PART FIVE. Statistics

Transcription

1 PART FIVE Statistics

2 -STATISTICS- JEWISH POPULATION The total Jewish population of the world is approximately 11,270,- 000, according to the latest estimates of the Joint Distribution Committee. The Jewish population is distributed as follows: Approximately 3,920,000 are in Europe, somewhat over 5,000,000 are in North America, 600,000 in Latin America, 920,000 in Asia, 35,000 in Australasia and 640,000 in Africa. All of these figures are approximate as no exact data are available. (See Table 1.) Western Hemisphere There are approximately 5,750,000 Jews in the Western Hemisphere, of which about 5,000,000 reside in the United States. Canada had a total of 176,500 Jews in 1945, according to the estimate of the Canadian Jewish Congress. The figures for Latin America are 1945 JDC estimates. According to these estimates, Argentina, with 350,000 Jews, has the largest Jewish community in Latin America. Brazil follows with a Jewish population of 100,000. Chile and Uruguay have Jewish populations of 25,000 and 37,000 respectively. Mexico has 16,000 and Cuba somewhat more than 10,000. Smaller Jewish communities exist throughout Latin America (see Table 2.) Accurate and up-to-date statistics of the Jewish population of the United States are not available. For historical purposes, however, two summary tables of the 1937 Census of Jewish Congregations are reprinted in the present volume. The reader is referred to volume 47 for detailed tables of the 1937 Jewish population compiled under the direction of Dr. H. S. Linfield, Director of the Jewish Statistical Bureau. 733

3 734 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK Europe The statistics on the Jewish population of Europe are based on the reports received by the JDC from their European sources. These figures reveal that there are in Europe today approximately 3,920,000 Jews out of a pre-war total of 9,740,000 in Outside the Soviet Union there are an estimated 1,920,000 Jews. The British Jewish population amounts to about 345,000. On the Continent there are about 360,000 Jews in Western Europe, including approximately 205,000 in France, 77,500 in the Low Countries, 25,500 in Switzerland, 30,000 in Italy, 1 22,000 in the Scandinavian countries, and 7,500 in Spain and Portugal. In the East European countries of Czechoslovakia, Poland and the Soviet Union there are approximately 2,165,000 Jews, of which about 2,000,000 live in Soviet territory. In the Southern European countries of Hungary, Rumania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey there is a total Jewish population of just over 700,000. The Rumanian Jewish population of 430,000 is the largest of any single country in Europe, except the U.S.S.R. In the early part of 1947, there were approximately 231,000 displaced and refugee Jews living in the American, British and French zones in Germany, in all of Austria, and in Italy, compared with 130,000 as of May (See Table 5.) Asia and Australasia Two-thirds of the Jewish population on the continent of Asia live in Palestine. Thus, the Yishuv numbered 625,000 at the end of 1946, out of a total Jewish population of about 900,000. Of the remaining third, the principal centers of Jewish population are: Iraq (90,000), Iran (50,000), Yemen (45,000), India (30,000), and China (25,000). There are about 35,000 Jews in Australia and New Zealand. All of the figures except for Palestine are for (Table 6.) Palestine While Palestine was under Turkish rule there were enumerations of population, but the results were not organized in the manner of a modern census, so that during that period there are merely estimates of population. It was estimated that in 1839 there were 12,000 1 Excluding displaced persons.

4 STATISTICS 735 Jews in Palestine; in 1880, 35,000; in 1900, 70,000; and in 1914, about 85,000. The first census was taken in October 1922, and the published results give a complete picture of the population of Palestine. In November 1931, a second census was taken. A summary of this census is given in the American Jewish Tear Book, Vol. 35, pages The population of Palestine according to the censuses of 1922 and 1931 and government estimates of population made since then are given in Table 7. Since the census of 1931, estimates of population have been prepared by adding to census figures the recorded excess of arrivals over departures, and the natural increase (excess of births over deaths). Such estimates, however, leave out of account some of the "illegal" or unrecorded immigration. According to the Jewish Agency, the Jewish population of Palestine totalled 592,000 at the end of 1945, and 625,000 at approximately the end of The increase was thus 33,000, of which 20,000 represents the number of immigrants and 13,000 the excess of births over deaths. For the same period, the Jewish Agency estimate of the total Palestine population is 1,930,000, while its estimate of the settled population is 1,864,000. (Bedouins are excluded from estimates of the settled population.) The proportion of Jews to the total settled population at the end of 1946 was therefore 32.4%. The official estimates of the Palestine Government are somewhat lower than those of the Jewish Agency, being 1,903,000 for the total population, 1,836,000 for the settled population and 606,000 for the Jewish community. (See Table 7.) According to the Jewish Agency, the Jewish population is about evenly divided as between male and female, being 50.9% for the former and 49.1% for the latter. Slightly over 36% are under the age of 20; half of the population (50.2%) is between 20 and 49; and the rest (13.4%) are 50 and over. (See Table 8.) More than three-fourths of the Jewish community belong to the Ashkenazic group. The rest are Sephardim, Yemenites or members of other Eastern groups. (See Table 9.) The greatest concentration of the Eastern communities is found in Jerusalem, where they comprise one-half of the Jewish population. In Tiberias two-thirds of the Jewish population is of Eastern origin, and in Safed, two-fifths. In the other settlements and cities, the Eastern Jews do not exceed 14-15%. Three-fourths of the Jewish community (465,000) live in cities and urban settlements, and one-fourth (160,000) in rural areas. According to the Jewish Agency, the number of Jewish cities and urban

5 736 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK settlements at the end of 1946 was 28 (6 cities, 22 urban settlements). The number of rural settlements was 290, composed of 8 large rural settlements and 36 private villages (Moshavot), 37 cooperative villages (Moshavim), 68 workers' cooperatives (Moshavei ovdim), 136 collective farm settlements (Yishuvim kibbutziim) and 5 schoolfarms (Batei-Sefer and Chavot). Thus, at the end of 1946, there were in Palestine a total of 318 Jewish settlements. (See Table 10.) At the end of 1946, 160,000 Jews, or 25.6% of the Jewish population, lived in villages. (Figures on the distribution of Jews in cities and villages since 1900 are given in Table 11.) The source for the Jewish Agency statistics given above and in the accompanying tables is the Agency's monthly periodical Figures and Facts on the Jewish Community of Palestine, May {Misparim VUvdot al Hayishuv Vha'meshek B'Erez Yisrael.) Africa The African Jewish population increased from an estimated 610,000 in 1939 to approximately 640,000, as of Most of the Jewish population resides in the northern countries bordering on the Mediterranean. French Morocco has the largest Jewish community, numbering 175,000 in 1945 as compared with 161,000 in Next in size is Algeria, with 120,000 Jews in 1945, representing an increase of 10,000 since The Jewish population of Egypt is third largest in northern Africa (75,000) and Tunisia fourth (66,000). The population figures given for these two countries are the same for 1945 and In other parts of the continent, the sizeable Jewish communities are those of the Union of South Africa, numbering 98,000, and the Falasha community of Abyssinia, numbering about 50,000. (Table 12.)

6 STATISTICS 737 TABLE 1 ESTIMATED WORLD JEWISH POPULATION United States and Canada Europe Asia Africa TOTAL ,965, ,000 9,719, ,500 33, ,800 16,643, , " 578,000 3,920, ,500 35, , The Jewish population of Canada was in 1939 and 176,500 in 1945, according to the estimates of the Canadian Jewish Congress. TABLE 2 ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION OF WESTERN HEMISPHERE General Population 2 Jewish Population Per Cent All Countries North America and West Indies United States (Continental) Alaska.... Canada Mexico Cuba. Curacao Haiti Puerto Rico Trinidad Panama Canal Zone South and Central America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Ecuador Guatemala..: Guiana (British) Honduras Panama...;. Paraguay Peru Salvador Surinam....; Uruguay 286,718, ,946, ,485,262 72,524 11,506,655 21,153,321 4,778, ,540 1,969,773 3,000,000 1,237,063 2,017, ,499 24,889 42, , ,386 3, , , ,523, ,000 3,105,541 3,450, ,219 1,154,388 1,380, ,637 1,040,420 7,271,654 1,862, ,730 2,164,000 4,004,731 5, ,208,596 5,000, ,500 16,000 10, , , , ,750 25,000 5, , , ,000 2, ,000 1, The general population figures are taken from the Pan American Yearbook, 1945 and the Statesman's Year Book, 1945.

7 738 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK TABLE 3 ESTIMATED NUMBER OF JEWS OF UNITED STATES, PRINCIPAL COMMUNITIES, AND CONGREGATIONS, Total Population 23,191,876 43,661,968 72,106,120 88,787, ,690, ,140, ,823,308 Jews 50, , ,800 1, ,388,951 4,228,029 4,770,647 P. C Increase in ten years * * Principal Communities Congregations s 850 1,769 1,901 3,118 3,728 1 See H. S. Linfield, The Jewish Population of the United Stales, vol. 47, p. 641 ff. =

8 STATISTICS 739 TABLE 4 ESTIMATED NUMBER OF JEWS OF UNITED STATES, PRINCIPAL COMMUNITIES AND CONGREGATIONS, BY STATES, State Total Population 1940 Jews 1937 Principal Communities 1937 Congregations 1937 P. C. of Jews Distribution of Jews 1937 UNITED STATES Alabama Arizona Connecticut Delaware Dist. of Columbia... Florida Idaho Illinois Kansas Kentucky Maryland Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New York North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia ,275 2,832, ,261 1,949,387 6,907,387 1,123,296 1,709, , ,897,414 3,123, ,897,241 3, ,538,268 1, ,845,627 2,363, ,226 1,821,244 4,316, ,106 2,792,300 2, ,784, ,456 1,315, , ,524 4, ,818 13,479,142 3,571, ,935 6,907,612 2,336,434 1,089,684 9,900, ,346 1,899, ,961 2,915,841 6,414, , ,231 2,677, ,191 1,901,974 3,137, ,742 4, ,148 1,847 6, ,471 21,375 93,080 6, ,781 1, , ,089 8,287 17,894 14,942 9,000 76, , , ,572 1,729 14, , ,970 1, , , ,371 11, ,813 5,905 1,963 25,811 49,196 3, ,066 18, , g g ,560 24g , i See footnote to Table 3. The percentages for the Jewish population are based on the total population for 1937 as estimated by the United States Bureau of the Census.

9 740 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK TABLE 5 ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION OF EUROPE Country Albania Austria Displaced Persons in U. S., British, French and Russian zones. Others Total Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark England Estonia (U. S. S. R.)...: Finland France Germany Displaced Persons in U. S.. British and French zones Others Total Greece Holland Hungary Irish Free State.: Italy Nationals Displaced Persons and Refugees. Total Latvia (U. S. S. R.) Lithuania (U. S. S. R.) : Luxembourg Norway Poland Portugal Rumania. Soviet Union...- Spain, Sweden Switzerland Turkey Yugoslavia TOTAL.; , ,000' 7, ,000 5,000 2, ,000* 240, , ' ,500 3,000 3, OO» 3, ,500 7,500 25,000 80,000 75,000 35,000 7, ,600 18,000 30,000 26, ,500 60,000 5, , , , , , ,000 4,500 56,000 12, ,000« ,000,000* 3, ,500 80,000' ,739,200 3,920,100 1 Figure in 1939 column refers to the Jewish population within pre-munich boundaries. Figure for 1946 includes about 11,000 refugees from Ruthenia and Poland. * Figures refer to European France. 1 These figures refer to Hungary within 1938 frontiers. After 1938, the Jewish population in Hungary increased to 745,000 due to the annexation of Czechoslovak and Rumanian territory and some influx of Jews from Poland and other Nazi areas. 4 About 140,000 Jews were repatriated from the U. S. S. R. in the first part of After the Kielce pogrom, however, large numbers fled westward. 6 The figure for 1939 refers to Greater Rumania which included Bessarabia, Bucovina and Transylvania. The figure for 1946 refers to the present boundaries, thus excluding Bessarabia and Northern Bucovina. The 1946 figure includes repatriates from Soviet territory; this repatriation is still continuing. 1 Including Asiatic provinces. 7 Including Asiatic Turkey.

10 STATISTICS 741 TABLE 6 ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION OF ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA 1 Aden Afghanistan China D. East Indies India F. Indo-China Iran Iraq Japan Manchukuo Palestine Philippines Syria-Lebanon Yemen TOTAL Australia New Zealand TOTAL GRAND TOTAL Country ,000 5,000 25,000 2,000 30,000 1,500 50,000 90,000 2,000 10, ,000 25,000 50, ,500 30,000 3,000 33, , ,000 5,000 25,000 2,000 30,000 1,500 50,000 90,000 2,000 10, ,000' 1,000 25,000 45, ,500 32,000 3,000 35, ,500 1 Excluding Asiatic Provinces of U. S. S. R. and Turkey. ' As of end of 1946.

11 742 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK TABLE 7 POPULATION OF PALESTINE CENSUSES OF 1922 AND 1931, AND OFFICIAL ESTIMATES FOR 1943, 1944, AND 1945 Census Censu l.. Eatimate 1943' Estimate 1944 s Estimate 1945' Estimate 1946< Total Moslems Number % 752, , , , ,676,571 1,128, ,764,520 1,061,270 60, i. l ,088, ,903,000 1,071, Jews Number % 83, , , , , Christians Number % 73,024 91, , , , , Others Number % 9, ,100 14, These figures are quoted from Handbook of Palestine, London 1934, by Luke and Keith-Roach.» Palestine Statistical Abstract, General Monthly Bulletin of Current Statistics of the Palestine Government, Jan.- Mar., * General Monthly Bulletin of Current Statistics, March, TABLE 8 JEWISH POPULATION OF PALESTINE BY AGE AND SEX GROUPS Age Group Total No. Per Cent Male Female Under and over 122, , , ,400 90,700 83, ,200 54,100 53,300 58,600 46,300 41,100 59,700 49,500 51,700 57,800 44,400 42,300 TOTAL Unspecified 622,000 3, , , ,400

12 STATISTICS 743 TABLE 9 JEWISH POPULATION OF PALESTINE BY COMMUNITIES Community Ashkenazic Sephardic Yemenite Other Eastern Communities TOTAL Unknown GENERAL TOTAL Population 483,000 62,000 30,000 47, ,000 3, ,000 Percent TABLE 10 JEWISH POPULATION OF PALESTINE IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS Type of Settlement No. Population Percent URBAN 1) Cities 2) Urban settlements Urban Total ,800 64, , RURAL 1) large rural settlements 2) private villages 3) cooperative villages 4) workers' cooperatives 5) collective farm settlements.... 6) school-farms ,300 19,750 13,800 18,400 41,400 3, Rural Total , GENERAL TOTAL ,

13 744 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK TABLE 11 DISTRIBUTION OF JEWS IN PALESTINE IN CITIES AND VILLAGES Year Jews Percent in Cities Percent in Villages ,000 83, , , , , TABLE 12 ESTIMATED JEWISH POPULATION OF AFRICA Country Abyssinia Algeria Egypt French Morocco... Libya Southern Rhodesia Spanish Morocco.. Tangier Tunisia Union of S. Africa. TOTAL 51, ,000 75, ,300 26,000 3, ,000 51, ,000 75, ,000 26,000 3, ,000 66,000 98, , ,500

14 STATISTICS 745 JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES Present Status In 1943 Earl G. Harrison, then Commissioner of the Immigration and Naturalization Service of the Department of Justice, ordered the elimination of the term "Hebrew" from the classification of immigrants by race or people, and from the manifests used by transportation companies and from the statistical forms used by the United States Government. According to this order, the "race designation of persons formerly recorded as Hebrew will now be governed by the country of their origin." As a result of this ruling, no official statistics are available regarding the number of Jewish immigrants who came to the United States after June 30, The following estimate, however, has been prepared for the American Jewish Tear Book by Mrs. Dorothy F. Tate, Supervisor of the Division of Statistics of the United Service for New Americans. "Total immigration to the United States July 1943-December 1945 was 93,465 (28,551 in the Government fiscal year 1944; 38,119 in.1945 and 26,795 in the first half of the fiscal year 1946). If we estimate the percentage of Jewish immigration on the basis of the ratio of Jewish to total immigration which prevailed from 1933 through 1943 (33.6%), the result is approximately 31,400 Jewish immigrants arriving from July 1, 1943 through December 31, "It may be argued that this is too high or too low. There were two years within this eleven year period when the ratio of "Hebrew" to total immigration was over 50%, and we do know that many Jews may have declared themselves German or Polish rather than "Hebrew" by "race" or "people." However, for the last three years used as the base, the trend of Jewish to total immigration was decidedly downward, having reached 19.8% in 1943, and until 1939, it was below the 33.6% figure used as the average." For the year 1946 there were, according to the United Service for New Americans, approximately 16,000 new arrivals, of whom 1,200 were on temporary visas.

15 746 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK From 1881 to 1943 A summary of Jewish immigration to the United States from 1881 through 1943 is presented in the tables that follow. The net increase in Jewish immigration, admissions minus departures, during this period was 2,499,154. The detailedfiguresby periods and individual years are shown in Tables 13 and 14 respectively. Of the earlier periods of Jewish immigration to the United States, which were made up chiefly of immigrants from Spain, Portugal, and Holland, and from Germany, no reliable statistics are available. Such statistics were recorded only beginning in 1881, but these are not complete for the entire period since then. For the seventeen years from 1881 to 1898, we have statistics only for the number of Jews admitted at the ports of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. For the next eight years ( ) we have figures for the number of Jews admitted at all ports. It is only since 1908 that statistics of departure as well as of arrivals have been recorded. Notwithstanding these deficiencies and gaps, we are in a position to arrive at an approximate figure for the total Jewish immigration since From 1908, when the number of departures began to be recorded, up to 1914, after which the World War and restrictive legislation interrupted the free flow of immigration, the percentage of Jews departing to those admitted was 7.14%. We may assume that the same percentage held good during the period for which we have completefiguresfor Jewish admissions. If this assumption is correct, the number of Jews admitted during those years totaled 829,244. For the period from we have figures only for Jews admitted at the ports of New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. We may perhaps assume that the number of departures during those years equaled the number of admissions at other ports; in other words, that the total number of Jews admitted at all ports equaled the number admitted at the three ports mentioned, namely, 533,478. Adding the net increases for these two periods, thus arrived at, to the net increase from 1908 to 1943, for which official statistics are available, we find that the total net increase of the Jewish population of the United States as a result of immigration was 2,499,154 for the sixty-three years from 1881 to Table 13, which is a summary of the immigration and emigration, to and from the United States, since 1881, shows the fluctuations in the annual averages of the number of Jews who arrived, caused in turn by the World War, the postwar condition of European Jews, the

16 STATISTICS 747 operation of the several quota restriction laws and the executive order of 1931 for the strict application of the "likely to become a public charge" provision of the immigration law, and the expulsive force of persecution in Germany. JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO OTHER AMERICAN COUNTRIES Canada During the year ending March 31, 1946, a total of 1,345 Jews entered Canada out of a total of 31,081. Many of these, however, had been previously admitted on a temporary basis but their immigration was later made permanent. (See Table 15.) Other American Countries According to HIAS, there were a total of 1,713 Jewish immigrants to South and Central America in Of these, 400 immigrated to Mexico, 450 to Brazil, 295 to Argentina, and 100 to Uruguay. The destination of the remainder is not known. Detailed figures on Jewish immigration to Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina are given in Table 16.

17 748 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK o io ^ m r^ o»o BO«O«'C! OT 00 f> PO h (Nl f PO r-oo ro O\»-- M 00 <* ^" 1O IO -CN Q"Qrf) HrtNH m < 00 Ov 00»O **-t f or«o>t^osoo^ 1 4O.N5 r4w)t>«iio>oc4u) 00>O *-l-h *H I I I o I I I ISM I I 00O»»H NN«WOO OO OOO «a -6.2 S 1

18 STATISTICS , el, o ON in S 2 «I I I 55 S W J CQ < 1 s a Q Pi! D 1 5

19 750 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK TABLE 15 SUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO CANADA, Year Total Jews 2 Per Cent Jews to Total Year Total Jews' PerCent Jews to Total ,149 67, , , , , , , , , , , ,789 48,537 75,374 79,074 57, , ,477 89,999 T) / ^,oo RR7/ 148,560 2,765 1,015 2,066 3,727 7,715 7,127 6,584 7,712 1,636 3,182 5,146 5,322 7,387 11,252 3, , , !i Total 111,362 96, , , , ,288 88,223 25,752 19,782 13,903 12,136 11,103 12,023 15, ,205 11,496 8,865 7,445 9,040 15,306 13,081 6,019,914 4,459 4,014 4,863 4,766 3,848 4,164 3, , , , For fiscal year ending March The figures for the Jews entering Canada during are exclusive of those who entered from the United States.

20 STATISTICS 751 TABLE 16 JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO BRAZIL, URUGUAY, AND ARGENTINA Year Brazil Number of Jewish Immigrants Uruguay Argentina ,624 3,901 4,167 3,193 5T610 3,558 1,985 2,049 3,317 3,794 1,758 3,418 2, ,601 2,416 1, ,500 2,400 1,600 1,250 1, ,262 1,530 3,115 2, , ,534 5,584 6, ,755 1,962 2,215 3,159 4,261 4,178 1,050 4,300 1,850 2,200 1, Total , S 208,973

21 752 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO PALESTINE The last full year for which figures of net Jewish and non-jewish immigration to Palestine were given was 1941 (Vol. 45, pp ). Herewith are presented comparable immigration figures for the years These figures are derived from the Palestine Statistical Abstract, 1943, and the General Monthly Bulletin of Current Statistics, February 1945, January-March 1946 and March 1947, published in Jerusalem by the Palestine Government. TABLE 17 IMMIGRATION TO PALESTINE, Year Total Jews P. C. Jews to Total ! 3, ,093 15, ,194 8,507 20, i Corrected from vol. 48, p Misparim. May From 1917 to 1944 From the date of the British occupation of Palestine, December 9, 1917, to the end of 1944, a total of 366,419 Jews entered the country, the yearly number varying between 61,854 in 1935 and 2,178 in The number of Jews that departed between December 9, 1917 and the end of 1921 was small. But during the decade from 1922 to 1931, a total of 27,809 Jews emigrated, or 29.53% of the number admitted. Figures for emigration during the second half of 1932 and the years are not available. During the ten years , the yearly emigration of Jews varied between 666 in 1931 and 7,365 in 1926; and the percentage of Jewish emigration to Jewish immigration varied between 6.36% in 1925 and 99.54% in 1928, (in 1936 it was 2.60%), while in 1927, Jewish emigration exceeded Jewish immigration by 86.92%. The net immigration of Jews during was 66,353. One year, 1927, shows a decrease of 2,358 Jews, but all other years witnessed an increase of Jewish immigration over emigration, varying between 10 in 1928 and 31,650 in 1925.

22 STATISTICS 753 o *. "2 '» A. SSSS8.S3 T 1 TTT * ^"^"rt-t «f»-- ^^^f CO g W o 2 3 RSSSS3 00 r^ to ^ f*l (*1 fo 3