Early 20 th Century Canada:

Transcription

1 Unit 3 Early 20 th Century Canada: Industrialization & International Pressures

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3 Sifton s Immigrants Manitoba politician Clifford Sifton was part of Laurier s Liberal government in Ottawa, serving as Minister of the Interior from He instituted an aggressive campaign to encourage farmers to immigrate to the Canadian West. Although the Americans and the British were the primary targets, he also advertised throughout Europe, and was particularly successful in Eastern Europe.

4 More than a million immigrants came to Canada between 1896 and % settled in rural areas. One of those immigrants was Petros Svarich.

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6 Multiculturalism Can refer either to a society that is multicultural, or an ideal of multiculturalism. Any legislation or program that acknowledges the cultural diversity of Canada can be said to promote multiculturalism. Canada has been multicultural through most of its history, based on its own First Nations groups and immigration from around the world. But multiculturalism was not widely considered a positive thing until the immigration policy changes of the 1960s and the formal multicultural policy of The national interest in multiculturalism grew directly out of the conversation about biculturalism.

7 Canadian Immigration Act of 1910 Sifton s successor, Frank Oliver, tightened regulations based on nationality. In 1910 Canada created a comprehensive immigration act with the following categories: Preferred: American, British, Western European. Accepted: Eastern European, Southern European. Many in this category were only allowed as agricultural or domestic workers, or as sponsored immigrants. Non-preferred and Not acceptable: Visible minorities. Chinese Head Tax. Blacks excluded through health regulations; some immigration officers received bonuses for denying entry. Continuous journey regulation meant Indians were unable to legally immigrate to Canada. No special category for refugees.

8 According to the Immigration Act of 1910, the following may be excluded from immigrating to Canada: "Those physically, mentally or morally unfit whose exclusion was provided for by Act of Parliament last session". "Those belonging to nationalities unlikely to assimilate and who consequently prevent the building up of a united nation of people of similar customs and ideals". "Those who from their mode of life and occupations are likely to crowd into urban centers and bring about a state of congestion which might result in unemployment and a lowering of the standard of our national life".

9 Komogata Maru Watch Democracy Now s program on the Komogata Maru and take notes in response to the following questions: What happened and when? Why did it happen? For discussion: Are formal government apologies helpful?

10 Notebook F: When did your ancestors immigrate? Talk to your parents, and maybe grandparents if necessary, and try to find out when all your ancestors OR at least four different families came to Canada. Record when approximately they arrived and where they moved. (If you have indigenous heritage, obviously that family won t have an immigration story.) Notebook G: /10 Use 3 primary quotes to explain early 20 th century immigration policies and their reasoning. /10 When using a quote, state who said it, put it in context, and explain it.

11 Industrialization & Canada s Economic Policy The Growth of a Nation

12 Create a chart titled Industrialization and Labour with the following 2 columns: Problems Responses Examine the collection of primary sources and record your observations in the chart.

13 Song borrowed from the American Eight Hour Workday movement, published in the Ontario Workman, May 16, We mean to make things over; We're tired of toil for naught But bare enough to live on Never an hour for thought; We want to see the sunshine, We want to smell the flowers; We're sure that God has willed it, And we mean to have eight hours. We're summoning our forces, From shipyard, shop and mill Eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, Eight hours for what we will! From the factories and the workshops, In long and weary lines, From all the sweltering forges, From all the sunless mines, Wherever toil is wasting The force of life to live, Its bent and battered armies Come to claim what God doth give. And the blazon on its banner Doth with hope the nations fill Eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, Eight hours for what we will!

14 Thomas Crowley, a journeyman shoemaker from Windsor Ontario, being interviewed during the 1889 Royal Commission on the Relations of Labour and Capital. Q. What is the condition of the shoe business in Windsor? A. It is in a very poor condition, and has been for some time... Q. Does machinery interfere with custom work? A. Materially. Q. What machines do you speak of? A. Well, there is the sewing machine, the riveting machine, and almost all kinds of machines... Q. I suppose in a short time shoemaking will die out? A. Well, the present race of shoemakers will die out.

15 Richard Sommerville, a cooper (barrel maker), being interviewed during the 1889 Royal Commission on the Relations of Labour and Capital. Q. What effect has machinery had on the cooper trade? A. It s killed it. Q. In what way? A. Well they have machinery to windlist the barrels, to joint the staves, and to do mostly everything except put on the hoops. Q. What effect has the introduction of machinery had on wages? A. It s also had a great deal of effect because it s put more men in the field and they have to work for cheaper to get employment. Q. It s almost driven the trade out of existence? A. Yup, mostly.

16 1904 Application for Membership in the Socialist Party of Canada, a radical political party which lasted for approximately 20 years. APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP I, the undersigned hereby apply for membership in... Local... Socialist Party of Canada. I recognize the class struggle between the capitalist class and the working class to be a struggle for political supremacy (sic), i.e. possession of the reins of government, and which necessitates the organization of the workers into a political party, distinct from and opposed to all parties of the capitalist class. If admitted to membership I hereby agree to maintain or enter into no relations with any other political party, and pledge myself to support by voice, vote and all other legitimate means the ticket and program of the Socialist Party of Canada only."

17 Song written by Ralph Chaplin in 1915 for the Industrial Workers of the World, an international union formed in 1905, which promoted the idea of One Big Union across trades and across countries. Solidarity Forever When the Union's inspiration through the worker's blood shall run, There can be no power greater anywhere beneath the sun. Yet what force on earth is weaker than the feeble strength of one? But the Union makes us strong. CHORUS: Solidarity forever! Solidarity forever! Solidarity forever! For the Union makes us strong It is we who plowed the prairies; built the cities where they trade; Dug the mines and built the workshops; endless miles of railroad laid. Now we stand outcasts and starving, 'mid the wonders we have made; But the Union makes us strong.

18 1919 Membership Card. The union began in June of the same year and had 70,000 members across Western Canada by the end. Two years later it had nearly disbanded.

19 Saskatchewan Wheat Pool #1 Grain Elevator, built in 1925 after the formation of a voluntary prairie wheat pool, in which farmers would cooperatively own the grain handling systems. The Saskatchewan Wheat Pool had the support of earlier farmer collectives, like the United Grain Growers.

20 In 1921, Manitoba voters elected J.S. Woodsworth to the House of Commons as an independent candidate, under the slogan Human Needs Over Property Rights. The following quote is part of his political platform: "I submit that the Government exists to provide for the needs of the people, and when it comes to choice between profits and property rights on the one hand and human welfare on the other, there should be no hesitation whatsoever in saying that we are going to place the human welfare consideration first and let property rights and financial interests fare as best they may." J.S. Woodsworth, 1921

21 Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King signing an agreement for Canada s first Old Age Pensions on May 19, 1928 in Saskatchewan. J.S. Woodsworth advocated for pensions for years, and King promised he would pass this legislation if he won a majority government in He did.

22 Industrialization and Labour Problems As more people became wage earners, workers had less control over their working environment. While industries made huge profits, the average worker didn t benefit much from that wealth. Responses Unions and labour movements formed in the late 1800s, calling for workplace reforms. Marxism spread from Europe to North America, calling for the elimination of the class system altogether.

23 Communism Advocacy of a classless society in which private ownership is abolished and the means of production belong to the community or the state. A social order or system of government established by a ruling Communist Party. Often synonymous with Marxism, or Marxism- Leninism.

24 Socialism A theory or system in which the ownership and control of the means of production belong to the community rather than corporations. While the term socialism has been considered synonymous with communism, today socialism can refer to all kinds of practices of communal and state ownership, not only the radical abolishment of the whole class system.

25 WWI and WWII Nationalism and Social Change

26 Fascism Radical authoritarian nationalism usually associated with right-wing politics, though some fascist leaders have arisen out of the left. Emphasizes: State strength and stability, achieved through violence. The superiority of the nation or race, and accompanying racism against other groups. A cultish obedience to a leader who is thought to exemplify the nation-state. Opposition to liberal democratic ideals and to communism, which are seen as weak. The term arises out of Italy in the early 20 th century, and since it requires a nation-state system rather than a monarchy, fascism is a 20 th century form of politics.

27 Nationalism The idea that an individual s primary loyalty is to the nation-state (a recognized political entity like the U.S.) OR the nation (an ethnic or cultural community like the Iroquois or French-Canadian). This typically replaces loyalty to a monarch/lord or to a religion. Can also refer to excessive devotion to one s nationstate, and an emphasis on national goals vs. international ones.

28 Suffrage The right to vote in elections; also referred to as the franchise. Suffragists or suffragettes are the titles given specifically to those who fought for women s suffrage in N.A. and Britain. History of the vote: Most Canadian colonies restricted suffrage to male landowners prior to Confederation (disenfranchising minority groups), and often required an oath that renounced the pope (disenfranchising Catholics). Women got suffrage federally in 1918, Japanese Canadians got full suffrage in 1948, status Indians in 1960.

29 In Europe Battle of the Somme Deserting the army On the homefront: Conscription question Wartime Elections Act

30 Nellie McClung

31 J. S. Woodsworth

32 Economic Shifts and the Great Depression

33 Winnipeg General Strike On 15 th May 1919, negotiations broke down b/t management and workers in the building & metal trades. The Winnipeg Trades and Labour Council called a General Strike, and 30,000 workers left their jobs, calling for: Higher wages Shorter days Better working conditions Public sector employees (postal workers, utilities, etc.) joined those in private industries, and the whole city shut down. Examine the following sources and add to your notes about the strike.

34 J.S. Woodsworth, a mission worker and social activist, became involved in the Winnipeg General Strike and, on June 12th, 1919, he wrote the following: The general public has not been innocent. It has been guilty of the greatest sin: the sin of indifference. Thousands have suffered through the years under the industrial system. The general public have not realized. It did not touch them. They blamed the strikers. Why not blame the employers, whose arrogant determination has provoked the strike? Why not, rather, quit the unprofitable business of trying to place the blame and attempt to discover and remove causes that have produced the strike.

35 A crowd attempts to tip over a tramway car during the Winnipeg General Strike, June 21, The strike began in May and quickly shut down all city services and industries.

36 The Mounted Police charging down Main Street during the Winnipeg Strike, June 21, Two strikers were killed that day as police fired into the crowd.

37 A response to the Winnipeg General Strike by the mayor of Winnipeg, and published in the local newspapers.

38 The Citizens Committee of 1000 was a group of business owners and politicians who banded together to oppose the Winnipeg General Strike. They published the following in the Winnipeg Telegram on June 28, 1919

39 Watch the 1962 film entitled Canada Between the Two World Wars. Take notes about Canada s changing economy focus on some of the key words/ideas below. Communism Labour/Unions Major Industries Technological Advancements Immigration Depression Tariffs Fascism Canadian Independence

40 Look in the textbook in order to finish answering the following questions: 1. What caused the Great Depression? 2. What was life like during the Great Depression? 3. How did Canadians respond to the Depression? 4. How did the government respond to the Depression?

41 What caused the Great Depression? Rising standard of living Industrialization Buying on Credit Stock Market crash October 29, 1929 Black Tuesday Drought on the prairies Combined with extremely low wheat prices

42 Saskatchewan

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44 What was life like for Canadians? Prairie farmers abandoning their farms Massive unemployment (30%) and migration Worsening factory conditions Many relied on government aid

45 How did the Gov t respond? Bennett s Conservative gov t raised tariffs. Unemployment Relief Act reserved 20 million for relief; 1 in 5 Canadians depended on gov t relief to survive; received vouchers from the city or province only for rent, food, & fuel Single men not eligible for vouchers; were sent to relief camps in 1935 (work for room & board) Work camp members built national parks, roads, etc.

46 Relief Camps

47 Relief Camps

48 Relief Camps

49 How did Canadians respond? Blamed the Prime Ministers for the Depression: Bennett replaced Mackenzie in 1930 election Mackenzie replaced Bennett in 1935 election Communist protests became popular; men of the relief camps protested across the country in what became known as the Onto-Ottawa Trek, which ended in the Regina Riot New political parties like Co-operative Commonwealth Federation embraced socialist policies Protectionism became less popular after Bennett s higher tariffs failed to end the depression

50 Bennett buggies

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52 Toronto

53 On to Ottawa Trek 1935

54 Vancouver 1938

55 Why hasn t there been another Great Depression? Better farming technologies Better social programs Insurance for banks

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57 Complete the chart in your notes, comparing the conscription crises of WWI (p 302) and WWII (p 387). Complete the chart in your notes, comparing the internment of Ukrainians and Germans in WWI (p 300) to the internment of the Japanese in WWII (p 388).

58 Minoru: Memory of Exile Life before life during life after

59 Task: As a class, study the primary sources on Italian internment in WWII. Antoinette Ciccarelli Interview Write a textbook entry on Italian internment to accompany p. 388 in our textbook. Include a summary of what took place, with key dates and terms, but also include anecdotes and details that appeal to the emotional side of your readers.

60 Citizenship Recognized membership in a nation or state, with all the pertaining rights (i.e. democratic participation) and duties (i.e. paying taxes). Canadian citizenship: First had citizenship in the Commonwealth, and Canadians were called British subjects based on where they were born and who their parents were. Canadian Parliament did have control of Naturalization and Aliens since 1867 and created Canadian Citizenship in an act of Loss of the vote for the Chinese and the internment of enemy aliens shows that citizenship was malleable.

61 Canadian Economy During WWII

62 Canada s Total War How did the government get involved in the economy during World War II? What was life like for people in Canada during the war? Examine the primary sources to answer the questions fully. WWII is often called a TOTAL WAR. What do you think that means? Define it in your notes.

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65 Internationalism The principle of cooperation among nations for the sake of the common good, sometimes contrasted with nationalism. The Depression was partly caused by national tariffs, and the World Wars are often blamed on nationalism, so afterwards there was a shift among Western nations towards international trade and international organizations, such as the United Nations. Canada became responsible for its own foreign affairs in 1933, and wanted to have a role on the international stage.