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1 Rwanda Fast Forward
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3 Rwanda Fast Forward Social, Economic, Military and Reconciliation Prospects Edited by Maddalena Campioni Policy Adviser, Scenario Development, UK and Patrick Noack Founding Partner, Scenario Development, UK
4 Editorial matter, selection, introduction and conclusion Maddalena Campioni and Patrick Noack 2012 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All remaining chapters respective authors 2012 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2012 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
5 Contents List of Tables and Figures Notes on Contributors Acknowledgements vii viii xii Part I Introduction 1 Rwanda Fast Forward: the Many Perspectives That Make Rwanda a Unique Country 3 Maddalena Campioni and Patrick Noack Part II Reconciliation, Reconstruction, Unification and Civil Society Issues 2 Rwanda 2025: Scenarios for the Future Political Stability of Rwanda 13 Esther Marijnen and Jaïr van der Lijn 3 Discordant Narratives in Rwanda s Gacaca Courts 29 Ananda Breed 4 Participatory Rights in Rwanda: Genocide Ideology Laws and the Future of Political Space 45 Fred Cowell 5 Independent Actors or Silent Agents: Where To Go for Rwandan Civil Society? 60 Christiane Adamczyk 6 Deterioration of Aid Coordination in Gacaca Implementation: Dealing with the Past for a Better Future? 76 Astrid Jamar 7 Peasant Perspectives on National Unity and Reconciliation: Building Peace or Promoting Division? 96 Susan Thomson Part III Economic and Social Development 8 Regional Integration and the Future of Rwanda 113 Babajide Sodipo and Jacqueline Muna Musiitwa v
6 vi Contents 9 Rwanda: Overcoming the Industrial Policy Taboo 126 Joseph Holden 10 New Friends of Rwanda Chinese Noodles and Indian Curry: An Analysis of Asian Giants Forays into Rwanda in the Light of Theories on OFDI 145 Kamakshi Nanda 11 Communication, Media and the Way Forward 160 Anna Colom 12 The Political Economy of Contemporary Education and the Challenges of Switching Formal Language to English in Rwanda 176 Joseph Assan and Lawrence Walker 13 Civic Education and Social Transformation in Post- Genocide Rwanda: Forging the Perfect Development Subjects 192 Andrea Purdeková Part IV Conflict and the Role of the Military 14 The Spread of the Genocide Ideology within the Great Lakes Region: Challenges for Rwanda 213 Frank K. Rusagara 15 Between Pyongyang and Singapore: the Rwandan State, Its Rulers, and the Military 228 Will Jones 16 The Role of the Military in Rwanda: Current Dynamics and Future Prospects 249 Danielle Beswick 17 Nurturing Democracy or into the Danger Zone? The Rwandan Patriotic Front, Elite Fragmentation and Post-liberation Politics 265 Harry Verhoeven Index 281
7 List of Tables and Figures Tables 12.1 Language use and education List of respondents Languages spoken in Rwanda Key dates in Rwanda since Figures 2.1 Four scenarios for Rwanda s future Industrial policy success stories Price volatility of Rwanda s major exports: Escaping the commodity trap in Rwanda Government effectiveness and political stability (RPC): Rwanda and its neighbours and post- conflict states 231 vii
8 Notes on Contributors Christiane Adamczyk, an anthropologist by profession, worked in Rwanda with German Cooperation from 2005 to Currently she works as an adviser for German Cooperation and is an associated PhD student with the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology (Germany) where she is writing her thesis on Rwanda s nation- building and reconciliation policies. Joseph Assan is a lecturer in Development Practice at Trinity College Dublin where he is the Field Clinical Training Director for the Masters in Development Practice Programme. Joseph was the Director for the International Development Programme at the University of Liverpool, UK. His research interest focuses on the interaction between development policy and how it translates into practice. Joseph was awarded his PhD by the Department of Geography, University of Liverpool. Danielle Beswick is a lecturer in the International Development department at the University of Birmingham, UK. Her research focuses primarily on Rwanda s relationship with donors and its regional neighbours since the 1994 genocide. She has published peer- reviewed articles on Rwanda s involvement in peacekeeping, the challenges of managing political dissent after genocide, and the impact of national identity policies on the minority Batwa group in Rwanda. Ananda Breed is Senior Lecturer at the University of East London, UK. Between 2005 and 2006, Ananda conducted doctoral research in Rwanda that incorporated the performativity of nationalism, justice and reconciliation through grassroots associations, Gacaca, commemorations and memorials, Ingando solidarity camps, and theatrical productions. She has served as a participatory theatre consultant, conducting projects in Congo, Indonesia and Kyrgyzstan related to theatre for peace- building. Her upcoming book is Performing the Nation: Justice, Genocide, and Reconciliation. Maddalena Campioni has worked on developing scenarios and critical policy thinking for the past ten years. Her analytical work and writing have included international development, climate change and health planning and policy throughout Africa, Europe, Russia and the United States. She is currently based at the London School of Hygiene and viii
9 Notes on Contributors ix Tropical Medicine and the London School of Economics and Political Science, and is Partner at Scenario Development. Anna Colom, formerly a journalist, holds an MSc in Development Studies (SOAS) and currently specialises in Communication for Development research and policy. Anna worked at the Ministry of Information of the Government of Rwanda at a time when the Ministry was undertaking various significant developments in the area of information and communication. She has also worked for international and local non- governmental organisations in Latin America, Africa, Asia and Europe. Fred Cowell is currently the Legal Officer at the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI), an international NGO that promotes human rights in Commonwealth countries. He is also a doctoral student (on human rights regimes in Africa), and lectures in Law at Birkbeck College, University of London. Fred has published half a dozen academic articles and chapters of books focusing mainly on comparative human rights and human rights institutions and was formerly head of CHRI s London office. Joseph Holden is an independent consultant. In East Africa he has worked on projects for USAID, DFID and the UN. He spent two years working for the Ministry of Trade and Industry in Rwanda, where amongst other work he developed the National Competition Policy and the Rwanda Investor Perception Index. He previously worked for Deloitte & Touche and the National Audit Office in the United Kingdom. Astrid Jamar obtained a BA in Political Sciences, a MA in International Relations, and an MA in Peace Studies. She has undertaken research on transitional justice in Rwanda since 2006, during which she gained working experience with Avocats Sans Frontières, Penal Reform International and the National Service of the Gacaca Courts. At the time of writing, she was a research assistant for the Gacaca Narratives Project at the University of East London, UK. Jaïr van der Lijn is a Senior Research Fellow at the Clingendael Institute, the Netherlands. He holds a PhD in Management Sciences from Radboud University Nijmegen, where he is also currently lecturing as an Assistant Professor at the Centre for International Conflict Analysis and Management. He has mainly published on peace operations and future foresight studies, in journals such as Foresight and Journal of International Peacekeeping.
10 x Notes on Contributors Will Jones is a lecturer in Politics at Hertford College, Oxford. He is a convenor of the Oxford Central African Forum, has contributed to work on Rwanda for the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, and teaches African Politics across the university. Esther Marijnen holds a BSc in Political Science from the University of Amsterdam. She conducted research in Rwanda for her thesis The Role of Development Aid in Post Conflict Societies. A Case Study: The Future of Rwanda: Social Cohesion or Social Disruption? The research for this thesis served as the basis for her chapter. Jacqueline Muna Musiitwa is the founder and Managing Partner of Hoja Law Group, a law firm that bridges the African development divide through advising on deals deemed to create wealth for Africa. Jacqueline is a World Economic Forum Young Global Leader and an Archbishop Desmond Tutu fellow of the African Leadership Institute. She is a frequent speaker, writer and commentator on African affairs. Kamakshi Nanda is a researcher who has been keenly following the economic- political presence and growth of the Asian Giants in Africa. It led to her writing the article India- Africa: Forgotten Unity? Her Master s dissertation Call Us Friends or Partners a Comparison of China and India s Quest for Energy in Sub- Saharan Africa won an award from the Erasmus Mundus Global Studies consortium. She has previously worked with UNESCO and the Habitat International Coalition. Patrick Noack has been developing scenarios and thinking about the future for the past decade. He has worked as advisor to governments, UN organisations and corporates on international development, climate change and sustainability in Africa, Asia, Europe and the United States. He is based in London and is Partner at Scenario Development. Andrea Purdekovà has recently finished her DPhil in Development Studies at the University of Oxford where she studied the politics of reconciliation in post- genocide Rwanda. Andrea s principal research interests include conflict and post- conflict transitions; reconciliation and transitional justice; state and stateness in Africa; nation- building and identity politics. Andrea holds an MSc in Forced Migration from Oxford and an MA in International Relations from Johns Hopkins SAIS. Her latest publication is: Even If I Am Not Here, There Are So Many Eyes : Surveillance and State Reach in Rwanda. Frank Rusagara, a Brigadier- General, is the Defence Advisor at the Rwanda High Commission in London and was previously Permanent Secretary
11 Notes on Contributors xi of the Ministry of Defence, President of the Rwanda Military Court, and G1 General Staff Commandant of the Rwanda Military Academy, Nyakinama. He is the author of The Resilience of a Nation: A Military History of Rwanda and is a PhD candidate in Politics and International Studies at SOAS, University of London. Babajide Sodipo is the Managing Director of the Policy Advisory Group (PAG), a consulting firm focused on providing advisory services on trade, regional integration and private- sector development in Africa. He is a legal and policy expert with experience in trade and regional integration efforts in Eastern and Southern Africa and has been involved in the negotiation and implementation of key regional integration work in East Africa. Susan Thomson, a Mellon post- doctoral fellow in Contemporary African Politics and Society at Hampshire College, Amherst, USA, received her PhD in political science from Dalhousie University. Her research and teaching interests are in state society relations in contemporary Africa and qualitative research methods, with particular focus on research ethics and doing research in difficult environments. Her work on contemporary Rwanda has been published in African Affairs, African Studies Review, the Journal of Modern African Studies and the International Journal of Transitional Justice. Harry Verhoeven is finishing a DPhil in the Department of Politics and International Relations of the University of Oxford (St Cross College). He specialises in intra- regime dynamics in East and Central Africa, the geopolitics of the Nile and the links between post- liberation politics and violence. His chapter in this volume forms part of a wider project on the Great African War and the rise and fall of the alliance between Laurent Kabila, the Congolese Tutsi, Rwanda and Uganda. Lawrence Walker currently works as Programmes Administrator for Locality, the UK s leading network for community- led organisations. His work in the community development sector involves providing advice and guidance on issues relating social justice, community engagement, education, collective action and self- reliance through enterprise and common ownership.
12 Acknowledgements The Editors and Authors gratefully acknowledge the inputs and support provided by Richard Dowden, Executive Director of the Royal African Society for his contributions in the early stages of this project, and an anonymous reviewer who provided much valuable advice on earlier versions of papers in this collection. xii
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