Chapter 15. Section 1: The Origins of the Cold War

Transcription

1 Chapter 15 Section 1: The Origins of the Cold War

2 Poland Declaration of Liberated Europe Dividing Germany - US and Britain thought Poland should get to choose own government - Stalin argued the gov t needed to be friendly since they shared a border - Europe could create democratic institutions of their choice - Free elections - Divide into 4 Zones - Also divide up Berlin (in Soviet Zone) - Germany pay reparations but ONLY what they have the ability to pay (constant arguments about this)

3 The Yalta Conference After the war, decisions had to be made about what do with various nations in Europe (Poland, Germany, and others) Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at the Yalta Conference to discuss this Plan the postwar world Seemed to go well but would later contribute to the cold war Decisions of the conference????

4 Germany Divided Agreement to divide Germany Stalin also wanted Germany to pay war reparations Roosevelt agreed but said only pay what they can afford At first they all agreed but over the next few years arguments about German reparations increased tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union

5 Things get tense... Russia starts influencing countries to form communist governments U.S. accused them of violating the conference agreements Hoped for a more peaceful world and instead the U.S. and Russia became more hostile toward each other This era of hostility and confrontation between the two countries was called the Cold War and lasted from 1946 to 1990 (44 years!) Two different goals: Russia - Security! Keep Germany weak and keep countries near them under their control to protect themselves communism is the best. U.S. - Economic problems! Economic prosperity was the key to peace, so promote world trade capitalism is the best.

6 Potsdam Conference Roosevelt dies and Truman takes over as President More tension! Truman believed Germany needed industry to recover Soviets wanted more reparations to pay for all they lost in the war Came to a compromise but the Soviet Union felt threatened and bullied by the U.S. Had to agree Everyone now more mad at eachother

7 The Iron Curtain Truman worried Russia controlled countries would be communist (Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia) These countries called Satellite Nations (controlled by Soviet Union) Churchill said The Iron Curtain had fallen... meaning a curtain now separated these Eastern European countries who were communist from Western Europe What does the U.S. do during the Cold War then? CONTAINMENT! Policy of stopping a hostile nation from expanding (Russia and other communist countries)

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9 Section 2

10 Containment Containment - Policy of stopping a hostile nation from expanding; stopping the spread of communism Russia into other countries! China! Cuba! More! Truman Doctrine - Truman s plan to fight communist aggression in Greece and Turkey using $400 million. Goal: help free people who are resisting communism Pledged the U.S. would fight communism worldwide Marshal Plan - Would give European nations recovery (money) to rebuild their economies. Why? This would help them resist communism! Part of containment!

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12 Reaction to the Spread of Communism After the Berlin Airlift NATO formed (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) An organization formed for MUTUAL DEFENSE Included 12 countries (Canada, GB, France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg and Iceland along with U.S.) If you attack one of us, you attack all of us...

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16 Chinese Communists Civil War in China! Nationalists VS Communists Was put on hold during WWII Picked back up after U.S. supported Nationalist and sent them money, which they wasted and stolen (corruption) Communists captured Beijing! The U.S. stopped helping the Nationalist and they fled China to the Island of Taiwan

17 The Korean War At the end of WWII Korea divided in half North - North Korea CONTROLLED BY USSR South - South Korea CONTROLLED BY THE UNITED STATES Two different governments formed and the countries clashed with each other Divided at the 38th Parallel of latitude North Korea invaded South Korea Truman viewed this as a test of the containment policy! sent in McArthur and also United Nations troops

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19 Korean War Continued... China enters war! Saw UN troops advancing as a threat and sent in troops of their own MacArthur wanted to expand war into China, Truman refused MacArthur publicly criticized Truman on his limited war policy Truman fired Macarthur Limited War - a war fought to achieve a limited objective like containing communism U.S. Eventually pushed North Korea back to near where they started contained communism Armistice - an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce

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21 MASH Reflection Writing! Write a reflection based on what you just saw in the Mash episode. Here are ideas for you to reflect on: How did the soldiers feel about the war? How did the people back home feel? What did they miss most? What would you miss most? What do you think the war was about? Why did we fight it? Do you know anything about the Korean War? If so, what?

22 Section 3

23 1. What does the visualization (to the left) mean? "Red Scare" is the widespread fear by a society about a potential rise or takeover of communism

24 TODAY?

25 Loyalty Review Program Intended to screen all federal employees Why? Because of fear that communists had infiltrated the government! Motive? To capture any spies that got into the American Government in order to WEAKEN America and overthrow the government 14,000 Em oy I ve g e 2,000 Em oy pes or u t (fe se ) 212 Em oy qu on ir r lo t

26 House Un-American Activities Committee HUAC FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover was not satisfied with just the Loyalty Review Program HUAC was designed to investigate Communist and Fascist activities in the United States One of their hearings focused on Hollywood!

27 Alger Hiss The Rosenbergs Project Venona Important government official throughout WWII Accused of being a communist A man testified that Hiss had given him secret documents from the State Department Hiss denied being a spy and denied even knowing the man The man produced copies of the documents as proof Tried and executed for espionage and treason Members of the communist party Accused of leading a Soviet Spy ring They denied being involved Proof that there was Soviet spying in the U.S. during the Cold War Cryptographers cracked the Soviet code and read 3,000 messages between Moscow and the U.S. Messages confirmed Soviets were trying to steal nuclear secrets

28 Fear of Communism Red Scare - A former Soviet Spie revealed documents showing how many Soviets had infiltrated the Canadian and American governments McCarthyism - Claimed to have a list of 205 gov t officials who were members of the communist party Never showed the list Won the election and continued to use fear of communism as his main focus He did lose influence though after he was censured by the Senate

29 American Life Facing The Bomb Schools practiced duck and cover drills in case the U.S. was bombed - Hide under tables and desks for protection Fallout - radioactive particles that are carried into the atmosphere after a nuclear explosion or accident and gradually fall back as dust or in precipitation Built fallout shelters to protect themselves! Stocked with food and supplies!

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31 Can you really survive a nuclear blast today?

32 Doomsday today? Nucleomituphobia- Fear of Nuclear War Reflection- (on a half sheet) North Korea attacks the United States with nuclear weapons! You are fortunate enough to have a bunker of your own. Your bunker comfortably fits 5 people. You only have supplies and resources for 4 more people. Who do you bring into your bunker with you and why? What would you have to have in your bunker to survive?

33 Section 4

34 New President Truman was facing criticism - Decided not to run again 1952 Election - Dwight D. Eisenhower wins! Korean War still happening and costing too much money and lives Eisenhower said small wars were not the way to contain communism, and in fact wars should be prevented from happening the first place. How? Massive Retaliation - A policy where the U.S. would threaten to use nuclear weapons Decreased the size of the army, increased our nuclear arsenal

35 End of the Korean War Eisenhower wanted to end the war Costing too many lives and too few victories Travelled to Korea and said the U.S. would continue the war under circumstances of our own choosing What do you suppose he was hinting at? The threat worked Negotiations began and war ended No peace treaty has actually ever been signed

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37 Taiwan Mainland China was communist, Taiwan was nationalist Eisenhower supported Taiwan - A barrier against communism China began attacking, the U.S. intervened Eisenhower warned the Chinese that the would use nuclear force if necessary China Backed down

38 Suez Crisis Crisis erupted in the Middle East Afraid the Middle East would align with Russia, so we set out to help It all backfied when Britain and France invaded Egypt The U.S. used the threat of nuclear war again to stop this But it was too late The Soviet Union had supported Egypt and now the Middle East started to accept Soviet aid

39 CIA Intended for covert (hidden) operations in other countries to prevent Communist uprisings CIA put into developing nations These places blamed Europeans and American Capitalism for their problems Why? Imperialism

40 Changes in the Soviet Union Stalin died in 1953 Replaced by Nikita Khrushchev Khrushchev criticized Stalin but still wanted a Communist society; just many ways to build one Eastern Europeans were frustrated with communism - It wasn t working! Uprising in Hungary Soviet tanks rolled in and crushed the rebellion

41 Eisenhower Doctrine A Middle Eastern country could request American economic assistance or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression Eisenhower singled out the Soviet threat in his doctrine by authorizing the commitment of U.S. forces "to secure and protect the territorial integrity and political independence of such nations, requesting such aid against overt armed aggression from any nation controlled by international communism"

42 Sputnik Khrushchev reasserted Soviet Power and Superiority of Communism Originally wanted to coexist peacefully with Capitalism But he accused capitalised countries of an arms race Also a space race! Soviet Union launched Sputnik - The world's first artificial satellite Launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments Soviet Union angry - Eisenhower refused to apologize for a spy plane that was sent

43 Causes of the Cold War 1. U.S. and Soviet Union both think their economic systems are better Effects of the Cold War Exit Slip: 2. Defeat of Germany creates a power vacuum PAGE YOU DETERMINE in Europe WHICH EFFECT MATCHES WHICH CAUSE 3. U.S. wants democracies, Soviet Union wants communism 4. Soviets promise free elections but do not actually implement them 5. Soviets want to spread communism, U.S. wants to contain it

44 Chapter 16 Introduction: The Differences in Culture (then and now) Scenarios!

45 1950 s vs. Today Scenario 1: Jack goes quail hunting before school and then pulls into the school parking lot with his shotgun in his truck's gun rack Vice Principal comes over, looks at Jack's shotgun, goes to his car and gets his shotgun to show Jack. Today - School goes into lock down, FBI called, Jack hauled off to jail and never sees his truck or gun again. Counselors called in for traumatized students and teachers.

46 1950 s vs. Today Scenario 2: Billy breaks a window in his neighbor's car and his Dad gives him a whipping with his belt Billy is more careful next time, grows up normal, goes to college and becomes a successful businessman. Today - Billy's dad is arrested for child abuse. Billy is removed to foster care and joins a gang. The state psychologist is told by Billy's sister that she remembers being abused herself and their dad goes to prison. Billy's mom has an affair with the psychologist.

47 1950 s vs. Today Scenario 3: Mark gets a headache and takes some aspirin to school Mark shares his aspirin with the Principal. Today - The police are called and Mark is expelled from school for drug violations. His car is then searched for drugs and weapons.

48 1950 s vs. Today Scenario 4: Johnny takes apart leftover firecrackers from the Fourth of July, puts them in a model airplane paint bottle and blows up a red ant bed Ants die. Today - ATF, Homeland Security and the FBI are all called. Johnny is charged with domestic terrorism. The FBI investigates his parents -- and all siblings are removed from their home and all computers are confiscated. Johnny's dad is placed on a terror watch list and is never allowed to fly again.

49 1950 s vs. Today Scenario 5: Johnny falls while running during recess and scrapes his knee He is found crying by his teacher, Mary. Mary hugs him to comfort him In a short time, Johnny feels better and goes on playing. Today - Mary is accused of being a sexual predator and loses her job. She faces 3 years in State Prison. Johnny undergoes 5 years of therapy.

50 1950 s vs. Today Scenario 6: Pedro fails high school English Pedro goes to summer school, passes English and goes to college. Today - Pedro's cause is taken up by state. Newspaper articles appear nationally explaining that teaching English as a requirement for graduation is racist. ACLU files class action lawsuit against the state school system and Pedro's English teacher. English is then banned from core curriculum. Pedro is given his diploma anyway but ends up mowing lawns for a living because he cannot speak English.

51 Chapter 16 Post War America ( )

52 Reference Timeline 1945 Franklin Roosevelt dies 1947 Marshall Plan is created 1945 Harry Truman becomes President 1948 Berlin airlift begins 1950 The Korean War begins 1952 Dwight Eisenhower becomes President 1953 The Rosenbergs are executed 1957 Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1957 NASA is created 1945 Yalta Conference is held 1945 Potsdam Conference is held 1947 Truman Doctrine is created

53 Section 1:Truman and Eisenhower

54 Return to a Peacetime Economy Many Americans worried that a Peacetime Economy would bring unemployment and recession. However, the economy continued to grow G.I. Bill- provided generous funds to veterans to help them A. Establish businesses B. Buy homes C. Attend college

55 Taft-Hartley Act Many Americans called for a change! Conservative Congress answered Why? A. Labor unrest High prices Solution: Taft-Hartley Act Truman vetoed the bill He felt it would put too much government in economic affairs and conflict with our democratic principles Congress overturned Truman s veto

56 Election of 1948 Little chance to win; viewed as weak and inept Harry S. Truman Strom Thurmond Henry A. Wallace Thomas Dewey Was nominated because Southern Democrats were angry about Truman s support of civil rights Was nominated because of liberal Democrats anger at Truman over his domestic policy and anti-soviet foreign policy Republican opponent; dignified and popular, seemed unbeatable

57 TRUMAN WINS!!!!!!!!

58 Fair Deal Truman s State of the Union address detailed the Fair Deal WRITE DOWN 3 Expansion of Social Security Increase of Minimum Wage Ensure full employment Public housing and slum clearance Environmental and public works National health insurance Civil rights legislation

59 The Eisenhower Years Dynamic Conservatism - Balancing of economic conservatism with some social activism Believed that business growth was vital to the nation Attempted to cut government spending in many areas Some focus on social and civil rights and improvements

60 The Eisenhower Years Cont d... Federal Highway Act- passed to create better and more efficient travel routes LARGEST PUBLIC WORKS PROGRAM IN AMERICAN HISTORY! Changed daily life in America... A. Rise of suburbs (people could now commute to work) B. Commercial trucking (to transport goods) C. Road culture (hotels, gas stations, and restaurants along interstate exits)

61 Exit Slip Your task: If you were elected president, what is the 1 ISSUE you would focus on fixing and how would you do so? Be specific! Example: Eisenhower wanted to make travel better so he created the interstate system!

62 Reflection: I Love Lucy

63 Section 2 The Affluent Society (page 572)

64 Baby Boom The American birth rate exploded after WWII Baby Boom where more than 65 million children were born in the U.S. A child was born every 7 seconds at its height Why? Young couples who delayed marriage because of the war are now reunited and the government also encouraged growth of families by offering the GI Bill and, lastly, the media popularized pregnancy and families

65 Living in the Suburbs Between , thousands of families rushed to move to suburbs\ Reasons: A. Some wanted to escape crime and congestion of the city B. Somes believed suburbs would provide a better life for their children and themselves C. Homes were affordable

66 White Collar VS Blue Collar Franchise - A person owns and runs one or several stores of a chain operation

67 Emmett Till Article Summarize the article in a few sentences What is your initial reaction to reading this article? What does the heading Second-Class Citizens on page 18 mean? What are lynchings and where did they most-commonly occur? Why do you think the woman lied about Emmett Till? What lesson can this article teach us? Lastly, where is Emmett Till s case at today?

68 Technological Advancements Advancements in electronics Miniaturized and portable radios, calculators Early form of the computer Medical advancements New antibiotics and vaccines to fight infection New techniques for cancer and heart disease Radiation and chemo invented CPR developed Antibiotics and blood test for Tuberculosis Vaccine for Polio

69 Mass Media Mass Media exploded! In 1946, only 8,000 TVs in use By 1950 s 40 million TVs had been sold and 80% of families had one (black and white) New Forms: A. Television B. Movies (and creation of 3D with special glasses) C. Radio Rock n Roll - New form of music taken from African American rhythm-and-blues music; loud and heavy beat that made it idea for dancing Very popular with teenagers Elvis Presley = King of Rock n Roll

70 Popular TV in 1950 s 1. I Love Lucy show was a popular comedy television show 2. Toast of the Town was a popular variety television show 3. Gunsmoke 4. The Lone Ranger was a popular action television show 5. Arthur Godfrey s Show

71 With Mass Media also came ADVERTISING!

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79 Beat Movement A generation gap where a group of (mostly) white writers and artists highlight a values gap in 1950 s America Called themselves beatniks Feeling of being beat down by American culture Criticized conformity and sterilization

80 Section 3 The Other Side of American Life

81 Poverty Amidst Prosperity Even though the economy was booming for the middle class, 30 million people were still living below the poverty line Poverty line - imaginary line the government sets to show the minimum income required to support a family

82 African Americans in the 1950 s For many African Americans, the economic boom from the war did not continue into the 50 s. Last one hired, first one fired Had the lowest paying jobs African Americans made 51% of what whites earned on average In the Northern cities, faced racism in schools, housing, hiring, and salaries

83 Hispanics in the 1950 s Similar problems to African Americans There was a need for farm and ranch workers however Bracero Program - Hired 5 million Mexicans to immigrate into the U.S. to work Paid poorly Long hours Harsh working conditions (12 hour days, temps over 100, no drinking water always, babies brought into the field ) After the program, many returned to MExico ut 350,000 became permanent residents in the United States

84 Native Americans in the 1950 s Poorest ethnic group in the country Made on average $1000 less than an African American family After WWII, government attempted to assimilate them into mainstream society Began with good intentions - But ended up deepening poverty Withdrew all official recognition of Native American groups as legal entities and made to face same laws as white citizens Placed under responsibility of state governments Encouraged moving off reservations nad nto cities

85 Appalachia in the 1950 s Rural region from New York to Georgia Desperate poverty Coal mining was the backbone of their economy Machine advancements began putting people out of work High rates of infant mortality, malnutrition, and poor schooling People in large numbers moved to the cities for work

86 Juvenile Delinquency Antisocial or criminal behavior of young people What triggered the rise of delinquency? It is unknown but some experts blamed the following: A. Television, movies, and comic books B. Social problems like racism and fear of the military draft C. Lack of discipline, busy Parents and an increase of divorce rates Reality: most teens steered clear of gangs, drugs, and crime But many were delinquents because of how they dressed and the slang words they used

87 Let s Watch...

88 Exit Slip Your task: Create your own scenario demonstrating the differences between the world today and the 1950 s era. Use the information you just learned or prior knowledge you may have.

89 ENRICHMENT - IF TIME: Answer the following questions Page 579 Review - #5, #6, #7 Page 587 Review - #6