2. Which of the following established a uniform code of law in ancient Mesopotamia? F Islamic law G Roman Justice H Justinian Code J Hammurabi s Code

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2 1. The Neolithic Revolution is considered a turning point in history because it A influenced climatic changes. B included the domestication of plants and animals. C encouraged a nomadic lifestyle. D caused a decline in population. 2. Which of the following established a uniform code of law in ancient Mesopotamia? F Islamic law G Roman Justice H Justinian Code J Hammurabi s Code

3 3. Ancient Sumer and Egypt were dynasties. Which statement best defines the term dynasty? A A group of citizens elected to rule. B A single ruler who seizes power by force. C A line of priests from the same religion. D A line of rulers from a single family. 4. The ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China had the following in common F They all shared a common religion. G They all started along a river. H They all shared a common language. J They all developed the same writing system.

4 5. The Nile river often floods its banks. These floods were an advantage to the people of ancient Egypt because the floodwaters A fertilized the farmland in the river valley. B protected the treasures buried in the pyramids. C made it easier for ships to carry goods upstream. D prevented invading armies from reaching Egyptian cities. 6. Cuneiform and hieroglyphs are both early forms of F record keeping. G dress. H poetry. J arithmetic.

5 7. Archaeological studies of the Indus Valley cities of Harappa and Mohenjo- Daro show evidence of A dynastic rule. B monotheism. C social equality. D urban planning. 8. Which title best completes this diagram? F Elements of a Civilization G Features of a Nomadic Lifestyle H Basic Components of the Paleolithic Age J Human Life 50,000 Years Ago COMPLEX INSTITUTIONS SPECIALIZED WORKERS ADVANCED CITIES RECORD KEEPING ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY

6 9. Which two rivers were important to the development of the ancient civilization of China? A Indus and Ganges B Huang He (Yellow) and Yangtze C Nile and Niger D Rhine and Rhone

7 10. Which accomplishments are associated with the Gupta Empire? A Adoption of democracy and construction of the Pantheon B Defeat of the Roman Empire and adoption of Christianity C Establishment of Pax Mongolia and founding of a Chinese dynasty D Use of Sanskrit language and development of the concept of zero 11. Around 220 B.C., the Emperor of China began to construct what came to be known as the Great Wall of China. What was the purpose of the Great Wall? F To serve as a site for religious ceremonies G To prevent invaders from entering China H To serve as a trade center with foreign nations J To prevent peasants from fleeing China

8 12. The Tang Dynasty in China, the Gupta Empire in India, and the citystate of Athens in Greece during their golden ages were known as eras of A major industrial development B intense nationalism C economic poverty and political upheaval D artistic and intellectual achievement 13. One similarity between the European concept of divine right and the Chinese concept of Mandate of Heaven is the idea that a leader s power F can be challenged by his subjects. G comes from a higher power than the ruler himself. H is an inherited right that cannot be taken away. J should be limited.

9 Art and literature flourished during the Gupta Empire. Scholars developed the concept of zero. Provinces were united after 200 years of civil war. 14. The information in these statements refers to A effects of European involvement in India. B effects of isolationism. C India s Golden Age. D Islamic achievements in India. 15. In ancient China, the teachings of Confucius and the high status of scholars, had an effect on government because F public service was integral to a true education. G teachers were condemned by the government for their teachings. H education was only available to the elite and wealthy. J during his life, Confucius was welcomed by the government for his teachings.

10 16. Why did Siddhartha Gautama leave his royal position in Nepal? A To escape persecution for being a Buddhist B To lead an army through India C To become a religious leader D In search of enlightenment 17. The Mauryan Empire under Chandragupta and Asoka thrived between 302BC and 232BC because of F the establishment of a bureaucracy, improved roads, and spread of Buddhism. G the establishment of a two party system in the government. H the creation of the caste system. J the change of leadership within the empire.

11 18. The teachings of Confucius had a philosophical effect on ancient China, one social group that received a higher status because of that effect was A farmers. B soldiers. C scholars. D merchants. 19. How are the ideas of the three great philosophies of the Zhou dynasty related to Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism? F They all believed in respect for the rightful leader, family and life. G They all believed in life after death. H They all believed that hard work was the path to heaven. J They all believed in a good education.

12 20. Which body of water contributed most to the spread of ancient Greek culture? A North Sea B Pacific Ocean C Atlantic Ocean D Mediterranean Sea 21. The shaded area on the map shows the boundaries of the empire of. A Julius Ceasar B Charlamagne C Alexander the Great D Pericles

13 for the administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few an Athenian citizen does not neglect the state because he takes care of his own household We alone regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs, not as a harmless but as a useless character 22. Which type of political system does this quotation suggest that people of ancient Athens valued? A monarchy B aristocracy C democracy D autocracy 23. Of the various contributions of European society by ancient Rome, the most significant influence to the structure of governments was the impact of the F ethical code. G moral code. H tax system. J code of law.

14 24. Greek philosophers Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates impacted Western ideals because they A granted voting rights to all citizens including women. B believed a strong military was necessary for dominance. C encouraged individuals to use reason and logic. D fought for equal rights for all people. 25. How did the establishment of Zoroastrianism affect future religions? F Established early beliefs in heaven, hell, and a final judgment G Created sacred writings H Allowed people to talk directly to God J Established a belief in the circle of life

15 26. The Roman System of Law had a lasting impact on civilization because it emphasized A the power of the emperor. B absolute power. C personal rights. D rights of the wealthy. 27. A major reason for the decline of the Roman Empire was F a series of military defeats in Africa. G political corruption and the instability of the government. H the abolition of slavery throughout the Empire. J continued acceptance of traditional religions.

16 28. In the Roman republic A all people were members of the legislative assembly. B certain citizens were allowed to be elected representatives. C all men and women were allowed to vote. D service in the military was mandatory for all people. 29. The Roman Empire differed in important ways from the Roman Republic. Which statement best describes one of the differences? F Political power was primarily held by the citizens during the Roman Empire. G Only the Roman Empire had colonies. H Political power was primarily held by one person during the Roman Empire. J Only the Roman Empire had a powerful Senate.

17 Mansa Musa commissioned great mosques to be built in Timbuktu, Mali s capital, and in other Mali cities. Under Musa s patronage, Muslim scholarships flourished, and Timbuktu began its tenure as an important center of learning. This public display of wealth and power enhanced Mali s reputation and prestige throughout the world. 30. Which phrase best describes Mali under the rule of Mansa Musa? F a Golden Age G a poverty-stricken era H a decade of colonial unrest J a period of political chaos Men are the managers of the affairs of women. The Quran 31. The quote described the role of women around 900 A.D. in which of the following cultures or societies? A Nordic B Muslim C Anglo-Saxon D Roman

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19 34. All of the following were lasting contributions of the Muslim Empires except F achievements in science, technology, and mathematics. G achievements in art and architecture. H extensive trade networks in Africa and Asia. J colonization of the Western Hemisphere. 35. The West African kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai flourished between A.D. 700 and 1600 mainly because they A developed self-sufficient economics. B controlled the trade routes across the Sahara. C became religious centers considered sacred to Africans. D received support from European colonial governments.

20 35. The emergence of the African gold-salt trade networks led to the spread of Islam in West Africa because A Arab merchants interacted with local traders along the routes. B war over resources increased contact between the two groups. C natives did not have any religion before the introduction of Islam. D Muslims forced the conversion of local peoples in controlled territories. 36. The common use of arabic numerals in mathematics in an example of Islamic influence on Western civilization because F Muslim traders interacted with European merchants G the roman numeral system is still in use today H using different numbering systems is more effective record keeping J planting seasons were planned with better precision

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24 39. After the fall of Rome, the eastern portion of the Roman Empire became known as the A Persian Empire B Byzantine Empire C Mongol Empire D Gupta Empire 40. A major effect of the decline of the Roman Empire was that western Europe F came under the control of the Muslims. G was absorbed by the Byzantine Empire. H entered a period of chaos and disorder. J returned to a republican form of government.

25 41. Which statement best describes the role of the Roman Catholic Church in Europe during the Middle Ages? A The Church encouraged individuals to question authority. B Church leaders were involved solely in spiritual activities. C The Church gained influence as the world became more secular. D The Church provided a sense of stability, unity, and order. The Peace of God declared that feudal warfare could not take place on church property, and it promised sanctuary in churches and abbeys to fugitives from combat. The Truce of God forbade fighting from Wednesday evening until Monday morning, on holidays, and during the religious seasons of Christmas and Lent Medieval and Early Modern Times 42. This quotation implies that F the church had considerable political power during this time. G war was limited to religious holidays. H religion was dictated by feudal law. J landlords determined when warfare took place.

26 43. The illustration represents a society based on F social class G educational achievement H accumulated wealth J political ability KING LORD KNIGHT PEASANTS

27 44. One major result of the Crusades was the A permanent occupation of the Holy Land by the Europeans. B long-term decrease in European trade. C conversion of most Muslims to Christianity. D spread of Middle Eastern culture and technology to Europe. 45. Which factor contributed most to the rise of the feudal system in Europe? F development of trade routes G influence of the medieval church H strength of the nobles J weakness of the central governments

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29 47. Which result of the Crusades contributed the most to the start of the Renaissance in Europe? A Increased trade between Muslims and Christians B Introduction of feudalism to Jerusalem C Control of the city of Constantinople D Establishment of small states in the Holy Land 48. What helped Buddhism spread to Japan, Korea, and Vietnam? A political influences B trade networks C Western influence D the threat of Christianity

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31 They (Zheng He and his men) were directed to open trade contacts The densely populated regions of Southern China were experiencing repeated epidemics and the herbs believed to be effective in controlling them had become impossible to obtain because of the earlier ban of foreign trade. 50. The issue under discussion in this passage is A urbanization B interdependence C revolution D immigration

32 51. From ancient time to the Middle Ages, Europeans traded with China because of the presence there of F pearls G pandas H silk J salt 52. What was the result of Pax Mongolia on Mongol-controlled lands? A Mongols developed a highly technological society that emphasized formal education. B European monarchies became a model for the early Mongol governments. C it led to regional stability in Mongolia, increasing trade on the Silk Road. D Mongols adopted Roman Catholicism as the official religion of the empire.

33 53. The Chinese invented all of the following except F paper G gunpowder H porcelain J steel 54. A major difference between medieval artists and Renaissance artists is that Renaissance artists A were more concerned with achieving personal recognition for their work. B were less interested in developing new techniques and materials. C tended to concentrate on abstract shapes and forms. D rejected the use of religious themes in their work.

34 Therefore those preachers of indulgences are in error, who say that by the pope s indulgences a man is freed from every penalty, and saved. 57. Which period in European history is most closely associated with this statement? F Roman Empire G Crusades H Protestant Reformation J Enlightenment 58. How did the Italian city-states gain wealth during the Renaissance? A the quantities of gold and silver brought back to Italy by Italian explorers B the concentration of riches in the hands of a king and his court C through the use of merchants in trade between Europe and the East D the location of the Vatican in Italy

35 59. What expanded the circulation of literary works during the Renaissance? F improved advertising G the printing press H unity in Europe J the support of the church 60. One way Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII were similar is that they all were A Latin American revolutionary leaders B Reformation leaders C Impressionist painters D divine right monarchs

36 61. In Western Europe, a major immediate effect of the Reformation was a F renewed domination of the Catholic Church over German states. G greater tolerance of religions other than Christianity. H decrease in educational opportunities for the middle class. J decline in religious unity and in the power of the Catholic Church. Leonardo DaVinci used movement and perspective in his work. Machiavelli s The Prince advised rulers on how to gain and maintain power. Humanist scholars examined worldly subjects and classical culture. 62. Which period is associated with these statements? A French Revolution B Renaissance C Early Middle Ages D Enlightenment

37 63. Which invention aided Martin Luther in his struggles against the Roman Catholic Church? F the printing press G the crossbow H gunpowder J the flying buttress 64. One significant result of the Hundred Years War between England and France was the rise of A empires B colonialism C nation-states D feudalism

38 Nevertheless as a prince ought to inspire fear in such a way that, if he does not win love, he avoids hatred; because he can endure very well being feared whilst he is not hated, which will always be as long as he abstains from the property of his citizens and subjects Machiavelli-The Prince 65. The result of the passage, according to the author, suggests that F rulers need to behave in the same manner as their subjects. G rulers should own all property in the kingdom. H rulers must strive to be loved by their subjects. J effective rulers are feared by their subjects.