Migration. Chapter 3

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Amelia Elliott
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1 Migration Chapter 3

2 Migration Migration A change in residence that is intended to be permanent. Emigration-leaving a country. Immigration-entering a country. Little Haiti, Miami, Florida

3 On average, Americans move once every 6 years. US population is the most mobile in the world with over 5 million moving from 1 state to another every year. 35 million move within a state, county or community each year. Migration a key factor in the speed of diffusion of ideas and innovation. Our perception of distance and direction are often distorted-thus a sizable % of migrants return to their original home due to these distorted perceptions.

4 Types of Movement Cyclic movement-daily movement to work, shopping. Periodic movement General periodic movementshort term (weeks or months) seasonal migration to college, winter in the south, etc. Transhumance-seasonal pastoral farming-switzerland, Horn of Africa. Nomadism-cyclical, yet irregular migration that follows the growth of vegetation. Commuter train in Soweto, South Africa

5 Catalysts of Migration Economic conditions-poverty and a desire for opportunity. Political conditionspersecution, expulsion, or war. Environmental conditionscrop failures, floods, drought, environmentally induced famine. Culture and traditionthreatened by change. Technology-easier and cheaper transport or change in livability.

6 Chain migration-migration of people to a specific location because of relatives or members of the same nationality already there. Step migration-short moves in stages-e.g. Brazilian family moves from village to town and then finally Sao Paulo or Rio de Janeiro Refugees-those who have been forced to migrate. Push-Pull Factors-push factors induce people to leave. Pull factors encourage people to move to an area. Distance decay-contact diminishes with increasing distance. (both diffusion and migration) Intervening opportunity-alternative destinations that can be reached more quickly and easily.

7 Internal Migration - Movement within a single country s borders (implying a degree of permanence).

8 Voluntary Migration Migrants weigh push and pull factors to decide first, to emigrate from the home country and second, where to go. Distance Decay weighs into the decision to migrate, leading many migrants to move less far than they originally contemplate.

9 Economic Opportunities Islands of Development Places within a region or country where foreign investment, jobs, and infrastructure are concentrated.

10 Economic Opportunities In late 1800s and early 1900s, Chinese migrated throughout Southeast Asia to work in trade, commerce, and finance.

11 Environmental Conditions In Montserrat, a 1995 volcano made the southern half of the island, including the capital city of Plymouth, uninhabitable. People who remained migrated to the north or to the U.S.

12 Environmental Conditions Hurricane Katrina displaced more than one million people. 200,000 people from the greater New Orleans area have not yet returned.

13 Ernst Ravenstein s Laws of migration 1885 he studied the migration of England Most migrants go only a short distance. Big cities attract long distance migrants. Urban residents are more likely to move than rural residents. Each migration flow produces a counterflow. Most migrants are adults-families are less likely to make long moves. Most international migrants are young males.

The Refugee Problem UN definition-person who migrates out of fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, social status or political opinion.

14 The Refugee Problem UN definition-person who migrates out of fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, social status or political opinion. Difficult to get an accurate count-governments manipulate the numbers. Internal (intranational) refugees a bigger issue than external (international). Refugees in Rwanda in 1994

15 Refugees A person who flees their home region because of a wellfounded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.

16 Characteristics of Refugees Move with only what they can carry or easily transport. Most move first on foot, bicycle, wagon or open boat-very low tech. transport. Most have no official documentation such as passports, identification or other official papers.

17 Refugees from Uganda s civil war that began in the 1980s Death toll 100,000 with 1 ½ million refugees

18 The Sudan Fighting in the Darfur region of the Sudan has generated thousands of refugees. In eastern Chad, the Iridimi refugee camp is home to almost 15,000 refugees from the Darfur province, including the women in this photo.

19 Syria The current civil war in Syria has displaced more than 7 million people from their homes.

20 An Example of Forced Migration-The Trail of Tears

21 From 12 to 20 million Africans were forced from their homelands in the 18 th century. It took generations to restore the population balance.

22 International Migration Movement across country borders (implying a degree of permanence

Waves of Immigration-US 1820-2001 Changing immigration laws,

23 Waves of Immigration-US Changing immigration laws, and changing push and pull factors create waves of immigration.

25 Guest Workers Guest workers migrants whom a country allows in to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go home once the labor need subsides. - have short term work visas - send remittances to home country - France-many from Algeria - Germany-many from Turkey, Eastern Europe - United States primarily from Mexico

Migration. What is Migration? Movement. Chapter 3. Key Question: Cyclic Movement movement away from home for a short period.

Migration. What is Migration? Movement. Chapter 3. Key Question: Cyclic Movement movement away from home for a short period. Migration Chapter 3 Key Question: What is Migration? Movement Cyclic Movement movement away from home for a short period. Commuting Seasonal movement Nomadism Periodic Movement movement away from home