A person who moves to a new country

Transcription

1 Chapter 6- Becoming Canada Name: Big Idea: How did the War of 1812 and its political consequences affect the developing Canadian identity? VOCABULARY Chateau Clique Deadlock Discrimination Family Compact Haven Immigrant Laura Second Legislative Assembly Liberator Lower Canada Patriots Personal Identity Polling stations Quarantine station Reformers Responsible government Anglophone friends and relatives of the governor of Lower Canada who were also members of Legislative council A situation where no progress can be made Unfair treatment of a person or a group based on prejudice Anglophone friends and relatives of the governor of Upper Canada who became members of Legislative council A place of safety, refuge A person who moves to a new country Overheard that the Americans were planning an attack, hiked 32 km to warn an outpost A gov t group elected by voters in British North America or in a province in Canada Someone who frees people from oppression Colony that is downstream from the St. Lawrence River A group of Canadien radicals led by Papineau who wanted gov t reform leading up to the rebellions of 1837 A complex combinations of characteristics that together describe a unique person Location where people vote in an election Building or area where people suspected of carrying a contagious illness are kept that they will not affect a population Group of radicals in Upper Canada who wanted gov t reform leading up to the rebellions of 1837 Gov t that must answer to elected representatives

2 Refugee Secret ballot Superficial Characteristics Tecumseh Traitor Underground Railroad United Empire Loyalists Upper Canada A person who flees to a country because he/she can no longer live in safety in his/ her own country- war, torture, famine A method used in elections so that a vote is kept confidential A noticeable rather than meaningful feature Leader of the Shawnee people Someone who betrays one s country or a trust A secret network that transported enslaved African Americans escapees to the British colonies where they could be free Inhabitant of the Thirteen Colonies who remained loyal to Britain during the American Revolution and fled to the British North American colonies after 1776 Colony that is upstream from the St. Lawrence River Rebellion in the Thirteen Colonies Britain s Thirteen Colonies south of the St. Lawrence River were _prosperous_. By 1765, they were growing _restless_ under _British_ rule. Give 4 reasons the Thirteen Colonies were becoming restless with living under British control: 1. _only allowed to trade with Britain 2. _high taxes on British imports 3. _wanted more control over own affairs 4. _Quebec Act gave Ohio River Valley to Quebec In April of 1775, the first shots of the War of Independence were fired. The American rebels hoped the Canadiens would _join_ their revolt. So first they captured _Montreal_ and then they moved on to _Quebec City to do the same. Invaders of Liberators? Provide three reasons why the invasion of Quebec city failed? The Seignueres had influence in gov t Most Americans _were protestant, but Canadiens were Catholic The Habitants had regained language and religious rights The Americans faced fierce resistance on the last day of _1775_ when they attacked Quebec City in the middle of a blinding snowstorm. The rebels got _lost

3 in the maze of narrow streets of the city and were easy _targets for the British and _Canadien defenders. The Americans called _off_ their _attack_. In 1783, Britain finally _recognized_ the United _States_ of America after many years of fighting their _independence_. Citizens Loyal to the King What reasons did the United Empire Loyalists have for opposing the war in the Thirteen Colonies? didn t believe in using violence business ties with Britain part of British military enslaved African Americans seeking freedom First Nations who had lost lands to Americans Why did most of the Loyalists seek the shelter and safety of Canada? What did the American rebels do to them? treated them as traitors took their property and possessions beat and jailed them tarred and feathered them Loyalists Head to Nova Scotia During and after the war, almost _40000 Loyalists migrated to the British North America. Many travelled to _Nova Scotia_. Britain made promises to _help_ the Loyalists. What did they say they would do? -give them free land and supplies Some got the land but many didn t. Life was very _difficult for all, especially for the _black_ Loyalists. Their land wasn t very good for _farming. When they farmed a plot of land, they had to give _half_ the money they earned from their crops to the _landowners_. They faced _racism and discrimination, but many _stayed and overcame the challenges anyway. New Colonies Many of the Loyalists were _unhappy in Nova Scotia and they wanted their own _colony. In 1784, Britain agreed to _divide_ Nova Scotia into _two parts. The western part would become _New _Brunswick_. Cape Breton Island become a separate colony and Ile Saint-Jean was renamed _Prince Edward Island.

4 Rose Fortune ( ) Who was Rose Fortune? Where did she come from? Why did she go to Nova Scotia? How old was she? What did she do when she got there? A slave from the U.S. came to Nova Scotia with a loyalist family she was 10 years old started her own business carrying luggage became a police officer and joined the Underground Railroad The Loyalists Come to Quebec Loyalists also went to _Quebec and waited for Britain to help them. Most did not want to stay there because of the _French language, Roman _Catholic traditions, and because all of the good _land had already been _taken. The Governor of Quebec, Sir Frederick _Haldimand, gave them land along the upper _St. _Lawrence River and north shore of Lake _Ontario. This land had belonged to the Anishinabe_ First Nations, but was traded for some _guns_ and other trade goods. Building a Bilingual Country Most of the Loyalists who came to Quebec spoke _English because they came from colonies that had British _traditions_ and _customs. In Quebec, the French formed the _majority_, so the Loyalists wanted a colony where they could keep their own _institutions_. In 1791, the _Constitution Act_ divided Quebec in two. The land west of the Ottawa River became _Upper Canada (now southern Ontario). The land _east of the Ottawa River became _Lower_ Canada (now Quebec). What do the terms Upper and Lower Canada refer to? their position on the St. Lawrence River Upper Canada is upstream Lower Canada is downstream (lower) Conflict Renewed: The War of 1812 War broke out between Britain and the United States in Why couldn t Britain and the United States get along? 1. Britain was at war with France. They stopped the Americans from trading with the French 2. British were kidnapping American sailors to serve in British navy 3. British were supporting First Nations in their struggle for land 4. Some Americans wanted to take over the British colonies

5 The war began in _1812_ and the British wondered if they could count on the _loyalty of British _North America. Read the Biography of Tecumseh When was he born? _1768 When did he die? _1813 Who was he? leader of the Shawnee What did he do when the war broke out in 1812? joined the British and led an army of soldiers against the Americans What did he accomplish? _won the battle of Detroit with General Brock What happened to him? _died on the battlefield Who was Laura Secord and what did she do? 1813 she overheard the Americans planning an attack hiked 32km through swamps and forests to warn the British of their plan The War Unfolds In _1813 a fleet of American ships in Lake Ontario fired on the town of York, which is now called _Toronto. The American soldiers looted the _shops and houses, and they burned down the _government_ building. What did Britain do to retaliate in August 1814? invaded Washington D.C. and burned down the White House The Impact of the War The war of 1812 ended in a _deadlock_. The treaty of _Ghent_ ended the war in December of What did it require? _both sides returned any territories they had gained agreed to make the 49 th parallel the political boundary from the Great Lakes to Rocky Mountains The Americans thought they had _won_ the war, but the people of Upper and Lower _Canada thought they did because they managed to stop an American attack for the _2 nd _ time. The First Nations could _not_ claim victory because about _15000_ of them died in the war. The Americans refused to create a First Nations _state as had been proposed by the _British_. The Great Migration After the war, Britain wanted to open up the back woods to farming. Between _1815_ and 1850, about _800000_ immigrants came to the ports of _Halifax_, Saint John, and Quebec from _England_, _Scotland_, Wales and _Ireland. This became known as the _Great Migration_.

6 Why did so many people want to leave Britain to live in the colonies? 1. _In Britain, population growing quickly, but few jobs 2. _Farmers being forced off land 3. _Poverty and hunger (famine in Ireland) 4. _Ocean travel was safer with the war over 5. _The colonies offered free land, new opportunities, a better life Coming to the Colonies Immigrants travelled from Britain to Canada by _ship_. It was a long journey that lasted for many _weeks_. Most of the immigrants were very _poor_. Many people _died_ on these voyages from _diseases_. These boats were called _coffin _ships. Most immigrants travelled by _land from Quebec and Montreal to _Upper Canada. At first, about _30000_ people arrived each year from Britain. Two-thirds were from Ireland_. By 1847, immigration from Ireland grew to _100000_ per year. There was a _famine_ in Ireland because the _potato_ crop had failed. The Irish had nothing to _eat. Then a _typhus_ epidemic broke out on board the ships and thousands died. What was Grosse Ile, and what was its purpose? A quarantine station where newcomers stayed until doctors were sure they weren t bringing in diseases to the colony. Pioneer Life What challenge did the newcomers face when they finally reached their plot of land? They had to clear the dense forest for farmland A Very British Colony How did the arrival of so many people change the identity of British North America? Newcomers - _opened up vast areas for farming New industries - _logging and mining Towns - _sprung up New jobs - _labourers, servants, doctors, teachers, loggers, miners New British flavour - _customs, traditions, games, language The Underground Railroad In 1833, Britain banned _slavery_ in all of its _colonies, including Canada, and it soon became known as a safe _haven for American slaves. Many slaves when north via the _Underground Railroad. This was a _secret network of people who would _hide_ fugitives during the day and then move them at _night_ to the next station. In this time, more than former slaves reached British North America. In _1865, the United States ended slavery. While about half of the former slaves _returned to the U.S., many of them stayed and created their own strong communities and unique _identity_.

7 Divided Society The population of British North America grew _rapidly_ and so did the tensions. The Constitutional Act of _1791_ gave each of the British colonies a new form of government consisting of a _governor_ and an _elected_ assembly. Government in the Colonies Although the Legislative Assembly was elected, who held the real power? _The governor and the two councils Council members were _anglophone_ (English speaking) friends and relatives of the _governor_. In Lower Canada, they were called the _Chateau Clique and in Upper Canada they were called the _Family Compact_. They passed laws that _favoured_ their own _interests. Explain why many colonists thought this was unfair. _Their own interests weren t be fairly represented. Rebellion in Lower Canada By 1830, people in Upper and Lower Canada were _unhappy. Each group had different reasons for feeling this way. The group that was unhappy in Lower Canada was called _Patriotes. Their leader was Louis Joseph Papineau_. They demanded change in a paper called the Ninety-Two Resolutions. All of their demands were rejected by the British government. The British army crushed the uprising, and Papineau fled to the U.S.. Rebellion in Upper Canada Rebellion was brewing in Upper Canada by _1834_. This rebel group was called the _Reformers_ and was led by _William Lyon Mackenzie. They wanted to overthrow the government. They were also defeated by the British army, and Mackenzie also fled to the United States. What was the lasting impact of the rebellions? Britain realized it need to _pay attention_ to the complaints in the colonies. The Road to Responsible Government Lord Durham s Report The British government decided to find out more about the _causes of the rebellions. They sent _Lord Durham_ to Canada to figure it out. What two main recommendations for change did he make? 1. _Unite Upper and Lower Canada into a single colony 2. _Grant the colonies responsible government In 1841, the Act of Union created a single colony with two _provinces. Lower Canada became _Canada East_ and Upper Canada became _Canada West_. The only official language of the government was _English_. The Canadiens were very _unhappy.