15 November Turn in #19 War to End all Wars Test Friday: Review and Notebook Due

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1 15 November 2016 Turn in #19 War to End all Wars Test Friday: Review and Notebook Due

2 Congress Rejects League of Nations The Treaty of Versailles did include a charter or covenant for the League of Nations, a point that embodied Woodrow Wilson's highest goal for world peace. The U.S. Senate rejected the League of Nations and the entire treaty. Republicans who favored isolation (the "irreconcilables") spurned the treaty.

3 Congress Rejects League of Nations Conservative Republicans, led by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, disliked the treaty's provisions for joint military actions against aggressors, even though such action was voluntary.

4 Wilson Digs In They demanded modifications, but Wilson refused to compromise. Exhausted, the president campaigned for the treaty until he collapsed with a stroke.

5 Wilson Digs In The United States never joined the League of Nations The US signed a separate peace treaty with Germany in 1921.

6 Legacy of WW I The war left Germany shackled by the armistice and angered by the peace treaty. Postwar Germany faced depression, unemployment, and desperate economic conditions, which gave rise to fascist leadership in the 1930s.

7 THE HOME FRONT

8 Post War Fears Palmer Raids Fear of Communism spread in the US after the Russian Revolution in Several dozens bombs were sent to US Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer who took action against this Red Scare. Palmer and his agents hunted down suspected Communist, socialists and anarchists who opposed the government and jailing them without allowing them legal counsel. Hundreds of foreigners were deported. His raids failed to turn up any evidence of revolutionary conspiracy.

9 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) A Civil Rights organization Specializing in freedom of speech and maintaining an open society Formed in 1920 by citizens who were concerned with the Palmer Raids Jane Addams, Helen Keller, Clarence Darrow and Roger Baldwin were among the founders Worked to free anti-war protesters and immigrants with unpopular beliefs

10 Labor Shortages The war created labor shortages. Thousands of African Americans left the South for jobs in Northern steel mills, munitions plants, and stockyards. The great migration of the World War I era established large black communities in Northern cities such as New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago. The influx provoked racial tensions and race riots in some cities, including East Saint Louis, Illinois, in July 1917 and Chicago in July 1919.

11 Women Join the Workplace Labor shortages provided a variety of jobs for women, who became streetcar conductors, railroad workers, and shipbuilders. Women also volunteered for the war effort and sold war bonds. Women gained support for woman suffrage, a cause that finally achieved its long-sought goal.

12 The 19 th Amendment The 19th Amendment, granting women the right to vote, triumphed in Congress in 1919 and was ratified by the states in 1920.

13 ENFORCING LOYALTY

14 Enforcing Loyalty To popularize the war, the nation established the first propaganda agency, the Committee on Public Information, headed by George Creel, it organized thousands of public speakers ("four-minute men") to deliver patriotic addresses; the organization also produced 75 million pamphlets promoting the war effort.

15 Enforcing Loyalty War pressures evoked hostility and suspicion in the United States. Antagonism toward immigrants, especially those of German descent, grew. Schools stopped teaching German. Hamburgers and sauerkraut became "Salisbury steak" and "liberty cabbage." Fear of sabotage spurred Congress to pass the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918.

16 Enforcing Loyalty The laws imposed fines, jail sentences, or both for interfering with the draft, obstructing the sale of war bonds, or saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort. These repressive laws, upheld by the Supreme Court, resulted in 6,000 arrests and 1,500 convictions for antiwar activities. The laws targeted people, such as Socialist leader Eugene V. Debs, who was imprisoned.

17 Enforcing Loyalty During WWI, the IWW had over 150 strikes Many Wobblies saw the war as capitalist and refused to support war effort The Justice Department redefined treason to include strikes against the war effort IWW leaders were branded as subversives Almost 100 imprisoned

18 Financing the War To finance the war, the United States developed new ways to generate revenue. The federal government increased income and excise taxes, instituted a war-profit tax, and sold war bonds.

19 Now on to the Roaring 20 s!

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