Condi&ons of the labour market par&cipa&on of migrants and migrants descendants Ingrid Tucci

Transcription

1 Condi&ons of the labour market par&cipa&on of migrants and migrants descendants Ingrid Tucci Winterschool MIGREVAL - Évaluation des politiques de langue par les migrants Laboratoire DYNAME Université de Strasbourg

2 Unemployment rates - France in Hommes Femmes 5 Ensemble 0 Français nés en France Immigrés - Dont ressor7ssants de l'union européenne - Dont non ressor7ssants de l'union européenne Ensemble Source : Insee - Enquête emploi- Données Observatoire des inégalités 2

3 Conditions for the labour market participation of migrants Legal status and laws regula7ng the access to the labour market Educa7onal level and qualifica7ons Structure of the na&onal (and regional) labour market Integra&on policy Recogni&on of qualifica&ons Language proficiency Networks An7- discrimina7on policy Openness of the majority popula7on

4 Outline 1. Some structural indicators 2. Integra7on policies and programmes 3. The recogni7on of foreign qualifica7ons 4. The situa7on of immigrants descendants

5 1 Structural indicators 5

6 Unemployment rate: 7,4% in ,4 % in 2015 Youth : 24 % in 2016 France Unemployment rate : 7,4 % in ,6 % in 2015 Youth : 7 % in 2016 Germany Decline of the manufacturing sector since the 80s Deprecia7on of voca7onal training, low share of dual appren7ceship Deficit of qualified workers and demographic change S7ll rela7vely strong manufacturing sector Valuing voca7onal training, dual appren7ceship Unfilled posts for trainees

7 2 Short comparison of integra&on policies and programmes 7

8 What about the French integration policy? 8

9 The integration pathway in France 2016: The Contract of Republican Integra&on (CIR) replaces the Contract of recep7on and integra7on (CAI) Language training Ø 3 paths of training of 50 h, 100 h or 200 h Compulsory civic training (2 days) Ø Intermediary and final tests, cer7ficate of a`endance seriousness and regular a`endance

10 Germany Since the mid 2000: Pragma7c and structured integra7on policy Addressing specific groups Spirit: Promote and support - Fördern und fordern 10

11 The integration pathway in Germany Language course Ø Basic course (300 hours) Ø Extended course (300 hours) Course of orienta7on (100 hours) Integra(on course Test of German proficiency (Deutsch- Test für Zuwanderer) Test sur le cours d orienta7on (Test zum OrienBerungskurs). Cer(ficates

12 Relationship between different integration programmes in Germany and labour market participation 12

13 Relationship between different integration programmes in Germany and labour market participation IAB Forschungsbericht n 4, 2016 IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten: Ü berblick und erste Ergebnisse 13

14 Germany: towards a «welcome and recognition culture»? Shortage of skilled workers and demographic change Limi7ng the immigra7on of low skilled through strengthening family reunifica7on Making Germany a`rac7ve for skilled workers 14

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16 Germany: towards a «welcome and recognition culture»? Ø For the public administra7on (BMAF): Recogni7on of qualifica7ons as a central pa`ern of the recogni7on culture >> Federal Recogni7on act >> Ar7cle 1: Voca7onal Qualifica7ons Assessment Law (BQFG) 16

17 3 Recogni&on of foreign qualifica&ons 17

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21 Recognitions of qualifications in Germany Between 2012 and 2014, more than 44,000 applica7ons for recogni7on in a profession or occupa7on covered by the Federal Recogni7on Act were submi`ed. The most common states of training of new applicants were Poland, Romania and Bosnia and Herzegovina. More than 60 percent of applica7ons made in 2014 related to recogni7on as a doctor or registered general nurse, professions in which there is a high shortage of skilled workers. 21

22 Getting qualifications recognized or not? Asked for a formal recogni&on: in Germany : circa 1 migrant out of 3 and 45 % of those with university diploma in France: circa 1 migrant out of 10 and 33 % of those with university diploma Sources : Allemagne >> Liebau & Salikutluk 2016 données de l échantillon Migration IAB-SOEP 2013 France >> Monzo & Gleizes 2009, données de l enquête emploi 2008

23 Recognition of qualifications and obstacles Source: Monzo & Gleizes 2009, p. 2, données de l enquête emploi 2008

24 Recognition of qualifications and obstacles Germany Refugees Other migrants Persons with a foreign qualifica7on Share in % Tried to get their qualifica7on recognized Among those who did dot try (in %) Not important for me Administra7ve obstacles Low success rate Other reasons Share of those whose qualifica7on was not recognized Source: Liebau & Salikutluk 2016, p. 738, données de l échantillon Migration IAB-SOEP 2013

25 Effect of the recognition of qualifications on employment Compared to those who did not ask for recogni7on, the risk of being over qualified decreases of : - 32 % for those whose qualifica7on was fully recognized - 14 % for those whose recogni7on is only par7al Source : BRÜCKER, LIEBAU et ROMITI : Anerkannte Abschlüsse und Deutschkenntnisse lohnen sich. DIW Wochenbericht, n 43, 2014, pp

26 4 The situa&on of immigrants descendants 26

27 Initial constraints for the labour market participation of immigrant s descendants Lower educa7on on average Selec7on processes within the educa7on system ins7tu7onal discrimina7on Lower social background parents have experienced more omen unemployment, instability of jobs, difficult living condi7ons for some of them

28 28 Source: Tucci et al. 2011, Starting out of disadvantage, Economic Bulletin n 5

29 Source: Tucci et al. 2011, Starting out of disadvantage, Economic Bulletin n 5 29

30 Closing remarks and open questions The recogni7on of qualifica7ons improves the labour market trajectory but s7ll: na7ves do be`er How is the experience of unequal treatment and declassing perceived? What role play horizons of comparisons for the evalua7on of the own social posi7on, of the social trajectory? 30

31 Closing remarks and open questions The recogni7on of qualifica7ons improves the labour market trajectory but s7ll: na7ves do be`er How is the experience of unequal treatment and declassing perceived? What role play horizons of comparisons for the evalua7on of the own social posi7on, of the social trajectory? Discrimina7on: an experience common to migrants and descendants of migrants Ethno- racial boundaries are clearly barriers: stronger in France? An7- discrimina7on policy, how is it evaluated by minori7es? Policy level: What about more ini7a7ves addressed to the majority? 31

32 Closing remarks and open questions The recogni7on of qualifica7ons improves the labour market trajectory but s7ll: na7ves do be`er How is the experience of unequal treatment and declassing perceived? What role play horizons of comparisons for the evalua7on of the own social posi7on, of the social trajectory? Discrimina7on: an experience common to migrants and descendants of migrants Ethno- racial boundaries are clearly barriers: stronger in France? An7- discrimina7on policy, how is it evaluated by minori7es? Policy level: What about more ini7a7ves addressed to the majority? Integra7on policies converge towards a models od cultural assimila7on? This model assume that migrants have different values, etc.: ethnic boundary making at the ins7tu7onal level What is the subjec7ve percep7on of integra7on pathways? 32

33 Merci! Danke! Thank you! Contact: amu.fr 33

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36 Part des immigrés et des descendants d immigrés en 2005 et 2013, selon la tranche d âge Source: Bildungsbericht 2016, p. 206

37 Nombre de premières demandes d asile selon la tranche d âge 37 Source: Bildungsbericht 2016, p. 194

38 Unemployment among immigrants descendants in Germany Estimated probabilities Without qualifica&on With voca&onal training With university diploma Women Unemployment rate among German na&ves in % 12,2 % 4 % 1,6 % Change in percentage point compared with German na7ves with the same characteris7cs Turkey +11,8 +5,5 ns Former Yugoslavia - 8,6 ns ns Southern Europe ns ns ns Men Unemployment rate among German na&ves in % 14,3 % 4,1 % 1,8 % Change in percentage point compared with German na7ves with the same characteris7cs Turkey +13,8 +5,6 +5,8 Former Yugoslavia +11,9 ns ns Southern Europe ns +1,9 ns Source: Höhne & Schulze Buschoff 2015, WSI-Mitteilungen Datenbasis: Mikrozensus 2012, eigene Darstellung.

39 4 The role of networks 39

40 Mode of access to the first job in Germany by level of qualification University diploma With qualifica7on Without qualifica7on In training All migrants % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Independant Business rela7ons Family and friends Newspapers, internet Public or private agency Source: Brücker et al. 2014, données de l échantillon Migration IAB-SOEP 2013

41 Mode of access to the current job in France by country of birth 41