Pasties, Beer, Revolution, and God. Immigrant Miners and Their Communities on the Marquette Iron Range,
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1 Pasties, Beer, Revolution, and God Immigrant Miners and Their Communities on the Marquette Iron Range,
2 100 Bottles of Beer...
3 The Failure of Cornish Pasties: Marquette Iron Range, Cornish miners began arriving after 1880 (eschewed open- pit mining). Never more than 25% of miners dropped to 13%. Mining foremen, captains, etc.. Depression 1893 (workforce dropped from 17,000 to 3,500, causing massive out migration) Strike of 1895 (3,000 miners; state militia; independent union led by Cornish) Strike of 1899 (2,700 miners; split between Cornish and Finnish miners) 1895 Strike Parade, Ishpeming
4 Industrial Workers of the World, 1905, (IWW) and the Western Federation of Miners (WFM), 1893 Socialist Party of America. Won over 900,000 votes 1912 and 1920 (E. Debs ran for president from prison) Bolshevik revolution in Russia (1917) Seattle General Strike (1919) Anarchist bombings (Sacco and Vanzetti, 1920) Palmer Raids (1919) 6,000 arrested and 556 deportations Revolution!
5 Revolution: Hard Rock Mining Labor Wars, Colorado Labor Wars, Led by the WFM. Involved thousands of miners and intervention by the state militia, US Army, Pinkertons Mesabi Iron Range Strikes, 1907 (WFM), 1916 (IWW). Struck for better pay and 8 hour day. Copper Country Strike, (WFM, IWW. Last 265 days) Butte Montana Labor Riots, 1914 (Conflict between IWW and WFM for control. Involved blacklisting of Finnish miners) Anaconda Road Massacre, 1920 (IWW s last major effort in the western copper mines) CCI Miners, 1917
6 Marquette Iron Range Labor Strife, Why?
7 Martin Hendrickson (1900), NYC editor of the American Worker. Renowned socialist agitator. Atheist, anti- church, horned devil. Large population decline: 13,255 (1900) to 9,238 (1930). 31 percent Foreign born population decreased 53 percent Finnish born population decreased 29.2 percent ( ) More diversified economy (Gossard) Nine- tenths of population lived scattered in and around downtown area. Settled Communities: Ishpeming Forced the more adventurous men to seek employment elsewhere, and so has steadied and sobered the life of the community Joe R. Whitaker (1931) Single family units accounted for 80% residential structures. Multiple dwellings, 2% Ishpeming from Knob Hill, 1930
8 Settled Communities: Negaunee Population decline: 8,460 (1910) to 6,552 (1930). 23 percent Ratio of men to women: 1.9 (1910) to 1.3 (1930) Foreign born: 47.6 percent (1910) to 33 percent (1930) A culture of self- sufficiency. Part- time Farmers. 3-6 percent of miners farmed land. CCI opened plots of 15,000 square feet to truck farming Iron Street, 1909
9 Community Cohesion: The Locations Bancroft Location Spring Street Location
10 Finnish Immigration to Marquette County, s First Wave (Rural) of Finnish immigration Second Wave (Urban) Russification and political repression. Marquette Iron Range No Second Wave: 80% (550) green region (rural) 20% (138) red region (urban) No one from Helsinki Vihtori Tyynismaa Kortesjarvi Toivo John Karell Vaasa
11 Decline in Finnish Born Population, , Populaton Characteristics 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2, % of foreign born population 57% miners (Ishpeming) 55% miners (Negaunee) 1, Finnish Born
12 Immigration from South and Central Europe, Italian immigration begins to increase significantly in 1890 (1910) Italians comprise 16% of miners on the Marquette Iron Range (1910) 87% identified as miners. Mostly labors and trammers Italy Poland Russia Austria
13 Revolution Failed: the Battle for the Negaunee Labor Temple, 1913 The Socialistic Finn The Labor Temple (1910) The Finnish Socialist Federation (1906) Anarcho- Syndicalism (William Risto) vs. Parlimentarism (Frank Aaltonen) Labor Temple, Thunder Bay, Ontario
14 Counter - Revolution Finnish Republican Club. 350 members
15 God: Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church of America 1910 Membership: 2,284 (45% of Finn population) 1920 Membership: 2,994 (65% of Finn population) Replicate the Church of Finland in the Lake Superior region. Traditionalist, conservative, and favored a paternalistic church and clergy Many prominent Finnish business men participated in the formation, 1899 Actively adopted a strategy of accommodation with corporate capitalism. Vehemently anti- socialist. 240 people signed anti- socialist resolution following 1907 Mesabi Strike
16 The Fear of God 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Comparison of Suomi Synod LutheranChurch Membership,
17 William Mather / Progressive Era (Speech to the Lake Superior Iron Mining Association, 1898) Skip to Potty Letters Low rental housing and support for ownership (CCI owned 600 houses) Community clubhouses and beautification awards Pension Plan (1909) Establishment of Gwinn as a model company town (1907) Gwinn Records Company sponsored health care Nurses Reports Visiting doctor and nurse program Company maintained hospital (Ishpeming, 1918) Company Initiated Safety Program CCI s Corporate Paternalism
18 The Potty Letters
19 Hard Work: CCI Fatalities, Fatalites Fatality Rate 10 0 Total CCI Fatalities: 321 (1926 does not include Barnes- Hecker) Total Marquette Iron Range Fatalities: 675 Mesabi Range Death Rate 7.5 / 1000
20 Hard Work: Deaths by Ethnicity Time English Finnish Swede Irish American Italian
21 Hard Work: Reason for Poor Safety Record (Prior to 1911) Poor discipline in the mines Contract System (Cornish practice) Company paid a work team according to output. Worked fast, little oversight. Demand for labor greater than supply (inexperienced miners) Lack of laws forcing compensation for fatalities Employee carelessness Lake Angeline Mine, Marquette Iron Range
22 ] Average Wage per Day Cost of Production per Ton Cliffs Shaft Mine: Average Daily Wages and Cost of Production,
23
24 The Second Klan Movement Inspired, in part, by Thomas Dixon s novel, The Clansman (1905), and D.W. Griffith's film Birth of a Nation (1915) Founded in Atlanta, Georgia (1915) Nativist, xenophobic, petty nationalism Enjoyed wide- spread support, especially in the mid- West and Western states. By 1925, the KKK reputedly had 4.5 million members. A successful third party KKK March on Washington, 1925.
25 Protestant Hegemony Large influx of immigration from southern and central Europe Virulent anti- Catholicism and anti- Semiticism Allegiance to papal authority Prohibition violation, sexual immorality, threats to religion and traditional family values.
26 Anti- Immigration Legislation The Quota Law of 1921 restricted annual immigration to approximately 350,000 persons. Limited annual immigration from any one country to 3% of 1910 numbers. Immigration Act of By 1930, annual immigration limited to 150,000. Disproportionate by ethnicity and country of origin. Asians completely excluded. Northern European: 86.5 % Southern / Central Europe: 11.2 %
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