Online Appendix. Table A1. Guidelines Sentencing Chart. Notes: Recommended sentence lengths in months.

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1 Online Appendix Table A1. Guidelines Sentencing Chart Notes: Recommended sentence lengths in months.

2 Table A2. Selection into Sentencing Stage (1) (2) (3) Guilty Plea Dropped Charge Deferred Prosecution Booker*Black (0.0301) ( ) ( ) Black (0.0174) ( ) ( ) Booker ** (0.0162) ( ) ( ) Observations 1,669,560 1,669,560 1,669,560 R-squared Notes: Data are from the Arrests and Bookings for Federal Offenses from The coefficient of interest is the interaction between defendant race (omitted group white defendants) and a Booker indicator for defendants arrested after Booker. All regressions contain controls for defendant gender, age, marital status, citizenship status, primary offense type, district, arrest month, arrest year fixed effects, and race trends. Standard errors reported in parentheses are clustered at the district level. ** = significant at 1 percent level, * = significant at 5 percent level.

3 Table A3. Sentence Length in Months - Placebo Test Excluding Post Booker Cases (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Sentence Sentence Sentence Sentence Sentence Sentence Sentence Sentence Sentence Placebo Case Blakely Placebo*Black (1.390) (1.549) (1.598) (1.361) (1.522) (1.330) (0.935) (0.859) (0.867) Placebo*Hispanic ** 4.140* * * (1.580) (1.701) (1.741) (1.504) (1.596) (1.937) (1.304) (0.880) (0.842) Placebo*Other ** (1.731) (2.532) (2.652) (3.132) (2.747) (3.050) (2.111) (1.443) (1.553) Observations 528, , , , , , , , ,076 R-squared Notes: Data are from the USSC from 1994-Booker (January 2005). Coefficients are from regressions of placebo case decisions on racial disparities in sentencing, identical to specification (4) in Table III. All regressions contain controls for offense type, and dummies for each offense level and criminal history combination. Regressions also contain district, sentencing year, and sentencing month fixed effects. Standard errors reported in parentheses are clustered at the district level. ** = significant at 1 percent level, * = significant at 5 percent level.

4 Table A4. Sentence Lengths by Major Offense Categories (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Drugs Immigration Firearms Fraud Bank Larceny Forgery Robbery Booker*Black 2.249* (1.111) (1.547) (1.062) (0.681) (1.722) (0.567) (1.080) Booker*Hispanic * * (0.960) (1.552) (1.830) (1.303) (3.527) (1.454) (1.721) Booker*Other * (1.702) (2.608) (2.258) (1.175) (4.613) (1.446) (2.955) Black 4.175** * 2.488** (0.889) (1.548) (0.730) (0.632) (1.109) (0.511) (1.030) Hispanic 3.814** * (0.620) (1.524) (1.036) (0.961) (2.835) (1.644) (1.883) Other 4.866** (1.762) (2.670) (1.787) (1.125) (4.315) (1.489) (1.832) Booker (1.709) (1.634) (2.286) (1.162) (6.744) (1.065) (2.186) Observations 347, ,542 85, ,588 23,533 30,524 16,716 R-squared Notes: Data are from the USSC from Column 1 includes controls for primary drug type. All regressions contain dummies for each offense level and criminal history combination. Regressions also contain district, sentencing year, and sentencing month fixed effects. Standard errors reported in parentheses are clustered at the district level. ** = significant at 1 percent level, * = significant at 5 percent level.

5 Table A5. Other Sentencing Outcomes (1) (2) (3) (4) Incarceration Probation Length Supervised Release Receipt Supervised Release Booker*Black * ** ( ) (0.162) ( ) (0.334) Booker*Hispanic ** ( ) (0.238) ( ) (0.330) Booker*Other ** ( ) (0.332) ( ) (0.476) Black ** ** ** 1.876** ( ) (0.144) ( ) (0.255) Hispanic * ** ** ( ) (0.234) ( ) (0.253) Other ** ( ) (0.327) ( ) (0.381) Booker ** ( ) (0.298) ( ) (0.502) Observations 905, , , ,063 R-squared Notes: Data are from the USSC from All regressions contain controls for offense type, and dummies for each offense level and criminal history combination. Regressions also contain district, sentencing year, and sentencing month fixed effects. Standard errors reported in parentheses are clustered at the district level. ** = significant at 1 percent level, * = significant at 5 percent level.

6 Table A6. Randomization Tests District Courthouse No. Obs. P-value ME (0) 1, MA** (1) 4, NH (2) 1, PR (4) 4, CT - Bridgeport (5) NY North - Syracuse (6) 1, NY East - Islip (7) NY South - White Plains (8) NY West - Buffalo (9) 2, NY West - Rochester (9) 1, VT (10) 1, DE (11) NJ ** (12) 5, PA East** (13) 7, PA Middle - Scranton (14) 1, PA West** (15) 3, MD - Baltimore (16) 3, NC East - Raleigh (17) 1, NC Middle** (18) 3, NC West**(19) 4, SC - Columbia (20) 1, SC - Florence (20) 1, VA East (22) 7, VA West (23) 4, WV North** (24) 2, WV South (25) 2, AL North (26) 4, AL Middle (27) 1, AL South (28) 2, FL North - Tallahassee (29) FL Middle (30) 8, FL South (31) 12, GA North** (32) 5, GA Middle (33) 2, LA East (35) 3, LA West (36) 2, MS South** (38) 3, TX North - Forth Worth (39) 1, TX East - Beaumont (40) 1, TX South - Brownsville (41) 2, TX South - Corpus Christi (41) 2, TX South - Laredo (41) 5, TX West - Del Rio (42) 1, TX West - Austin (42) 1, TX West - Pecos (42) TX West - San Antonio (42) 1, KY East - Covington (43) KY East - Lexington (43) 1, KY West - Bowling Green (44) MI East - Bay City (45) MI East - Flint (45) MI West** (46) 3, OH North** (47) 6, OH South (48) 4, TN East (49) 4, TN Middle** (50) 2, TN West - Eastern (51) IL North** (52) 7,

7 Table A6. Randomization Tests (Continued) IL Central - Peoria (53) IL South (54) 3, IN North (55) 3, IN South (56) 2, WI East** (57) 2, WI West (58) 1, AR East (60) 2, AR West (61) 1, IA North** (62) 3, IA South - Des Moines (63) 1, MN (64) 4, MO East (65) 5, MO West (66) 5, NE** (67) 3, ND (68) 1, SD - (69) 2, AZ - Phoenix (70) 3, AZ - Tuscon (70) 7, CA North (71) 2, CA East (72) 4, CA Central - Santa Ana (73) 1, CA South - El Centro (74) 1, HI** (75) 2, ID (76) 2, MT - Missoula (77) NV (78) 4, OR (79) 3, WA East (80) 2, WA West (81) 4, CO** (82) 3, KS (83) 4, NM (84) 6, OK North** (85) 1, OK East (86) OK West** (87) 2, UT (88) 4, WY (89) 2, DC (90) 2, AK** (95) 1, LA Middle (96) 1, Notes: Data are from the random sample from I drop judges who retired or were terminated prior to 2000, cases heard by senior status judges, and judges and district offices with an annual caseload of less than 25. For each district court, I control for district office by sentencing year, sentencing month, and judge fixed effects. P-values reported test whether judge fixed effects differ significantly from zero and are from a seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) on five defendant characteristics: defendant gender, age, black race indicator, number of dependents, and less than high school indicator. ** indicates dropped district court.

8 Table A7. Case Characteristics for Post Booker Judges Subsample of Random District Courts (1) (2) Final Offense Level Mandatory Minimum Post Booker Judge (0.264) (0.0131) Post Booker Judge*Black (0.278) (0.0190) Post Booker Judge*Hispanic (0.319) (0.0152) Post Booker Judge*Other (0.512) (0.0391) Booker*Black ** (0.220) ( ) Booker*Hispanic ** (0.281) ( ) Booker*Other (0.439) (0.0184) Black 1.419** ** (0.217) (0.0122) Hispanic 0.701* ** (0.288) (0.0109) Other * * (0.416) (0.0153) Booker 1.698** (0.342) (0.0182) Observations 181, ,599 R-squared Notes: Data are from the matched USSC, TRAC, Federal Judicial Center data from for courts with random assignment, excluding judges who formally retired prior to All regressions contain controls for offense type, and dummies for each offense level and criminal history combination. Regressions also contain district, sentencing year, and sentencing month fixed effects. Standard errors reported in parentheses are clustered at the district level. ** = significant at 1 percent level, * = significant at 5 percent level.

9 Table A8. Sentence Length (1) (2) (3) Non Mandatory Criminal History 1 No Criminal History Minimum Booker*Black 1.536** 1.738* 1.740* (0.437) (0.780) (0.833) Booker*Hispanic 0.933* (0.467) (0.684) (0.747) Booker*Other (0.825) (0.858) (0.850) Black ** 1.431* (0.356) (0.635) (0.681) Hispanic * 1.013* (0.304) (0.402) (0.460) Other (0.518) (0.761) (0.822) Booker * (0.665) (0.916) (1.012) Observations 633, , ,760 R-squared Notes: Data are from the USSC from Column 1 includes all cases not charged with a mandatory minimum. Column 2 includes the subset of cases for offenders in the lowest criminal history category. Column 3 includes the subset of cases for offenders with no criminal history. All regressions contain controls for offense type, and dummies for each offense level and criminal history combination. Regressions also contain district, sentencing year, and sentencing month fixed effects. Standard errors reported in parentheses are clustered at the district level. ** = significant at 1 percent level, * = significant at 5 percent level.

10 Table A9. Consistency with Prior Findings (1) (2) (3) Controls Event Study Event Study Presumptive Sentence, Departures 18 Months 12 Months Booker*Black (0.707) (2.016) (1.875) Booker ** 5.972** (0.725) (1.083) (1.415) Observations 699,390 81,195 49,294 R-squared Notes: Data in column 1 are from the USSC from Following Ulmer et al. (2010), I include controls for the presumptive Guidelines minimum sentence (taking into account statutory minimum trumps), and indicators for above range, below range, and substantial assistance departures. Data in columns 2 and 3 are from the linked arrest to sentencing data. Like Starr and Rehavi (2013), I include a quadratic trend estimated separate pre and post Booker, interacted with race, and control for arrest offense, education, criminal history score, gender, age, and citizenship status. Column 2 uses an 18 month window around Booker and column 3 uses a 12 month window. In column 1, standard errors reported in parentheses are clustered at the district level. In columns 2 and 3, standard errors are clustered on the running variable. ** = significant at 1 percent level, * = significant at 5 percent level.

11 Figure A.I Offense Severity, by Defendant Race Notes: Data are from the USSC from Data points are quarterly averages.

12 Figure A.II Sentence Lengths in Months, by Defendant Race Notes: Data are from the USSC from Data points are quarterly averages.

13 Figure A.III Departures, by Defendant Race Notes: Data are from the USSC from Data points are quarterly averages.

14 Figure A.IV Sentenced at Mandatory Minimum, by Defendant Race Notes: Data are from the USSC from Data points are quarterly averages.

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