4) You are able to write on the test, so do it. Circle any EXCEPT questions in order to remind you that you re looking for the FALSE statement.

Transcription

1 AP Government and Politics Review Sheet for the AP Exam 1) Here are some recommendations answering multiple choice questions: Do not panic if you come across some questions you find very difficult. The tests are designed with questions of varying difficulty in order to differentiate between levels of preparation. 2) Keep your eye on the time. You have 45 minutes to answer 60 questions. That gives you an average of 45 seconds on each question. When you run into a question that you find difficult or confusing move on. Obsessing about a few questions will only hurt you. Answer all of the questions that you definitely know on your first read-through. Then go back and do the others. Sometimes the act of going through the entire test will jog your memory so that questions that seemed difficult the first time seem much easier the second time. 3) Since 1/4 of a point is subtracted for incorrect answers, you should avoid random guessing. You can guess IF you feel completely confident that at least two of the five choices can be eliminated. 4) You are able to write on the test, so do it. Circle any EXCEPT questions in order to remind you that you re looking for the FALSE statement. 5) Do not change an answer unless you are absolutely sure that your new choice is correct. Erasures must be clear. Make sure you take a good white eraser with you and clean it if it gets dirty. The carpet actually works well as a cleaner. Types of AP Government Multiple Choice Questions The basic information type: Since the 1970s, which long time democratic region of the U.S. has shifted its electoral support to the Republican Party? a) New England; b) The Far West; c) The Great Plains; d) The South; e) the Rocky Mountains. The application type: Which of these would be most likely to vote in a presidential election: a) An unemployed 45 year old white male; b) A 54 year old Asian with a high School diploma; c) A 34 year old black female college professor; d) A 22 year old white male college student; e) A 58 year old white male carpenter. The except type: All of these are functions of interest groups except: a) Making campaign contributions; b) Lobbying execution branch agencies; c) Providing information to members of Congress; d) Helping members of Congress draft legislation; e) nominating candidates for public office. Page 1 of 18

2 The roman numeral type: Which of the following describe limitations that may constitutionally be placed on freedom of speech and freedom of the press? I. Under no circumstance may the government limit speech or censor the media. II. The government may censor the press in the interest of national and military security. III. The government may outlaw obscene publications IV. The government may prevent individuals from engaging in offensive speech. (a) I only; (b) II only; (c) II and III only; (d) III and IV only; (e) II, III, and IV only. The make-a-guess type: Obviously this will differ for each of you. Hopefully it will be a rare event, but, if you answer every question, you will all have to guess at some point. There are ways to do it. All of these were realigning elections except: a) 1800; b) 1828; c) 1840; d) 1860; e) (Remember that I told you that you can guess if you feel completely confident that at least two of the five choices can be eliminated. In how many of these can you identify the winner? Why do you think you know these elections?) An important difference between Congress and a Parliament is that: a) members of a Parliament have less influence on the actions of the executive; b) members of Congress are subject to stronger party discipline; c) members of a Parliament are subject to stronger party discipline; d) members of a Parliament are more likely to get involved in the minute details of policy making; e) members of a Parliament are more likely to hold their positions for a very long time. Of the following, the best explanation for the persistence of the two party system is: a) the tendency of American to be non-ideological in political thinking; b) the plurality, winner take all political system; c) the proportional representational election system; d) the lack of cultural and political diversity in the American population; e) the limited number of political factions in the U.S. Questions based on a quotation or a graphic illustration. I trust you have seen examples. With a quote you are either asked to identify which of the following are being referred by one phrase within the quotation or you will be asked to identify the source of the quote. With a graph the answer is usually given to you if you know where to look. The Review I think this covers most of the material you need to review. It s yours. Write on it as you use it and use it along with the Princeton Review or whichever review you are using. Find the yellow list of court cases that I gave you previously and study them. Discuss all of this with other students especially the sections that you re not sure of. Page 2 of 18

3 Constitutional Underpinnings Understand the basic characteristics of the Articles of Confederation. The Constitution of 1787 Direct democracy vs republican federalism Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Great Compromise Electoral college The Anti-Federalists The Federalist Papers Understand Federalist #10, #51 & #78 What is Federalism? (It is NOT what the Federalists wrote about.) What are the powers of the national versus the state governments? What are concurrent powers? Limited Government (Constitutionalism) Checks and Balances What is the Bill of Rights? How and why was it ratified? Make sure you know the important Amendments. How may the Constitution be amended? How many times has it been amended? Understand Constitutional legislative powers. What is the necessary and proper clause? Which is regarded as the Federalist Amendment? How do these contradict? Know the various terms of office for all three branches What are the contributions of each of the following to the structure and characteristics of American government? (Sorry about all the white men ) Alexander Hamilton George Washington John Adams James Madison John Marshall Thomas Jefferson Abraham Lincoln Theodore Roosevelt Franklin Roosevelt (FDR s 4 terms create the modern American presidency. ) Ronald Reagan Page 3 of 18

4 Bill Clinton George W. Bush Which are realignment elections? Why? Questions on Congress What are the formal requirements to be elected to the House of Representatives? What are the formal requirements to be elected to the Senate? How many members are in each house? To what term lengths are they each elected? In general what are the rules of debate in the House? In general what are the rules of debate in the Senate? How different? Which bills are, by tradition, introduced in the House? What is an appropriations bill? How many Senate votes are needed to end a filibuster? What is the process called? What are the primary roles of a member of Congress? What does the staff in a congressional office do? What are the major advantages of being the incumbent? What percentage of budget expenditures are considered uncontrollable (or mandatory and, essentially, spent before the budget is even discussed)? Congressional Committees What goes on in committees? Why? What can a committee do to a bill? How does one get assigned to committees? What are the strongest influences on selection to congressional committees? How does one become a committee chair? What is a conference committee? Why subcommittees? (Positive & Negative) Phrases pertaining to Congress (Also see the Key Congressional Terms - p.354) Divided Government Senatorial courtesy Log Rolling Bicameralism The House Rules Committee Closed Rule Open Rule Page 4 of 18

5 In the Senate what is a hold? Seniority System Franking Privilege Filibuster and Cloture What are the characteristics of the President of the Senate How is the Speaker of the House chosen? Characteristics or powers of the office? On Congressional/Presidential Relations understand the following: The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1964 The War Powers Act 1973 Watergate The Boland Amendment of 1984 The Iran-Contra Affair Executive privilege An Executive Agreement Civil Service Commission Pendleton Act Hatch Act The New Hatch Act Office of Personnel Management General Accounting Office Understand the growth in numbers of people employed by the federal government from the beginning (1789) to (That is, from the very small to very large...) Understand the growth in numbers of people employed by the federal government from the 1950s to (That is, not much change ) Know the approximate number of individuals a new president appoints. Who was in charge bureaucratic reform (reinventing government) during the Clinton Administration? Did the size of the Federal Government increase or decrease under Clinton? (Slight decrease.) Which president employed the greatest number of vetoes? (In other words which president was elected four times.) How many Senators are necessary to convict in a Senate impeachment trial? Which presidents have been impeached? Who else can be impeached? How many Senators are necessary to screw in a light blub? How many Senators are necessary to screw in a light blub if the ceiling is forty feet high? Page 5 of 18

6 Which branch of Congress has the power to confirm presidential nominations? (Name at least three that were NOT approved.) Define the term senatorial courtesy? The Courts, especially the Supreme Court Understand the following terms: A writ of mandamus ex post facto laws A writ of certiorari amicus curiae precedent Habeas corpus Why does the Supreme Court agree to hear a case? What is judicial review? Where did it come from? What is the term length for Federal judges? Why? How might judges be selected at state and local levels? What would the term intentional ambiguity (in a law) mean? What is original jurisdiction? What is appellate jurisdiction? What is a Trial court? What is an Appellate court? Distinguish questions of law from questions of fact. Which kinds of issues has the Court avoided? What are Civil Rights? Who are: David Souter Earl Warren Clarence Thomas William Rehnquist Sandra Day O Connor Who was Earl Warren? What were the most important characteristics of the Warren Court? Very Important Court Cases (Remember, you have a list of many others) Fill in the year of each from memory. Page 6 of 18

7 McCullogh vs. Maryland Year? Marbury v. Madison Mapp v. Ohio Brown v. Board of Education Griswold v. Connecticut Baker v. Carr Miranda v. Arizona Gibbons v. Ogden Marbury v. Madison Plessy v. Ferguson Roe v. Wade Political Parties: The American party system developed as the result of? In the most general sense trace the history the American party system. Why has the United States been stuck with a two party system? In California, who can vote in a party's primary? Who can vote by absentee ballot? Describe the characteristics of recent presidential conventions... Upon which criteria do most choose vice-presidential running mate? The major political parties are more interested in votes than in principles. Therefore, the major political parties are not ideological. What about Third Parties? Describe the fate of most third party movements. What is the GOP? Answer the following questions about American Political Parties from memory. Keep your answers short. If you don t know something write out your question and we will discuss it. What was the view of faction expressed by James Madison in Federalist #10? Identify the first two political parties in the United States and describe how and why they emerged? How did most of the political parties in Western Europe emerge? Political Parties are not in the Constitution. You should review all of the Amendments. Direct Democracy is rarely what we have in the United States. In the United States we have a Republic or a Representative Democracy. Democrats and Republicans FDR set the agenda for Democrats in the 20 th Century. What programs and changes did FDR represent? What programs did JFK Democrats represent? What were the programs of Lyndon Johnson? How do they fit with FDR s programs? Page 7 of 18

8 Barry Goldwater was the Republican nominee in He lost all states except Arizona and the deep south. Why is he significant? What happened to the Democrats between 1964 to 1968 in the two areas identified below? o Civil Rights and the Southern Backlash: o Vietnam: What values did Richard Nixon claim to represent in 1968? What did he mean by the silent majority? What were the major characteristics of the Carter Administration? Carter lost his bid for reelection. What groups formed the "Reagan Coalition" in 1980? What values did this coalition claim to represent? What were the major components of the winning Bush coalition in 1988? What were the major components of the Bush loss in 1992? What policies did Bill Clinton campaign for in 1992? What policies did Bill Clinton campaign for 1996? What is the significance of this difference? What do you think were the major components of George W. Bush s victory in 2000? One of the major splits in the Democratic Party since 1972 has been between liberals and the moderate-conservatives of the DLC. What is this about? Propaganda: What are media consultants and public relations experts? What is the most popular form of media? So what? What are Negative TV ads? So what? Where does most of the campaign dollar go? Elections and Voting: Identify the Campaign Reform law of 1971 (amended in 1974). What changes did it produce? Answer: Created the FEC. Required disclosure of contributions and expenditures. Provided limits on contributions and subsidies for presidential candidates of qualifying parties. Understand the outlines of McCain-Feingold. What does the media stress during presidential elections? (Horserace politics, not issues ) Why don t more people vote? Page 8 of 18

9 Under what conditions are people most likely to vote? Know how the franchise has expanded in American History. What is a primary election? Who votes in primaries? How is that different form those that vote in general elections? So what? Which party has control of the House of Representatives? How long? Which party has control of the Senate? How long? How does the Electoral College work? So what? How does a lobbyist get access to decision makers? What are PACs? What kind of groups use them? How do most people become a Democratic or Republican? Why? What roles have been played by minor parties in American elections? What is the initiative? Court cases pertaining to campaigning and elections: Baker v. Carr (1962) One person, one vote This Warren Court decision ordered legislative districts to be as equal to one another in population as possible. Buckley v. Valeo (1976) This decision protects campaign spending. Legislatures can limit contributions, but not how much a candidate spends of his or her own money. It has been a major roadblock to campaign finance reform Shaw v. Reno (1993) Blocks racial gerrymandering. Race cannot be the sole or predominant factor in redrawing legislative boundaries. Page 9 of 18

10 Terms pertaining to campaigning and elections: Closed primary Open primary Ticket splitting Off-year election year Midterm election year Presidential election year Terms pertaining to campaign finance after 1974: Soft Money Hard Money Information that might be useful for the Free Response section: Understand the Public Citizen report on Enron s influence over American Government Officials. Be aware of Enron s contributions to United States Senators and the presidential campaign of George W. Bush Identify the roles of lobbyists in legislation. Identify the Telecommunications Act of What did it do? Who wrote it? So what? Identify issue advocacy ads Identify Public Interest Groups like: Common Cause Public Citizen What do they do? Identify iron triangles. Identify the Australian ballot In a general sense know these simple labels for some propaganda techniques. They might be very useful in writing a free response, but remember that they are normally used in combination. Transfer Testimonial Glittering Generality Card Stacking Name Calling Plain Folks Bandwagon The use of sound bites Basic Ideology: A review of terms used to identify different domestic political positions. Words have specific political (as opposed to colloquial) meanings. One might say my grandmother is very conservative and be referring to grandma s style of dress or Page 10 of 18

11 methods of child rearing or taste in television. But, that same wrinkled grandmother may have voted for Ralph Nader in the 2000 election or be fantasizing about the reincarnation of E.V. Debs. Terms like left wing, right wing, conservative, liberal, radical and reactionary are useful only if those using them have common understandings of what they mean. This continuum of modern political ideology assumes the following: that modern politics means America after FDR that the continuum is limited to attitudes about domestic politics that all of those on the continuum share a basic belief in political democracy A continuum serves no purpose if it does not link labels to fairly specific beliefs. Thus this continuum focuses on the notion of contemporary social change. How would a liberal or leftist view this or that specific issue? How might a conservative or a reactionary look at the same issue? There are contradictions to be argued over whenever this continuum is applied to real life, but understanding contradictions is part of understanding politics. In domestic American politics specific areas of contradiction tend to center on the inclination of Americans of almost any ideological position to attempt to legislate morality. (In the textbook, this is briefly discussed on page 166, under the heading of The New Right. ) Other significant contradictions occur when the focus is not on domestic politics. Arguments about foreign policy multiplied since the end of the Cold War, but they have likely been diminished recently with Bush s open-ended war on terror. In any case the most significant arguments about foreign relations are concentrated around issues like globalization, free trade, fair trade and protectionism. THE CONTINUUM: People who consider themselves political believe in something. All political positions must be linked to ideas. Placing them on a continuum should distinguish relationships. LEFT MODERATE RIGHT Democratic Socialist Very Conservative Leftist Liberal Conservative Reactionary Progressive On the Left attitudes move toward political and economic equality. Government is usually regarded as part of solution to social problems. private property rights. On the Right attitudes move toward political and economic individualism. Government is usually regarded as part of the problem. Property rights are paramount. Page 11 of 18

12 Conservatives and Liberals No position in American politics simply favors change or the status quo. Conservatives believe in political and economic individualism. As a result, if they favor the status quo, then that status quo is likely to emphasize conservative ideas of individual freedom. If a liberal favors change then that change will be in a liberal direction, that is, in the direction of more political and economic equality. What is a Moderate? It is possible to have conservative ideals on one subject and liberal ideals on another, but that does not make such a person a moderate. Moderates, or those sometimes referred to as middle of the road, do not hold simple a collection of ideals on the Right and a collection of the Left. Moderate positions tend to be in the center of the continuum above. Most Americans self-identify as moderates. Odds and Ends **** The Legislature: The Senate was instituted to protect small states from the large states. The Supreme Court The Supreme Court gets 98% of its cases from appellate jurisdiction. These can come from Federal Appeals Courts or State Appeals Courts (if there is a federal question in the case) but it does not take cases from State Trail Courts. You have been given a long list of cases review it. Implied Powers come from the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution. The Full Faith and Credit Clause in the constitution means that each state must respect the decisions and contracts made in every other state. The legal history leading to Miranda is important. Miranda and its immediate precedents were written by the Warren Court. A dissenting opinion is important because it might become the basis of a later majority opinion which reverses the original decision. Voting The initiative is a method by which citizens can get a proposal on the ballot, get it voted on and, by winning the vote, make it a law. A referendum is a yes/no vote. Other Governments In a Parliamentary System the executive emerges from the legislature. NAFTA and the WTO are modern manifestations of America s emphasis on the open door or free trade. They both aim to remove barriers to the transfer and movement of capital. Page 12 of 18

13 Taxes Sales taxes are state and local taxes. A Federal Sales tax would be called a Added Tax (VAT). Value An excise tax is a tax on the manufacture, sale, or consumption of commodities (like wine) within a country. An import tax is a tax on imports. An export tax is forbidden by the Constitution to both state and federal governments. Equal Rights Amendment The ERA was written in 1923 by the great American feminist Alice Paul. It was introduced many times in Congress. Eventually it was proposed as a Constitutional Amendment, but it failed to get the necessary 38 states and, thus, died. Executive agreements are agreements between the executives of different countries. They are made when a treaty is likely to be rejected by the Senate and are not permanent and less binding. The Freedom of Information Act has been very important. It was first passed in 1966 and has liberalized access to government records. (see page 376) More on the Executive: The executive branch employs millions of people. The vast majority (>99%) of these never meet the president are personally unknown to him. Those that have some contact with the president or with the upper levels of the executive are roughly divided into two groups: the EOP (among these are the White House Staff, NSC and OMB) and the heads of various bureaucratic agencies (the cabinet). Those in the EOP might usefully be considered personal advisors and are selected because they are personally loyal to the President (i.e. Karen Hughes). Those in the cabinet are chosen for a variety of reasons and more often have independent reputations and influence (i.e., Colin Powell). You should discuss and review the methods of selecting candidates for the major party presidential nominations. Direct Primaries involve more people than do a convention system. Direct Primaries also weaken party control. Regulatory agencies Regulatory agencies come in many types. Many are called independent, but should be called semi-independent. Please read pages 440 to 450 if you need to review this. If you have questions make them specific and please refer to the page that confuses you. Courts (Some things come in twos) In the most general sense there are two kinds of court jurisdiction: State and Federal. Most crimes are in one of the two jurisdictions, but some can cross over. In the most general sense there are two kinds of courts: Trial and Appeals. The Supreme Court can be both, but 98% of cases that reach it do so on appeals. Page 13 of 18

14 There are two kinds of cases: Criminal and Civil. Most Criminal cases end in a plea bargain negotiated by the defense and the state (aka the prosecution). The exclusionary rule resulted from the case of Mapp vs Ohio in It says that illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in a trial. Decisions of the Rehnquist Court has weakened its application, but it remains in force. Remember Federalism is very important and complex. The 10th amendment is often referred to as the Federalism amendment. The necessary and proper clause of the Constitution has been central to defining the Federalism within the American system. The practical effect of the necessary and proper clause has been to allow the national government to extend its powers beyond what is enumerated in the Constitution. Congress The biggest predictor electoral success is incumbency. Incumbents have virtually every advantage, but they do usually not need substantial financial support from the parties national committee. Congressional districts are drawn by state legislatures after every 10 year census. Baker vs Carr is one of the Supreme Court decisions that meant one person - one vote. Therefore it is true that elections for the House provide approximately equal representation for every voter. Before that 1962 decision, rural areas were vastly overrepresented in Congress. (Understand?) Congress creates new laws (and, therefore, new agencies, new courts). The Judicial branch cannot create (and expand) itself. Congressional staff members mostly perform constituent services. Does this make sense? Most common constituent services involve such favors as looking for a reason a social security check failed to arrive or checking out a problem in veteran benefits. 1980s The Presidents of the 1980s were Reagan (8 years) and the first Bush. Most of the budget deficit was accumulated during that decade. Reagan cut taxes about 25% (more at the top than at the bottom - which was called supply side econ or Reaganomics). He tripled the defense budget (from about 110 to about 330 billion) and he ended up with a huge deficit most years. These kind of deficits are sometimes looked at as accidents or mistakes. But they can also be policy. Bush II is headed for a deficit that could be 300 billion this year Page 14 of 18

15 Why would a deficit be policy? 1. The voters get things they are not paying for. 2. The increased debt increases the need to pay interest and makes social spending very difficult. (Conservatives are for a smaller government and therefore like smaller social spending...) Elections during the 1980s showed a continuing decline in Democratic party strength among White southerners. Significantly, since 1964, no liberal Democrat has been elected President. Both Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton were Democrats from the moderate wing of the party and both were southerners. Clinton was one of the founders of a subgroup within the Democratic party called the Democratic Leadership Counsel (DLC) which openly moved the Democrats away from liberal politics. (Clinton and Carter were both moderate on social spending, free traders, pro-mnc growth, and pro death penalty.) Even Clinton s universal health care proposal was a moderate attempt to build a health care system on a structure of HMOs - not the single payer plan favored by the liberal left.) The 1980s continued a trend of voters being less trusting of governmental institutions and leaders. Negative campaigning increased to the benefit of those who already did not trust government. (Ask if this makes little sense.) Reagan, especially, ran twice for Governor and twice for President campaigning against government! Political Science Theories of Government Elite theories argue that a single minority dominates politics in all areas (that minority is numerical and is likely to be large corporate interests...). Pluralist theories argue that many minorities compete for power in different policy areas. Elections A general election selects people for office. A primary election selects people to run in the general election. More voters participate in general elections and this means that candidates need to move to the center to win. Because of smaller, more interested turn-out in primaries Republicans vote more to the right in primaries and Democratic to the liberal-left. Until the 1970s (really...) both major party conventions were overwhelmingly dominated by white male elites. Reforms (and a concern with the party image shown in TV coverage) has led to more women and minority delegates. Much of what was in the exam you took referred to realignment. Realigning elections are described on pages 150 to 152. These are turning points that define the agenda of politics and the alignment of voters within the parties during periods of historic change.... Important realigning elections are 1824, 1860, 1896, 1932 and, maybe, (1980 is worth discussion.) There has been a frequent pattern of divided party control of the presidency and Congress since the 1970s. Mostly this came from the fact that Republican dominance in presidential elections did not extend to congressional, state and local elections. (Understand?) Review the voting patterns of Americans in chapter 8 pages 179 to 190. Pay attention to all of the charts in this section. Write out any questions you have and ask me to explain them in class. Page 15 of 18

16 AP Government and Politics These are terms I found in old AP Government tests. Indictment Franchise Lame Duck Direct Primary Impoundment Electorate New Federalism Federal mandate Ideology Political Culture Neoliberal Neoconservative Cross Pressure Sampling error Proportional representation Party Platform Super Tuesday Soft Money Hard Money Faction Litigation Patronage Laissez faire Dealignment election Fairness doctrine Necessary and Proper Clause Page 16 of 18

17 Reciprocity Nonpartisan Constituency Stare Decisis Senatorial Courtesy Amicus Curiae Pendleton Act Hatch Act Whistle Blower Privatization Fiscal Policy Monetary Policy Subsidy Antitrust Deregulation Bipartisanship Selective Incorporation Free Exercise Clause Prior Restraint Fighting Words Sedition De Jure Segregation De Facto Segregation Commerce Clause Due Process of Law Habeas Corpus Page 17 of 18

18 Bill of Attainder - A legislative act that singles out an individual or group for punishment without a trial. In the Constitution, Article I, Section 9, paragraph 3 provides that: "No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law will be passed." Franking Privilege - A perk of Congress which grants a member the right to send mail through the postal system for free by signing (having printed) his or her name where the postage stamp would normally be placed. Wall of Separation not a common term. The answer is that it refers to the separation of church and state. The normal reference is to the separation of church and state. In this question that would give a away the answer. Line-item veto. (Sometimes referred to as the item veto. ) Under the line-item veto law, which took effect January 1, 1997, President Clinton became the first president empowered to veto specific spending or certain taxing provisions of legislation. The Constitution previously allowed a president to veto an entire bill only, perhaps containing many provisions of which he approved, in order to strike down one provision he opposed. On June 26, 1998, the Supreme Court, in a 6-3 decision, struck down the line-item veto law, declaring it unconstitutional. Unfunded Mandate something required of a state or local body (usually by the federal government) but not paid for by the federal government. Mandatory and Discretionary Budget items The budget is divided between items that must be paid and items that could be cut. The biggest mandatory item is entitlements like social security and Medicare. The biggest discretionary item is the (defense) military budget. Original Intent refers to the intentions of those who originally wrote the constitution. At this time it is generally a conservative position on the court. Individual entitlements This is a version of the common phrase means tested entitlements. ETS uses phrases like that to make you think (or to fool many ) Means tested entitlements are those payments that are dependent on qualification like medical aide to the poor called Medicaid (not Medicare). These are distinguished from non-means tested entitlements like social security (everybody in the system gets it). Tax expenditure Since all government income is tax income this refers to any government expenditure. Distributive benefits In the test this was not the answer, but it refers to benefits that result in a re-distribution of money from the wealthier to the poorer, for example. Continuing appropriations in the same question as the above. Usually referred to as a part of a continuing resolution. This is legislation in the form of a joint resolution enacted by Congress, when the new fiscal year is about to begin or has begun, to provide budget authority for Federal agencies and programs to continue in operation until the regular appropriations acts are enacted. Page 18 of 18