Earliest Civilizations

Transcription

1 Neolithic Revolution Permanent settlements (towns/villages) Farming (agriculture) Domestication Earliest Civilizations River valleys fertile soil Nile, Indus, Huang-He, Tigris & Euphrates Geographical Features Influence culture Affects population distribution Art/Architecture in Society Reflect culture Totalitarian society: reflects will of ruler Reflects technology Code of Hammurabi Social order eye for an eye Distinctions based on social class Dynastic Cycle Mandate of Heaven Authority to rule from god(s) China s Geography Natural boundaries Isolation Ethnocentrism Middle Kingdom Japan s Geography Archipelago Lack of natural resources Mountainous Isolation/homogeneity (until 19 th century) Interdependent with regard to trade Western Europe s Geography Irregular coastlines Trade Development of Navies Imperialistic 1

2 Northern Africa s Geography Sahara Desertification Culture distinct from sub-saharan Difficult trade, communication, travel Sub-Saharan Africa s Geography Abundance of minerals and resources European imperial interest Diverse geographical features Regular/Smooth Coastlines No natural bays of harbors Little trade Africa Latin America s Geography Diverse geographical features Diverse cultures difficult to unify Difficult transportation and communication Monsoons Seasonal winds Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia Bring much needed rain or dry air Devastation India s Geography Himalayas Hindu Kush Isolation Monsoons Abundance of natural resources/minerals Straits Strategic trade locations Bosporus, Malacca Middle East s Geography Southwest Asia Arid scarcity of water Cultural crossroads Abundance of oil Oil as a weapon OPEC Deserts Limit communication Limit travel and trade Act as barriers 2

3 Rivers Improve communication Improve travel and trade Bring unity Russia s Geography Desire for warm water ports Northern European plain was frequent region for invasion Russian winter: defensive factor Islam Qur an Five Pillars Hajj Monotheistic Mohamed Allah Judaism Torah Covenant with God Promised land Israel Holy Land (Jerusalem) Monotheistic Confucianism Order, stability, and harmony Five Basic Relationships Filial Piety Analects of Confucius Civil Service Hinduism Caste System Reincarnation Dharma Karma Moksha Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama Reincarnation Nirvana Four Noble Truths Eightfold Path Christianity Roots in Judaism Ten Commandments Monotheistic Shinto Spirits in nature Japan Animism 3

4 Animism Africa Spirits in nature Shinto Cultural Diffusion Exchange of ideas between different peoples Buddhism spreading from India to China and Southwest Asia Connection to trade Silk Road Crusades Interdependence Growing trade between nations Dependence on others resources Environmental and ecological concerns Oil -OPEC Ancient Athens Direct democracy Pericles golden age Polis (developed distinct characteristics due to rocky, mountainous terrain) Ancient Sparta Totalitarian Militaristic Polis (developed distinct characteristics due to rocky, mountainous terrain) Roman Republic Elected leaders Twelve Tables Justice Roman Empire (27 BC AD 476) Centralized government All Roads Lead to Rome Collapse led to chaos and disorder Decline of empire = rise of feudalism Byzantine Empire Eastern half of Rome Justinian Code Preserved Greco-Roman culture/thought Constantinople: important trading center Eastern Orthodox Influence on Russian culture Silk Road Cultural diffusion Trade between Asia and Europe 4

5 Golden Age of Islam ( ) Advances in science in math Calligraphy House of Wisdom Medieval Europe (AD s) Middle Ages Decentralized political system Feudalism Manorialism Powerful Catholic Church Gothic Cathedrals Stained Glass Feudalism Rigid social class system Stability, security, and order Europe and Japan Land = Wealth/Power Chivalry Knight s code of honor Similar to Bushido Lord in Heaven, lord on earth, lady Crusades ( s) Original purpose: reclaim the Holy Land Unexpected effect: increased trade between Asia, Middle East, and Europe Negative effect: lasting conflict between Christians and Muslims Tokugawa Shogunate Isolation Forbade contact with foreigners Ended in 1868 Asian Steppe Mongols Semi-arid grassland Nomadic people until Genghis Khan Mongol Empire (1200s-1400s) Largest continuous land empire in history Asia to Eastern Europe Tributes and taxes Isolated Russia for centuries West African Kingdoms Ghana, Mali, and Songhai Trans-Saharan Trade Gold-Salt Trade Mansa Musa Cultural diffusion spread of Islam Timbuktu 5

6 Black Death ( ) Bubonic plague Social and economic collapse End of feudalism End of Middle Ages Brought on by extensive trade Renaissance ( s) Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture Humanism Individualism Secularism Questioning spirit Machiavelli Ends justify the means Interest of the leader/state take precedence Wrote The Prince Protestant Reformation Protest against the Catholic Church End of religious unity in Europe Martin Luther Ninety-Five Theses Sale of indulgences Counter Reformation Catholic Reformation Council of Trent Ignatius of Loyola Jesuits Reaffirm Catholic doctrine little reform Zheng He Chinese exploration (early 1400s) Stopped in order to preserve culture Junks Treasure Ships Tribute Gavin Menzies 1492 Ottoman Empire 1800s: Sick Man of Europe Spread over eastern Europe and Middle East Islamic empire Suleiman the Lawgiver/the Magnificent Exploration old imperialism God, Gold, and Glory Desire for new/direct trade routes Spices Missionaries Curiosity stimulated by the Renaissance Columbus, Magellan, Da Gama, Dias Aztec Empire Present day Mexico and Central America Advanced Unified under one leader Cortés conquered with superior technology and disease Conquistadors Jared Diamond Guns, Germs, & Steel 6

7 Inca Empire Present day Peru Advanced Pizarro conquered with superior technology and disease Conquistadors Jared Diamond Guns, Germs, & Steel Triangular Trade Enslaved Africans Middle Passage Europe, Africa, and the Americas Mercantilism Economic theory Increase stockpile of gold and silver Favorable balance of trade Sell more than buy (export more than import) Value of colonies (source of raw materials and market) Encomienda System European system in the Americas Exploited Native Americans Forced labor Absolutism (1500s-1700s) Divine right monarchs Louis XIV, Peter the Great Jacques-Benigne Bossuet Centralized government John Locke Natural Rights: Life, Liberty, and Property All men are born free and equal Social Contract Theory Right to overthrow unjust government Thomas Hobbes Social Contract Theory Power of the Leviathan Absolutism State of Nature: War of all against all solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short Magna Carta(1215) Limited power of the English King Glorious Revolution (1688) Limited power of the English monarchy Parliament gained power William and Mary overthrow James II 7

8 Scientific Revolution ( s) Copernicus, Galileo, Newton Focus on natural world and how it worked Heliocentric theory developed and challenges geocentric theory Scientific Method Experimentation and observation Enlightenment ( s) Age of Reason Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire Applied scientific method to questions of power, government, and religion Influenced revolutionary spirit Enlightened Despots Maria Theresa Catherine the Great Frederick the Great Absolute rulers who considered what power they had to improve their subjects lives French Revolution ( ) Success of American Revolution Ideas of the Enlightenment Plight of the Third Estate Robespierre Reign of Terror Napoleon Nationalism Inspired Latin American revolutions Latin American Revolutions Simón Bolívar Toussaint L Ouverture Napoleon s Mistakes Continental System Peninsular War Invasion of Russia Nationalism Common culture, history, and language Desire to create nation-state Extreme nationalism: Nazism/Fascism India National Congress Zionists Pan Slavism (The Black Hand) Unification of Germany and Italy Industrial Revolution (1700s 1800s) Started in England Preconditions Textile industry Urbanization Cottage Industry - Factory system Adam Smith Wrote Wealth of Nations Laissez-Faire Capitalism Free Trade Invisible Hand Market system Supply and demand 8

9 Karl Marx Wrote: Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels Theoretical Communism Proletariat Bourgeoisie Age of Imperialism (1800s) Need for raw materials and new markets Social Darwinism White Man s Burden Berlin Conference - Scramble for Africa Spheres of Influence Jewel in the Crown Opium War Boxer Rebellion Sepoy Mutiny Meiji Restoration (1868) Japan modernizes, educates itself, industrializes becomes imperialistic Imperialistic Japan: Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War World War I ( ) War to end all Wars Great War Trench warfare, poison gas, flame thrower Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand Central Powers vs. Allied Powers Russian Revolution (1917) Bolsheviks Bread, Land, Peace Vladimir Lenin Ended Romanov Dynasty Bloody Sunday Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Communism Treaty of Versailles (1919) War Guilt Reparations Hyperinflation Rise of Hitler Kemal Atatürk Father of Modern Turkey Westernized and modernized Mohandas Gandhi Indian independence Non-violent civil disobedience Salt march Homespun movement Munich Agreement (1938) Policy of appeasement 9

10 Adolf Hitler Anti-Semitism Holocaust genocide Final Solution Extreme nationalism Nazism Wrote: Mein Kampf World War II ( ) Axis Powers vs. Allies Total War propaganda D-Day Hiroshima and Nagasaki Nuclear weapons Joseph Stalin Soviet Union Collectivization Five-Year Plans Great Purges Totalitarian dictator Cold War ( ) Communism vs. Democracy U.S.A. vs. U.S.S.R. Command economy vs. capitalism Warsaw Pact NATO Berlin Airlift, Space Race, Cuban Missile Crisis, Korean War, Vietnam War United Nations Promote peace amongst all nations Security council General assessabley 10