MIGRATION. Chapter 3

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1 MIGRATION Chapter 3

2 1970s Haitian migrants US welcomed b/c of the repressive gov t of Haiti - 80 s policy changed to automatic deportation - governments impact migration flows by opening and closing doors Cuban wet foot, dry foot policy Mexican immigrants research revealed that most undocumented Mexicans who immigrated to the US were employed in Mex before they left - perception of better life (pull factor) 11.3 million illegal immigrants live in the US - remittances: monies sent home to families in native country : $23.98 billion sent home to Mex

3 Haitian Refugees

4 Cuban Refugees

5 Mexican Immigrants

6 What Is Migration? Movement changes people and the way they see themselves in the world Cyclical movement: journeys that begin at our home base and then bring us back to it activity spaces: short moves within a local area. job, shopping, social activities commuting: form of cyclical movement, journey from home to work and back avg Amer. comm. each day then the avg Chinese person does in 1 year

7 What Is Migration? Cyclical con t It could refer to the tendency of immigrants to follow those of similar ethnic and cultural heritage to communities established communities in their new homeland. For example, it's not unusual to find Chinese immigrants settling in Northern California or Mexican immigrants settling in South Texas because their ethnic conclaves have been well-established there for decades. refers to the social process by which immigrants from a particular town follow others from that town to a particular city or neighborhood, whether in an immigrant-receiving country or in a new, usually urban, location in the home country. Seasonal movement - moving south for the winter to avoid the harsh winters nomadism: still found in parts of Asia and Africa travel large terr. to find water, food, and shelter in cyclical form of movement travel long-familiar routes repeated time and again

8 What Is Migration? Periodic Movement Migrant labor longer period time away from home than cyclical movement creates large flow of cross-border movers, many whom eventually become immigrants work in agriculture, construction, forestry

9 What Is Migration? Other periodic movement college far away although students return for breaks, not an example of cyclic movement Military service in a given year as many as 10 million US citizens are moved to new location were they spend their tour of duty

availability of pastures periodic movement of pastoral farmers and livestock seeking fresh pasture for the

10 What Is Migration? Transhumance : system of pastoral farming in which ranchers move livestock according to the seasonal availability of pastures periodic movement of pastoral farmers and livestock seeking fresh pasture for the summer, and the return to the valley in autumn; also includes movement from drought-stricken lowlands in summer to cooler higher land. Also often referred to as nomadism Switzerland: cattle herders Massai, in Africa

11 Temporary Visas - annual forestry and agricult. workers - 45,000

12 What is migration movement that results in permanent relocation across significant distances, it is classified as migration - International migration: movement across international borders, also called transnational migration - emigrant: one who migrates out (exit) - immigrant: one who migrates in

13 What is migration internal migration: migration that occurs w/in a single country s borders mobile societies, internal migration over long distances is common US - on average Amer. citizens migrate internally every 6 years over 5 million Americans move from one State to another every year, and over 35 million move w/in their state annually Sunbelt and Far West have attracted many internal migrants

14 What is migration Immigration Control & Reform Act (IRCA) passed in 1986 which gave amnesty and permanent residency to 2.6 million migrants who had been living in the United States for a long period of time South America Peru (atypical of the region) less mobile internally when people do internally migrate they usually move from rural to urban. Peruvians tend to move to the capital city of Lima

15 International migration: Movement across country borders (implying a degree of permanence)

16 Internal migration: Movement within a single country s borders (implying a degree of permanence)

17 Wilbur Zelinsky *not in text Migration Transition Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that also produced demographic transition International migration - primarily phenomenon of countries in stage 2 Consequences of technological change (agricult. improv. means less need for farm workers & factory jobs attract workers) Internal migration primarily found in countries who are in stage 3 & 4 of the demo. trans. model Countries in stage 3 & 4 are the destinations of international migrants. If already a resident in a country in stage 3 or 4 internal migration is more likely b/c opportunities exist in the country already Stage 1 migration usually associated with daily and seasonal mobility in search of food Rarely permanent move in stage 1

18 Kinds of Voluntary Migration Occurs when migrant weighs their options and chooses to migrate Step migration: When a migrant follows a series of stages, or steps, toward a final destination. distinction between forced and voluntary not always clear-cut Example: Irish/English political persecution caused the forced migration took their land, enforced laws which disallowed the Irish to buy land or carry weapons combination between treatment and famine lead to the exodus Ultimately they had very little choice but to leave or starve

19 Irish Immigration

20 Kinds of Voluntary Migration Household scale: some family members may be more wiling to immigrate than others Who has a say in the process & how much say depends on the power relationships w/in the household - often tied to gender Gender migration data: men are more mobile than women and tend to migrate farther generally men have more choices in jobs, women earn less than men in the jobs they find in new destinations Key distinction between voluntary and forced migration: vol. least have an option of where to go or what to do once they get there where as forced migrants do not

21 Forced Migration Largest forced mig. in human history Atlantic Slave Trade estimates between 12 and 30 million were taken from West Africa against their will on the Middle Passage majority of them were taken to the Caribbean and Brazil plantation economies helped drive the slave trade sugar was the most important cash crop reeked havoc on African societies robbing them of important segment of their populations African Diaspora: scattered population with a common origin in a smaller geographic area. Can also refer to the movement of the population from its original homeland. Has come to refer particularly to historical mass dispersions of an involuntary nature

22 Why Do People Migrate? Forced migration: Movers have no choice but to relocate because they are forced to do so by those in power or authority in the region

23 Forced Migration James Blaut A Colonizers Model of the World Blaut discussed the impact of the loss of millions had on the continent of Africa Also dramatically changed the Caribbean Indigenous people almost completely exterminated changed the culture and ethnic geography of Brazil, Middle America and the US Other examples: Australia - settled as a penal colony by the British Native Americans Russians to Siberia

Migrants weigh push and pull factors to decide Voluntary Migration Whether to move Where to go Distance decay: Many migrants settle closer to their

24 Migrants weigh push and pull factors to decide Voluntary Migration Whether to move Where to go Distance decay: Many migrants settle closer to their old home than they originally contemplate inverse relationship between populations and distance between (meant more prior to the advent of modern transp.)

25 Ravenstein s Laws (Gravity Model) 1. Every migration flow generates a return or counter-migration. 2. The majority of migrations move a short distance. 3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations. 4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas. 5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.

26 Step Migration and intervening opportunity step migration: series of stages, village to village, then to nearby town, then to large urban areas, at each stage new set of pull factors influence next step intervening opportunity: during intended migration, found employment en route that became pull factor of its own ex: Afr. Amer moving N in the Great Migration, found jobs in St. Louis or Cincinnati (original intent, Chicago or Cleveland) Intervening obstacle: mountains, deserts, dense forests, laws, fences,

27 Push and Pull Factors Legal status work visa: legal allowance to live and work in a country for period of time no visa: illegal or undocumented migrant can lead to deportation

28 Push and Pull Factors Economic conditions poverty is a major influence - push factor perceived opportunities (myths... streets paved with gold) low econ. position of migrants can lead to exploitation - undocumented are more likely to be exploited due to their fear of deportation migrant workers

29 Push and Pull Factors Power Relationships certain ethnicities are desired based on stereotypes that portray them as favorable workers Philippino women : naturally docile, subservient, hardworking, domesticated, willing to endure long hours of housework and child-care Mexican immigrant to N. Carolina - has led to displacement of black workers (conflicts between the groups) can lead to new forms of indentured servitude contractors give advances in native $, then garnish wages to cover their loss

30 Push and Pull Factors Political Circumstances Armed Conflict 1970s Uganda - Idi Amin - threw out 50,000 Asians 1830s USA - Chinese Exclusionary Act 1980 Cuba - Mariel Boatlift: 125,000 Syria hyperlink, webpage Iraq, Afghanistan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Rwanda (Hutu, Tutsi)

31 Push and Pull Factors Environmental Conditions Montserrat in Caribbean, New Orleans = Katrina Irish 1840s Culture and Traditions people who fear that culture and traditions won t survive a major political transition, and are able to migrate to places they perceive as safer, will often do so Hindu India, Muslim Pakistan after partition many Muslims moved N to Pak in 1950s after the creation of Pak

32 Push and Pull Factors technological advances Advancements in modern forms of transportation has made movement easier than in the past communication tech helps to strengthen the role of kinship links migrants often relocate to areas were family members have already found success little Haiti, little Havana Chain Migration: occurs when migrant chooses a destination and writes, calls, or communicates through others to tell family and friends at home of the new place immigration waves: when chain migrations build upon one another - migration from one origin to the same destination

33 Where Do People Migrate? Influences on major global migration flows from Exploration surveyors, cartographers, mapped the world Colonization physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, put their gov t in charge and moves in there own people into the place The Atlantic slave trade Impacts Places migrants leave Places to which migrants go

34 Major Global Migration Flows (before 1950)

Regional Migration Flows Migration to neighboring countries For short term economic opportunities To reconnect with cultural groups across

35 Regional Migration Flows Migration to neighboring countries For short term economic opportunities To reconnect with cultural groups across borders To flee political conflict or war Islands of development: Places where foreign investment, jobs, and infrastructure are concentrated

36 Migration for Economic Opportunity Chinese migration in late 1800s and 1900s throughout Southeast Asia to work in trade, commerce, and finance

37 Migration to Reconnect with Cultural Groups Migration of about 700,000 Jews to then- Palestine between 1900 and 1948 Forced migration of 600,000 Palestinian Arabs after 1948, when the land was divided into two states (Israel and Palestine)

38 Internal Migration Flows

39 Guest Workers Migrants allowed into a country to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go home once the labor need subsides Have short term work visas Send remittances to home country

40 Refugees People who flee across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion

41 Regions of Dislocation Sub-Saharan Africa North Africa and Southwest Asia South Asia Southeast Asia Europe

42 How Do Governments Affect Migration? Immigration laws U.S. history Little restriction Quotas by nationality Selective immigration

43 Post September 11

Migration Review CH. 3

Migration Review CH. 3 Migration Big Ideas Types of Movement Cyclic, Periodic, & Migration Types of Migration Forced & Voluntary Rovenstein s Laws of Migration Gravity Model Push and Pull Factors Political