SEASONALITY OF UNEMPLOYMENT ON THE LABOUR MARKETS OF THE WEST POMERANIAN VOIVODESHIP

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1 SEASONALITY OF UNEMPLOYMENT ON THE LABOUR MARKETS OF THE WEST POMERANIAN VOIVODESHIP a KLONOWSKA-MATYNIA MARIA, b RADLIŃSKA KAMILA Koszal Uversty of Techology, Departmet of Ecoomcs Sceces, Kwatkowskego Street, No e, -, Koszal, e-mal: a mara.kloowska-matya@tu.koszal.pl, b kamla.radlska@tu.koszal.pl The artcle was wrtte as a part of the project: The seasoalty of employmet ad uemploymet Polad ad the Europea Uo coutres. Project was fuded by the Natoal Cetre of Scece. Grat o. December // B /HS /. Abstract: Ths paper ams at the comparso of dversty of the seasoalty of uemploymet o the labour markets of the West Pomeraa Vovodeshp. Aalyses cocered the mothly ad yearly fluctuatos seasoal uemploymet. Ths paper has also attempted to verfy whether o the studed markets there occur depedeces betwee the umber of the uemployed ad the umber of the seasoally uemployed. The aalyss cocered all commues the West Pomeraa Vovodeshp based o the adopted classfcato of admstratve dvso to rural commues, urba ad rural commues, ad urba commues. Data appled the research cocered the mothly umber of the uemployed geeral from the perod of Jauary - December obtaed from the Vovodeshp Labour Offce Szczec. Seasoal compoets of uemploymet were dstgushed wth the Cesus X- ARIMA algorthm. Keywords: uemploymet, seasoalty, labour market Itroducto Oe of the commoly appled classfcato of labour markets the spatal armet s a dstrbuto to the urba, suburba ad rural markets. Each of these markets shows dfferet specfcty, whle socal ad ecoomc chs the recet years have resulted the evoluto of ther fuctog. Curretly, may coutres oe observes the process of dedustralsato of tows, especally the bg oes. Urba labour markets are more ad more frequetly the provders of ew techologes ad publc servces, thus sgfcatly affectg the fuctog of local labour markets. The secod pheomeo observed the recet years cludes the process of multfuctoal developmet of rural areas, whch may affect a ch the fuctog of rural labour markets, less ad less coected wth the agrcultural producto. The abovemetoed processes may result the decle of some dffereces ad the occurrece of ew dffereces betwee the urba ad rural labour markets. Here t should be emphassed that the majorty of coducted emprcal aalyses coected wth the labour market cocers the ssue of uemploymet. They cofrm the occurrg spatal dversty of ths pheomeo, smultaeously emphassg the fact that dversty amog regoal markets wth oe coutry s ofte larger tha amog coutres. They dcate the usually occurrg permaet character of ths. Ofte the labour market aalyses omt the aspect of seasoalty, although full characterstcs should cosder also short-term chs. It should be agreed that seasoal fluctuatos may costtute a sgfcat part of short-term varablty of ecoomc pheomea. The dvso of labour markets to the rural, urba, ad urba ad rural markets seems to be justfed, allowg for better descrpto of seasoal fluctuatos uemploymet. Thus, t has bee decded that seasoal fluctuatos may costtute the subject of aalyss wth cosderato of the metoed market classfcato. Ths paper ams at the comparso of dversty of the seasoalty of uemploymet the West Pomeraa Vovodeshp, Polad. I detaled aalyses oe appled data cocerg the rural, urba, ad urba ad rural labour markets. The attempt was made to defe dffereces the sze of seasoal fluctuatos, treds of those chs ad dstrbuto of seasoal fluctuatos the course of the year. The subject of aalyses was costtuted also by the coecto betwee chs the umber of the seasoally uemployed ad chs the total umber of the uemployed. Scope ad method The most commo defto descrbes seasoalty as regular ad recurrg chs atural pheomea a gve place, usually coected wth clmate ad seasos. Due to seasoal fluctuatos, busess actvty ad employmet dffer regularly the course of the year as a result of mpact of varous factors, maly atural ad sttutoal. From the pot of vew of the labour market fuctog, seasoalty should be regarded as a egatve pheomeo, as referece to ts postve cosequeces s rare the lterature. I ths paper, the research of the seasoalty of uemploymet covered all commues the West Pomeraa Vovodeshp classfed based o a admstratve crtero to urba ( facltes), rural ( facltes), ad urba ad rural ( facltes) commues. The research cluded jotly facltes. To aalyse the seasoalty of uemploymet, oe appled the data cocerg the mothly umber of the uemployed from the Vovodeshp Labour Offce Szczec. The research tme scope cluded the years -, that s mothly observatos total. A tal step that research was the separato of seasoal compoets of uemploymet from the orgal tme seres. Tme seres decomposto cossts the separato of the tred-cycle compoet (Tt), radom compoet (It), effect of a varous umber of workg days (Dt), effect of holdays (Et) ad a seasoal compoet (St) from the tal seres : = where depedg o the cosdered multplcatve or addtve model meas respectvely the multplcato or plus sg. TRAMO/ SEATS ad X- ARIMA costtute the most ofte appled methods of seasoal data equalsato. I ths research, the Cesus X- ARIMA procedure was appled to select a seasoal compoet, thus recevg tme seres for partcular markets descrbg the umber of the seasoally uemployed ad relatve devatos of the umber of the seasoally uemployed from the total umber of the uemployed. At the secod st, ave aual devatos of the umber of the seasoally uemployed for partcular years were calculated, Aloso-Vllar O., Del Ro C,. Geographcal cocetrato of uemploymet: a malefemale comparso Spa. Regoal Studes,,. p. -. Turok I., Urba labour markets: the causes ad cosequeces of ch. Urba Studes,,. p. -. Morrso P.S., Uemploymet ad urba labour markets. Urba Studes,,. p. -. Comp. Rembeza J., Kloowska-Matya M., Radlńska K., Regoale Zróżcowae Sezoowośc Bezroboca w Polsce, Nemczech Hszpa. Studa Prawo-Ekoomcze, t. XCIV,, p.. Taylor J., Bradley S., Uemploymet Europe: a comparatve aalyss of regoal dspartes Germay, Italy ad the UK. Kyklos,,. p. -. Evas P., McCormk B., The ew patters of regoal uemploymet: causes ad polcy sgfcace. Ecoomc Joural,,. p. -. Barsky R.B., Mro J.A. The Seasoal Cycle ad the Busess Cycle, Joural of Poltcal Ecoomy, () (Jue),. p. -. Farther o the classfcato of rural, urba ad suburba correspods wth the classfcato of rural, urba, ad urba- rural Allcock J.B., Seasoalty : Toursm Marketg ad Mamet Hadbook. ed. S.F. Wtt, L. Moutho. Pretce Hall, Lodo,. p. -. Baum T., H L.,Resposes to seasoalty: The expereces of perpheral destatos. Iteratoal Joural of Toursm Research.,,. p. -. Hgham J., Hch T., Toursm, sport ad seasos: The challeges ad potetal of overcomg seasoalty the sport ad toursm sectors. Toursm Ma.,.. p.. Lm C., McAleer M., Mothly seasoal varatos. Asa toursm to Australa. A. Toursm Res.,.. p. -. Murphy P.E., Toursm: A Commuty Approach. Methue, Lodo. Grutkowska S., Paścka E., X- ARIMA TRAMO/ SEATS- emprycze porówae metod wyrówaa sezoowego w kotekśce długośc próby, Materał Studa, Zeszyt r, Narodowy Bak Polsk, Warszawa, lpec, p.. Others method are: X-, X- ARIMA, SABL, STAMP, BV, DAINTIES. more : B. Fscher, Decomposto of Tme Seres Comparg Dfferet Methods Theory ad Practce, Luxembourg,. - -

2 as well as for the whole aalysed perod the ave aual devatos of the umber of the seasoally uemployed partcular moths. aual seasoal fluctuatos the umber of the uemployed MSV were calculated wth use of the followg formula: Uu, U Ua, MSV a, where U u, s the ot seasoal adjustmet umber of the uemployed moth of a gve year; U u, seasoal adjustmet umber of the uemployed moth of a gve year. Wth use of the same values, also ave devato of the seasoal umber of the uemployed partcular moths MMV was calculated as follows: j Uu, U MMV Ua, a, where U u, ad U a, are, respectvely, ot seasoal adjustmet ad seasoal adjustmet umber of the uemployed a gve moth of a year. The results obtaed such a maer allowed for the descrpto of the sze of seasoal uemploymet o partcular markets, tedeces of ts chs ad yearly dstrbuto. Aother aalyss coducted the paper cocered the elastcty of seasoal uemploymet towards the total uemploymet. It was coducted wth use of the regresso fucto the followg form:, = +, where lu s meas a crease the umber of the seasoally uemployed betwee extreme years a group of commues ad lu t, s a crease the total umber of the uemployed betwee extreme years a group of commues. I the cotext of chs the seasoalty of uemploymet, terpretato of the b coeffcet s mportat. The coeffcet below the uty meas that the seasoalty of uemploymet decreases together wth a crease uemploymet ad creases together wth a decrease uemploymet. It would mply the pro-cyclcal character of the seasoalty of uemploymet. dcator has bee observed from. to.. Relatvely low level of professoal actvty characterses maly rural areas of the Vovodeshp (. as compared wth. for tows). The West Pomeraa Vovodeshp belogs to the group of vovodeshps of lower huma captal level tha the ave oe other regos Polad (ad t s stll fallg). Research the area of labour market actvty dcates that ths Vovodeshp the etrepreeurshp dcator (a umber of eterprses per oe thousad habtats) s hgher tha the ave the coutry ad shows a creasg tred,.e. from to., whch should be assessed postvely. It could have affected the observed crease employmet that rego (employmet rate creased from. to. ad to the frst quarter of ). Smlarly, share of persos wth hgher educato does ot depart from the ave level the coutry. Wth the rego the followg labour markets ca be dstgushed : the Cty of Szczec, captal cty of the rego ad the largest local labour market, costtutes a growth pole coverg a group of adjacet commues. labour markets establshed by the commues stuated aroud tows,.e. Koszal, Kołobrzeg, wth relatvely favourable level of developmet (employmet testy s the lowest, a umber of households supportg themselves o the oagrcultural actvty ad mgrato attractveess s relatvely hgh). labour markets of coastal commues wth relatvely strog, although seasoal, tourst ecoomy, heterogeeous wth regard to the level of socal ad ecoomc developmet ad to the structure of ts compoets. Amog them oe ca dstgush strogly urbased commues, those wth prevalg large-scale agrculture, ad commues o the path of multfuctoal growth ; labour market of commues far from the coastal belt ad the captal cty of the rego, wth relatvely very low, low or medum level of socal ad ecoomc developmet, maly moofuctoal former State-Owed Fuds based o wlabour large-scale agrculture. They are charactersed wth low (agast the coutry ad the Vovodeshp) use of labour resources, hgh regstered ad hdde uemploymet (maly rural commues of the Cetral Pomeraa). The West Pomeraa Vovodeshp s charactersed wth hgh spatal teral dversty wth regard to the ave aual testy of uemploymet, whch may dcate a uequal developmet of these areas (see Tab. ). Aalyss of the labour market of the West Pomeraa vovodeshp Selecto of the West Pomeraa Vovodeshp for the uemploymet seasoalty research s justfed, as accordg to the latest research results t s a rego wth oe of the hghest sestvtes to seasoal chs ad s strogly terally dversfed, maly wth regard to the uemploymet testy. I part, t results from the labour market specfcty, whch s the occurrece of tourst ad agrcultural areas ad the relatvely low mpact of ctes o the Vovodeshp ecoomy. I geeral, ecoomc ad socal codto of the rego s assessed as sgfcatly poorer tha of the most of other regos Polad. I the recet years, busess actvty of the Vovodeshp has bee subject to further weakeg. Very ufavourable dowward tred of the professoal actvty More : Kloowska Matya M., Radlńska K., Sezoowe zmay a welkomejskch, podmejskch peryferyjych rykach pracy województwa zachodopomorskego, : Co z tą pracą? Pomorze Zachode w perspektywe terdyscyplarej mędzyarodowej, ed. S. Flejtersk, Zapol, Szczec, p. -. Kloowska-Matya M., Radlńska K., Zróżcowae sezoowośc bezroboca a wejskch rykach pracy województwa zachodopomorskego Roczk Naukowe SERA, Weś Jutra, t. XVII, zeszyt,, p. -. Krajowy Raport o Rozwoju Społeczym Polska. Rozwój regoaly lokaly, Raport UNDP, Warszawa, p.. Kloowska-Matya M., Potecjał kaptału ludzkego Pomorza Zachodego. Aalza przestrzea, Przegląd Zachodopomorsk /, p. -. Ibdem. Kwartala formacja o ryku pracy, Motorg Ryku Pracy, GUS, Warszawa, maj. Kloowska-Matya M., Radlńska K., Przestrzee zróżcowae sezoowośc bezroboca. Przykład gm admorskch Województwa Zachodopomorskego w Polsce Joural of Agrbusess ad Rural Developmet (),, p. -. Mędzyzdroje, Dzwów, Rewal, Ustroe Morske, Melo Kameń Pomorsk, Trzebatów, Kołobrzeg - -

3 Table Dversty of the uemploymet testy o the labour markets of the West Pomeraa Vovodeshp from to ( %) Years Rural Markets Urba Markets Rural-urba Markets M M M,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Fgure. Number of the uemployed the West Pomeraa Vovodeshp the years - ( thousads of people),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, rural rural - urba urba Source: ow elaborato based o WUP Szczec ( Aalyss of the seasoalty of uemploymet from to A aalyss of the seasoalty of uemploymet the system of rural, urba, ad urba ad rural labour markets dcated that o the level of aves dffereces seasoal fluctuatos uemploymet were small ad showed oe-way chs tme (Tab. ). The sze of fluctuatos showed a creasg tred from to. I the subsequet years the sze of fluctuatos was reduced. O the rural markets, a decrease seasoalty was observed wth a oe-year delay. The researched markets were charactersed wth sgfcat dversty of seasoalty,.e. the lowest seasoalty charactersed the urba markets, whle hgh extreme dffereces of seasoalty occurred o the rural ad mxed markets (Fg. ). Source: ow elaborato ad calculatos based o data WUP Szczec ( A aalyss of the umber of the uemployed o the researched markets allowed to dstgush three subperods wth the whole perod: a short perod cludg oly observatos from ad, probably the fal st of the phase of a crease the umber of the uemployed begu before year. The secod phase cludes the years -, charactersed wth a sgfcat decrease the umber of the uemployed. The thrd phase occurred from to, whe a crease the umber of the uemployed o all market types was observed. The last moths of observato from to dcated the ch a ecoomc tred, as the umber of the uemployed started to slowly decrease, whle ts decle was clearly vsble sce. It should also be emphassed that despte the creased umber of the uemployed the thrd observed phase the umber of the uemployed dd ot reach such a dramatcally hgh level as the precedg years (see Fg. ). Whle assessg resposes of chs the umber of the uemployed o the researched markets: rural, urba ad rural, ad urba, t was stated that they were smlar all phases of the aalysed perod. The ave aual testy was declg tll, after whch the dowtur the markets happeed, whch was otceable also o the regoal markets the creased uemploymet, whle ts extreme values were o a sgfcatly lower level tha before (see Tab. ). Fgure. aual seasoal fluctuatos uemploymet accordg to the commue types the years -,,,,,, rural SF rural-urba SF urba SF Source: ow elaborato ad calculatos based o data WUP Szczec ( Specfcty of the ave aual compoets of the seasoalty of uemploymet cles to the adopto of a thess of relatvely poor dversty of the researched markets, although otceably stroger fluctuatos occurred o typcally rural ad mxed markets that dd ot show ay sgfcat dffereces agast each other. A respose of the urba markets was dfferet, as the fluctuatos seasoalty were relatvely the weakest there (see Tab. ). Table aual seasoal compoets ( % ) Market Rural Rural-urba Urba Years r m r m r m,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, - -

4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, urba ad rural markets. The lowest fluctuatos were observed o the urba labour markets. Fgure. mothly fluctuatos the seasoalty of uemploymet from to ( %),%,%,% -,% -,% rural rural-urba urba Source: ow elaborato ad calculatos based o data WUP Szczec ( Source: ow elaborato ad calculatos based o data WUP Szczec ( Fgure. The relato betwee the uemploymet testy (Rate) ad the level of seasoal fluctuatos uemploymet (ave aual data -) Seasoal Uemploymet,%,%,%,%,%,%,%,% R² =, R² =, R² =,,%,%,%,%,%,%,% Rate of Uemploymet Leged: tragles urba markets; rhomb rural markets, squares urba ad rural markets. Source: ow elaborato ad calculatos based o data WUP Szczec ( The obtaed results dcate the relatvely strog relato betwee the seasoalty of uemploymet ad the level of uemploymet. O all the researched markets the perods of a crease uemploymet (.e. -), the sze of seasoal uemploymet was smaller (R >.) tha the perods whe uemploymet was decreasg (after ). The a crease the sze of seasoal uemploymet was observed (Fg. ). I Aprl a ch behavour of partcular market types was observed, as, cotrary to the prevous moths, the greater respose of a crease seasoal uemploymet was observed o the urba markets, whle from Jauary to Aprl the strogest fluctuatos occurred o the rural markets. I the perod of a decrease seasoal uemploymet,.e. from May to November, dversfed resposes o partcular market types were observed. It meas that the strogest decrease seasoal uemploymet occurred o the rural markets, whle the weakest o the urba markets (such a respose was observed from May to September). However, October the largest decrease seasoal uemploymet occurred o the urba ad rural markets, whle typcal rural ad typcal urba markets respoded a slghtly weaker maer. I November the markets respoded eve more dfferetly, as the weakest respose was observed o the rural markets, whle the urba markets dcated the strogest decrease seasoal uemploymet. Whle assessg the stregth of fluctuatos seasoal uemploymet ( %), t should be stated that both the stregth of decrease ad of crease seasoal uemploymet charactersed mostly the rural markets. I addto, the stregth of a crease seasoal uemploymet was greater tha the stregth of ts decrease, ad ths cocers all aalysed market types (r, u, u- r). Aalyss of the elastcty of seasoal uemploymet towards the total uemploymet I order to defe the fluece of a drecto of chs the umber of the uemployed o the behavour of uemploymet seasoalty, t was ecessary to coduct aalyses for the same markets, but separately for the perod of a decreasg umber of the uemployed ad for the perod of a creasg umber of the uemployed. The elastcty test was coducted jotly for the rural, urba, ad urba ad rural markets two subperods: the frst subperod from to, charactersed wth a decreasg umber of the uemployed, ad the secod subperod from to of a creasg umber of the uemployed. Fgure Chs the umber of the seasoally uemployed ad chs the total umber of the uemployed Dstrbuto of mothly fluctuatos of uemploymet Dffereces seasoalty, apart from the sze of fluctuatos, may cocer ther dfferet dstrbuto the course of the year. A aalyss of the dstrbuto of ave mothly fluctuatos seasoal uemploymet the course of the year allows to dstgush two types of resposes observed o all researched market types (r, u, u - r): a crease seasoal uemploymet observed from December to Aprl ad a decrease seasoal uemploymet from May to November. Although the researched markets (r, u, u - r) were charactersed wth a smlar tedecy of the dstrbuto of fluctuatos the course of the year, the stregth of ther respose was dversfed. From December to March sgfcatly hgher fluctuatos occurred o the rural ad years - -, -, -, -, -, -, (lus -, y =,x -, -, -, - (lu) - -

5 (lus,,,,,,,,, (lu) Source: ow elaborato ad calculatos based o data WUP Szczec ( Results of elastcty estmated for a perod of a decreasg umber of the uemployed dcate that the elastcty of the umber of the seasoally uemployed towards the total umber of the uemployed was above the uty (b=.). As a cosequece, a decrease uemploymet etaled a decrease ts seasoalty, whle the respose of seasoal fluctuatos was stroger tha the respose of the umber of the uemployed. I tur, whle assessg resposes the perod of a creasg umber of the uemployed, t was stated that elastcty was below the uty (b=.). It meas that together wth a crease uemploymet ts seasoalty grows, but ts respose s weaker tha the respose of the umber of the uemployed (see Fg. ). Coclusos years - y =,x +, I ths paper, the pheomeo of uemploymet seasoalty was researched o the rural, urba, ad urba- rural markets to defe the sze of seasoal fluctuatos partcular years ad ther dstrbuto the course of the year. Based o those characterstcs, t was stated that: The researched markets (rural, urba, urba- rural) dd ot show strog dversty cocerg the sze of fluctuatos, however, geeral stroger fluctuatos seasoal uemploymet occurred o the rural markets. O all markets the stregth of a crease seasoal uemploymet was greater tha the stregth of a decrease, whle the strogest decrease seasoal uemploymet was observed o the rural markets. O all markets (rural, urba, urba-rural) oe yearly cycle was observed. Seasoal crease uemploymet occurred wter moths. I sprg ad summer moths ts decrease was otceable (whch, geeral, s a regularty cofrmed other research of the authors ). The research cofrms strog teral dversty of the researched markets wth regard to employmet testy. However, a jot aalyss for three types of labour markets (rural, urba, urba- rural) dcates that dffereces values of the ave aual testy of uemploymet o the researched markets are surprsgly small. It s caused probably by strog teral dversty o those markets, especally the urba oes. Despte the sgfcat dversty amog the researched markets, t appeared that wth regard to the ave aual fluctuatos uemploymet seasoalty all of them respoded smlarly,.e. the perod of ecoomc growth charactersed wth a decrease uemploymet the sze of seasoal uemploymet creased o all markets. I the perod of ecoomc dowtur a reduced sze of seasoal uemploymet was observed, wth smultaeous crease uemploymet testy. A cocluso from the aalyss of elastcty of the umber of the seasoally uemployed agast the total umber of the uemployed s that the elastcty s dversfed accordg to the ecoomc tred o the labour market. Elastcty below the uty (b<) for the perod of a creasg umber of the uemployed meas that seasoalty would behave as the pro-cyclcal varable. I tur, elastcty above the uty (b>) the perod of a decreasg umber of the uemployed dcates ts atcyclcal character. Lterature:. Allcock J.B.: Seasoalty : Toursm Marketg ad Mamet Hadbook. ed. S.F. Wtt, L. Moutho. Pretce Hall, Lodo.. - p. ISBN X.. Aloso-Vllar O., Del Ro C.: Geographcal cocetrato of uemploymet: a male-female comparso Spa. Regoal Studes,,. - p. ISSN -.. Barsky R.B., Mro J.A.: The Seasoal Cycle ad the Busess Cycle. Joural of Poltcal Ecoomy, () (Jue),. - p. e-issn -X.. Evas P., Mccormk B.: The ew patters of regoal uemploymet: causes ad polcy sgfcace. Ecoomc Joural,,. - p. ISSN -.. Fscher B.: Decomposto of Tme Seres Comparg Dfferet Methods Theory ad Practce, Luxembourg. Eurostat.. Grutkowska S., Paścka E.: X- ARIMA TRAMO/ SEATS -emprycze porówae metod wyrówaa sezoowego w kotekśce długośc próby, Materał Studa, Zeszyt r, Narodowy Bak Polsk, Warszawa, lpec. p. ISSN -.. Hgham J., Hch T.: Toursm, sport ad seasos: The challeges ad potetal of overcomg seasoalty the sport ad toursm sectors. Toursm Ma.,.. p. ISSN: -.. Kloowska-Matya M.: Potecjał kaptału ludzkego Pomorza Zachodego. Aalza przestrzea. Przegląd Zachodopomorsk,. - p. ISSN -.. Kloowska-Matya M., Radlńska K.: Przestrzee zróżcowae sezoowośc bezroboca. Przykład gm admorskch Województwa Zachodopomorskego w Polsce, Joural of Agrobusess Ad Rural Developmet (),. p. ISSN -.. Kloowska-Matya M., Radlńska K.: Zróżcowae sezoowośc bezroboca a wejskch rykach pracy województwa zachodopomorskego, Roczk Naukowe, SERA, Weś Jutra t. XVII, zeszyt,. - p. ISSN -.. Baum T., H L.: Resposes to seasoalty: The expereces of perpheral destatos. J. Tour. Res.,,. - p. e-issn: -.. Krajowy Raport o Rozwoju Społeczym Polska. Rozwój regoaly lokaly, Raport UNDP, Warszawa, p... Kwartala formacja o ryku pracy, Motorg Ryku Pracy, GUS, Warszawa, maj.. Lm C., Mcaleer M.: Mothly seasoal varatos. Asa toursm to Australa. A. Toursm Res.,.. - p. ISSN: -.. MORRISON P.S. Uemploymet ad urba labour markets. Urba Studes,,. - p. ISSN: -.. MURPHY P.E. Toursm: A Commuty Approach. Methue, Lodo. ISBN -.. Radlńska K., Kloowska Matya M.: Sezoowe zmay a welkomejskch, podmejskch peryferyjych rykach pracy województwa zachodopomorskego, : Co z tą pracą? Pomorze Zachode w perspektywe terdyscyplarej mędzyarodowej, ed. S. Flejtersk, Zapol, Szczec,. - p. ISBN Rembeza J., Kloowska-Matya M., Radlńska K.: Regoale zróżcowae sezoowośc bezroboca w Polsce, Nemczech Hszpa. Studa Prawo-Ekoomcze o.,. - p. ISSN -.. Taylor J., Bradley S.: Uemploymet Europe: a comparatve aalyss of regoal dspartes Germay, Italy ad the UK. Kyklos,,. - p. e-issn -.. Turok I.: Urba labour markets: the causes ad cosequeces of ch. Urba Studes,,. - p. ISSN -. Prmary Paper Secto: A Secodary Paper Secto: AH excludg Germay - -