.c Party dominated Texas for over a century. Held all statewide offices, won presiden.al elec.ons 100 percent of state legislature Today, GOP dominates Texas poli.cs. Democrats have not won statewide office since Texas legislature majority since 2002 Democrats remain popular in Texas ci.es, though. See congressional, state legislature, and county offices

10 Texas Political Culture Business dominance Unions are mostly absent Consumer and environmental concerns not especially influen.al Provincialism (narrow view of the world) Associated with Jeffersonian no.ons of limited government and rural values Low spending on social services and educa.on Intolerant of social hierarchy challenges, diversity

11 Texas Political Culture

12 The Land Texas poli.cs shaped by state geography Size, loca.on, natural resources 2nd largest state, 267,00 sq. miles 800 miles north to south (about 11 hrs. by car) 773 miles east to west (about 10.5 hrs. by car) Largest border with foreign country Gulf coast and rivers, fer.le and desert land, plains and mountains, oil and natural gas

13 The Physical Regions of Texas

14 Economic Change in Texas Texas economic development.ed to resources and technology of the.me Three phases of technological change: Colon and calle Oil Technology innova.ons Facilitated state strengths in high- tech industry, medical research, energy industry, and banking

15 Economic Change in Texas Colon cul.va.on began in the 1820s. By 1880s, Texas was the largest producer. Connected to na.onal markets by railroads

16 Economic Change in Texas Colon Labor- intensive cul.va.on led to tenant farming and sharecropping. A system of social and economic dependency that trapped many Texans in rural areas Crop- lien system could easily place households in debt from which they could not escape Radical poli.cal discontent in rural areas led to support for Grange and Populist movements

17 Economic Change in Texas Calle ranching Texas has dominated calle ranching industry for over a century. Vast space, land suited for grazing and growing specialized feed Increasingly operated by large agribusinesses Many located in Texas, or agreements with calle ranchers in the state Currently, only about 2 percent of Texas popula.on is located on farms

18 Cattle Ranching

19 Economic Change in Texas Oil Took off in 1901 with Spindletop By 1930s, oil replaced agriculture as the main contributor to its economy Allowed America to move from coal to oil as primary energy source Facilitates crea.on of the na.onal highway system Energy industry develops in Texas Oil, natural gas, produc.on, explora.on and research

20 Oil in the Texas Economy

21 Oil Production in Texas

22 Economic Change in Texas Oil led to a rise in industrialism along the coast and boomtowns near oil fields. Texas Railroad Commission brought stability to the markets. State agency regula.ng oil and gas industries Allowed common pipeline carriers that served many different companies (efficient) Regulated oil produc.on to smooth pricing

23 Economic Change in Texas NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement (1992) Created free trade zone U.S., Canada, and Mexico Texas increased exports to Mexico and Canada by $10b between 1992 and out of 32 industries that export to Mexico saw double- digit gains

24 NAFTA

25 The Changing Face of Texas,

26 The People: Texas Demography Three sources of popula.on growth Natural increase (births) Interna.onal immigra.on (outside the U.S.) Domes.c immigra.on (one U.S. state to another) Texas has 2nd largest popula.on 25.5 million as of 2011 California is 1st with 37.2 million Between 2000 and 2010, grew by 4.5 million, 20 percent

27 The People: Texas Demography Six flags over Texas: over five centuries, Texas was part of six different sovereign en..es. 1. Spain: and France: Mexico: Republic of Texas: Confederacy: United States: ; and since 1865

28 The People: Texas Demography Anglos Whites of European descent (except Spain) Largest group during nineteenth and twen.eth centuries First wave arrived before Texas Revolu.on (1835) Both Spain and Mexico gave Anglos land grants to bring people to Texas. Most notably, Moses Aus.n and son, Stephen F. Aus.n

29 The People: Texas Demography Anglos Popula.on surge aper Revolu.on (1835 6) Mostly immigra.on from southern states Southern sellers brought slaves with them. Most Texas farmers never owned slaves. Yet, overwhelmingly supported secession/civil War

30 Anglos

31 Anglo Population in Texas Counties, 2010

32 The People: Texas Demography Hispanics/La.nos Origins to any of 20 Spanish- speaking na.ons (La.n America and Spain) Texas La.nos mostly Mexican origin Historical overlap and proximity 88 percent of La.no Texans are Mexican origin (2010) Established presence in Texas Sizeable Mexican origin popula.on has always been the case

33 The People: Texas Demography Long- standing large La.no popula.on regions El Paso, San Antonio, all of South Texas Pockets with less presence Distance from large metro area and border Historical and contemporary trend Texas is 38 percent La.no (2010) Increasingly urban, true for en.re state popula.on Opportuni.es in ci.es draw people

34 Hispanic Population in Texas Counties, 2010

35 The People: Texas Demography History of an.- Hispanic poli.cal discrimina.on Despite large popula.ons, systema.c barriers Segregated public facili.es Targeted by poll taxes and white primaries Vo.ng Rights Act (1965) demise of Jim Crow Fewer par.cipa.on/representa.on barriers 20 percent of Texas legislature is La.no (37 of 181) By 2010, approximately 2,500 La.nos held elected office in various state and local posi.ons.

36 The People: Texas Demography African Americans Black popula.on origins in Texas reflects the state s history with slavery Growth in slave popula.on Mexican government an.slavery policies kept black popula.on rela.vely low un.l the Texas Revolu.on (<5,000 in 1830s) Post- Texas Revolu.on, southern sellers brought large number of slaves to the state

37 The People: Texas Demography 1860 (Civil War), over 182,000 slaves in Texas Tripled in size in only 10 yrs. (1850=58,000) Cons.tuted one- third of the state s popula.on Concentrated in East Texas Wharton and Brazoria coun.es highest numbers Emancipa.on and Reconstruc.on Texas slaves freed three years aper Emancipa.on Proclama.on (Juneteenth) 100,000+ African American men registered voters

38 African Americans

39 African American Population in Texas Counties, 2010

40 The People: Texas Demography By 1903, Jim Crow laws and violence toward blacks keep nearly all blacks from the polls. Only 5,000 black registered voters Civil rights and popula.on changes Numerous black elected officials, especially in the Houston and Dallas areas 63 percent of Texas black popula.on resides in Houston and Dallas areas (2010 Census) Texas popula.on is 12 percent African American

41 The People: Texas Demography Early urbaniza.on Towns were founded under Mexican rule as a means of colonizing the territory Evidenced by the courthouse in the town center Vast majority of state was rural, and small towns 88 percent now reside in urban and suburban areas: Aus.n «Corpus Chris. «Dallas «El Paso «Fort Worth Houston «Laredo «Rio Grande Valley «San Antonio

42 Per Capita Income in Texas and the United States, (in Nominal Nonadjusted Dollars)

43 Urbanization in Texas,

44 WHO ARE TEXANS? How is the Texas Population Changing? CHAPTER 1

45 WHO ARE TEXANS? Race and Total Population = 250,000 people TOTAL POPULATION = 14,229,191 24,330,646 35,761,165 White 66% White 47% White 32% Black 12% Hispanic 21% Other 1% Black 11% Hispanic 37% Other 4% Black 10% Hispanic 53% Other 6% SOURCES: Texas State Data Center; Office of State Demographer.

46 WHO ARE TEXANS? Geography Projected Population Growth from the year 2000 by Metropolitan Area < 25% 26 45% 46 65% 66 85% % + SOURCES: Texas State Data Center; Office of State Demographer.

47 WHO ARE TEXANS? Geography Projected Population Growth from the year 2000 by Metropolitan Area Rural Areas 2,907,272 3,452, % 3,825, % Other Metropolitan Areas 5,106,131 6,689, % 8,254, % San Antonio Area 1,711,703 2,179, % 2,514, % Houston Area 4,715,407 6,443, % 8,398, % Dallas-Ft. Worth Area 5,161,544 7,340, % 10,107, % Austin Area 1,249,763 1,901, % 2,661, % SOURCES: Texas State Data Center; Office of State Demographer.

48 Urban Political Economy Houston 1800s, economy based on commerce and colon Houston Ship Channel transformed the city to become a major metropolitan area. Oil and natural gas expanded industry base Largest manufacturer of petroleum equipment Technological advances spurred economic growth. NASA (Johnson Space Center), The Texas Medical Center (world s largest), nanotechology

49 Urban Political Economy Dallas Sat at intersec.on of two major railroads Transformed into a major commerce center Developed into financial center for the oil industry Addi.onal economic bases: transporta.on, tech, retail Fort Worth Located at a res.ng spot for calle herders Railroads were built to serve the calle industry. Major military installa.on Helped develop the avia.on industry

50 Urban Political Economy San Antonio Ini.ally large city because it was the capitol of Spanish Texas Economic and bases today Military infrastructure Bases, civilian industry and support Tourism Most visited in the state, Alamo major alrac.on Medical

51 Populations of the Largest Cities in Texas, 2010

52 Race and Ethnic Breakdown of Texas and Its Largest Counties, 2010

53 Public Opinion Poll Which of the following do you think most accurately describes contemporary Texas? a) Large ci.es, high- skill jobs (tech, engineering, medicine, etc.), diverse popula.on b)rural communi.es, farming and ranching jobs, homogenous popula.on

54 Public Opinion Poll Republicans have held all statewide offices in Texas for over 16 years. Do you think this trend will con.nue into the next decade, or do you expect Democrats will be more compe..ve in the near future? a) GOP will remain very strong. b)democrats will start winning statewide.

55 Public Opinion Poll Which of the following factors do you think is most important in shaping the state s culture? a) Diverse and large popula.on b)unique geography (size, border, climate) c) Natural resources (oil, gas, crops, gulf)

56 Public Opinion Poll Is it possible for Texas to maintain a small- government approach when the state popula.on con.nues to grow at a quick rate that outpaces all others? a) Yes, the state can have more people without growing the size of government. b)no, more people means the state government will have to grow.

57 Public Opinion Poll Is Texas truly dis.nc.ve from other southern or southwestern states in terms of its people and poli.cs? a) Yes, Texas has a unique poli.cal culture. b)no, Texas is essen.ally like neighboring states. c) Texas once was different, but that is no longer the case.

58 Chapter 1: The Political Culture, People, and Economy of Texas Quizzes Flashcards Outlines Exercises wwnorton.com/we- the- people

59 Following this slide, you will find addi.onal images, figures, and tables from the textbook.

60 The Interstate Highway System in Texas

61 Economic Change in Texas

62 The Emergence of the High-Tech Economy

63 Texas Political Culture

64 Hispanics

65 The Urban Political Economy

66 Liberty, Equality, and Democracy in Texas