Unit 11: Age of Nationalism, Garibaldi in Naples

Transcription

1 Unit 11: Age of Nationalism, Garibaldi in Naples

2 Learning Objectives Explain why nationalism became an almost universal faith in Europe. Describe the unifications of both Germany and Italy-in terms of cause, process, and result. Describe how Napoleon III used nationalism to create his Second Empire in France. Explain why nationalism in Russia was linked to modernization.

3 3-Napoleon III in France

4 4-The Second Republic and Louis Napoleon Louis Napoleon easily won the presidential election of December Louis Napoleon believed that government should give particular focus to helping the people economically. When the National Assembly failed to change the constitution so Louis Napoleon could run for a second term, he dismissed the Assembly and seized power in He called on the French people to legitimize the action and easily won a majority of the vote.

5 5-Napoleon III s Second Empire Louis Napoleon, proclaimed Napoleon III, experienced both success and failure between 1852 and Napoleon III granted workers the right to form unions and embraced other pro-labor ideas. In the 1860 s, he liberalized his empire. In 1870, he granted France a new constitution. Otto von Bismarck

6 6-Nation Building in Italy and Germany Otto von Bismarck

7 7-Italy to 1850 Mazzini s Vincenzo Italian There were three approaches to unifying Italy centralized democratic republic. Gioberti s federation of existing states headed by the Pope. nation built around the aristocratic kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont.

8 8-Cavour and Garibaldi in Italy Cavour sought to unify northern and central Italy under Sardinian rule. With French aid, he defeated Austria in 1859 and gained Lombardy. Central Italy voted to join Sardinia. Giuseppe Garibaldi led a patriotic expedition to the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, overthrew the government, and presented southern Italy and Sicily to Sardinia in 1860.

9 9-Germany Before Bismarck German customs union (Zollverein) unified the northern German states, but excluded Austria. The national uprising in Italy made a profound impression in the German states. William I of Prussia sought to reform the army and strengthen the state. The parliament rejected the new military budget in 1862 and liberals triumphed in new elections. William called on Otto von Bismarck to lead a new ministry and defy the parliament.

10 10-Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War, 1866 Bismarck collected taxes without permission of the Prussian parliament. Prussia and Austria defeated Denmark in 1864 war over Schleswig-Holstein. The Austro-Prussian War of 1866 resulted in a Prussian victory and the establishment of the North German Confederation under Prussian leadership.

11 11-The Taming of the Parliament Bismarck conciliated parliamentary opposition and established universal manhood suffrage.

12 12-The Franco-Prussian War, Bismarck used a diplomatic pretext to spark a war with France. The war gained Bismarck the support of the southern German states. Franco-Prussian War of ended in Prussian victory and the absorption of southern Germany into the new German Empire.

13 13-The Modernization of Russia The Coronation of Alexander II

14 14-The Great Reforms The Crimean War of vs. Britain, France, Sardinia, the Ottoman Empire showed backwardness of Russian transport systems and the military. Serfs were freed as part of modernization program in Other reforms followed: strengthening of local self-govt., modernization of the legal system, and relaxation of censorship.

15 15-The Industrialization of Russia Two waves of industrialization Construction of privately owned railroads ( ) Construction of state-owned railroads, coal and steel industry financed by foreign investment under Minister of Finance Sergei Witte ( ).

16 16-The Revolution of 1905 Lost war with Japan ( ) plus demands of business and professional people, workers, and peasants for political power led to Revolution of In response Tsar Nicholas II granted new constitution, with elective assembly, the Duma.

17 17-The Responsive National State, The Coward Dreyfus

18 18-The German Empire Bismarck conciliated liberals, waged Kulturkampf against Catholics, A drop in world agricultural prices led Germany to set high tariffs to protect German farmers. In Bismarck passed social security laws to prevent the spread of socialism. These included pensions and health care. In 1890 the new German Emperor William II

19 19-Republican France Rebellion in Paris against conservative cession of Alsace-Lorraine to Germans, March 1871 (Paris Commune). Defeated by govt. in bloody fighting. Moderate republicans Leon Gambetta, Jules Ferry established free compulsory education for girls and boys in 1886 and legalized unions. Teachers in new public school system spread republican ideas, undermining grip of the Church. In Dreyfus affair increased tensions between republicans and Catholics.

20 20-Great Britain and Ireland Extension of the franchise in 1832, 1867, 1884 (universal manhood suffrage). Between Liberal party defeated aristocratic conservatives in House of Lords, raised taxes on rich to fund national health care, unemployment benefits, pensions, etc. Irish nationalists demanded political autonomy and Irish Protestants in north resisted.

21 21-The Austro-Hungarian Empire Due to ethnic divisions the Austro-Hungarian Empire was unable to harness nationalism as other major European states did after 1870.

22 22-Jewish Emancipation and Modern Anti-Semitism Removal of most of Jews legal disabilities between 1791 (France) and 1871 (Germany). Jews became prominent in journalism, medicine, law, etc. Stock market crash of 73 focused vicious antisemitism. Conservative and extremist nationalist politicians used anti-semitism to mobilize support; like Vienna. In Russia from 1881 govt. officials used antisemitism to channel popular resentment. They encouraged pogroms.

23 23-Marxism and the Socialist Movement Socialists on the move!

24 24-The Socialist International The Socialist International nominally integrated socialist parties throughout Europe.

25 25-Unions and Revisionism Several factors combined to slow the radical movement of socialism Nationalist and patriotic appeals were at least as attractive to workers as socialism. Workers standard of living rose substantially in the second half of the 1800 s.

26 26-Unions and Revisionism (cont) The growth of labor unions and their legalization reflected increased focus of worker and socialist activists on bread-andbutter wage issues rather than the violent seizure of political power. Revisionist Marxists such as German Edward Bernstein argued for evolutionary socialism that will not involve violent seizure of political power. Socialism varied from country to country.

27 Next: Unit 13, The West and the World